Acid rain, 899-900

Act of state doctrine

Algiers Declarations (Accords) (1981),

732, 792-793

arbitral awards, enforcement of foreign

LIAMCO case, 565-577

"Bernstein letter", 561
counterclaims, 577-578

agency or instrumentality of foreign
governments, 559-565
Department of State position, 562-563
property expropriations, 527, 559-
565, 577-578

"treaty exception", 577-578
foreign nationalization
LIAMCO case, 565-577
Kal-Spice case, 577-578

Administrative Procedure Act (1946),
215
Adoptions

customary Tongan law, 140-141
Afghanistan

Afghan refugees in Pakistan, assist-
ance for, 780-781

chemical weapons, reported Soviet use
of, 1026-1027, 1032-1034
Persian Gulf, 996-998, 1046-1055
Soviet invasion, 29-33, 96

U.S. responses, 29-31, 398-399, 601-
602, 884-886, 927-932, 1008, 1025

Africa
agreements on scientific and techno-
logical cooperation in developing
countries of, 922

Agency for International Development
population assistance programs, 886,
889, 893

Agreement Governing the Activities of
States on the Moon and Other Celes-
tial Bodies (Moon Treaty) (1979). See
Moon Treaty.

Agricultural Trade Development and
Assistance Act ("P.L. 480") (1954),
509-511

Air quality. See air pollution under En-
vironmental affairs.

Airline Deregulation Act (1978), 669
Alaska

Alaska National Interest Lands Con-
servation Act (1980)

Stikine-LeConte wilderness, 911-913
Alaskan-Canadian border, rivers trav-
ersing, 912-913

convention of cession (1867), 912-913
Alexandria Sanitary Bureau, 50, 54, 56,
59-60, 62

Algeria, Government of the Democratic
and Popular Republic of

Declarations (Algiers Accords). See
Algiers Declarations (Accords),
separate title, post.

judicial assistance

mutual cooperation agreement for
investigating activities of Inter-
national Systems and Controls
Corporation and International
Telephone & Telegraph Com-
pany (1980), 502-503; Inforex in-
cluded (1980), 503

U.S. Government claim, Villa Musta-
pha Rais, 297-298

Algiers Declarations (Accords), (1981),
321, 392-394, 424-425, 527-528, 726-
743, 791-793, 795-804, 946, 956, 958,
965-970, 976, 988-989
authorization to Deputy Secretary
Christopher, 733

Basic (first) Declaration, 527, 726-733
property of former Shah and of close
relatives, 731-732, 791-793
Claims Settlement Agreement, Iran-
United States Claims Tribunal
(Second Declaration), 527, 732-733,
965-970, 976, 988-989
Executive Orders, implementing (Nos.
12276-12284), 733-737. See also
separate entries under Executive
Orders, post.

Atty. Gen. opinion, 737-742
President's authority, 424-425, 737,
743, 795-802, 968-989

statements of agreement and adher-
ence by United States and Iran,
392-394, 733, 967

Alien Tort Statute (1789), 10-11, 13-14,
252-264

Aliens-Continued

preference status, subsequently
acquired, 170-171
withholding, possible persecution as
grounds for, 208-211
deportation, suspension of
extreme hardship, U.S. citizen or
resident alien relatives, 151-152,
166-170

labor certification, lack of, 171-173
legislative veto, unconstitutionality
of, 163-166

persecutors, exception, 170
employment, government

Federal citizenship preference reg-
ulation, 158-159

municipal citizenship preference
regulations, 161-162

"entry" into United States, 150-151
equal protection, 159, 161

access to courts, 500

Convention between the American
Republics Regarding the Status
of Aliens in Their Respective
Territories (1928), 179
Iranians in the U.S., 152-158
Shabani v. Simmons (1980, 1981),
153-158

undocumented aliens, 178-179
excludability

avoidance of U.S. military service,
112-113

criminal offenses, 151-152
government employment
appropriations act, prohibitions in,
159-161

illegal. See under undocumented, post.
Iranian nationals, visa and related

regulations applicable to, 133-136
obligations of state to accept return of
nationals, 192-195

agreement with Cuba for return of

certain Cubans (1984), 192-193
protection, standards of, 317-319. See
also State responsibility for injury
to aliens.

social security

totalization agreements, 162-163
treaty military exemptions, 112-113
undocumented

civil rights acts, applicability,
178-179

education, children's, 175-178, 415-
417

equal protection of laws, 175-178
interdiction on high seas, 216-217
Amateur Sports Act (1978), 930-932
American Convention on Human Rights
("Pact of San José") (1969), 243-247,
255, 258, 272

American Declaration on the Rights and
Duties of Man (1948), 243, 245, 258
American Institute in Taiwan
agreements concluded with Coordina-
tion Council for North American
Affairs (1980), 410-412

privileges, exemptions, and immunities
(1980), 386-390

relations with Coordination Council for
North American Affairs (CCNAA),
41, 43, 384-386
American Samoa

delimitation of maritime boundary
with Cook Islands, 435-438, 443-445
with Tokelau, 437-438, 443-447
local government development, 84-85
oil, gas, and minerals ín submerged
lands, 84

renewable energy resources, develop-
ment of, 868-869

sail-assisted technology, 884
technical assistance, 781-782
Andean Pact (1969), 921
Angola

"Clark amendment", 39
diplomatic relations, 36-39

limitations on assistance to and activ-
ities in, 39

"Tunney amendment", 39

Antarctic Treaty (1959), 447-449, 629,
631-633, 638-639, 641

Antarctica

Marine Living Resources, Convention

on the Conservation of Antarctic
(1980), 628-641

Antarctic Treaty, links, 629, 631-
633, 638-639

decisionmaking, 631, 634, 637
ecosystem approach, 629-630, 636
European Community, participation
by, 629, 632, 634, 639

interim measures, 629, 632

maritime jurisdiction, claims to, 630-
631, 636-637

territorial sovereignty, claims to,
630-631, 636-637
Antidumping Act (1916)

U.S.-Japan treaty of friendship, com-
merce, and navigation (1953),
764-766

Anti-Smuggling Act (1935), 477
Antitrust laws

comity, 301

extraterritorial application, 299-301
foreign states as amici curiae, 299-301
Apartheid, 238, 241-242
Aqaba, Gulf of, 623-625

Arab-Israeli conflict. See also Middle
East.

Israeli settlements in occupied terri-
tories, illegality of, 27-28, 1009-
1013

Jerusalem, status of, 26, 103-108
West Bank and Gaza negotiations, 26-29
Arab territories, Israeli-occupied
settlements, illegality of Israeli, 27-28,
1009-1013

West Bank and Gaza negotiations, 26-29
Arbitration

arbitral awards, enforcement of foreign
Ipitrade case,
543

Arbitration-Continued

LIAMCO case, 511-524, 565-577
choice-of-forum clauses, enforceability,
573
claims against the United States,
agreements to arbitrate
claims already decided by U.S.
Supreme Court, 977
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal,

President's authority to establish
by executive agreement, 970-989
Convention on the Recognition and En-
forcement of Foreign Arbitral
Awards. See United Nations Con-
vention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral
Awards, post.

FCN treaty dispute settlement provi-
sions, 971-975

general arbitration treaties, 974-975
Hague Convention for the Pacific Settle-

ment of Disputes (1907), 975
Hay treaties, 974-975
International Centre for the Settlement

of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
consent to jurisdiction not a waiver

of sovereign immunity, 524-525
international commercial
UNCITRAL conciliation rules
(1980), 1083-1088
investment disputes

arbitrability, 566, 568-570, 574-575
Kal-Spice case, 577-578
LIAMCO case, 565-577

OECD Declaration on International

Investment and Multinational
Enterprises (1976, 1979), 575
Overseas Private Investment Corpo-
ration statute, 573
Trade Act (1974), 573

U.N.G.A. Res. 1803 (XVII) (1962),
575

Iran-United States Claims Tribunal,
965-970

Permanent Court of Arbitration, 975
submission to Senate, question of, 971,
975, 978-983

Executive branch criteria, 971, 983-
987
UNCITRAL rules (1976), 966, 969
United Nations Convention on the
Recognition and Enforcement of
Foreign Arbitral Awards (1958),
512, 515, 517-524, 543, 565-577,
1081-1082

"double exequatur", rejection of,
520-521, 523

enforceability against foreign state,
575-576

enforceability in third countries,
515-516

public policy exception to enforce-
ment of foreign penal provisions,
1081-1082

Armed Forces

Coast Guard, U.S. See separate title.
enlistment of Northern Mariana citi-
zens, 101-102

Navy, U.S. See separate title.
Arms control and disarmament
biological weapons, and reported pul-
monary anthrax outbreak in
Sverdlovsk, U.S.S.R., 1026, 1046
chemical weapons, reported use in
Afghanistan and Indochina, 1026-
1027, 1032-1036

SALT II Treaty. See separate title.
U.S. commitment to arms control pro-
cess, 1025

Arms Control and Disarmament Act
(1961)

section 33 and treatymaking process
signature of arms control treaties,
obligations arising from, 403-405
Arms coproduction. See under Military
assistance and sales.

Arms embargo, South Africa, 1024
Arms Export Control Act (1968, 1976),
735, 818, 1059

Arms transfer policy. See under Military
assistance and sales.

Asylum. See also Refugees.
burden of proof, 214

constitutional right to petition for, 213
grant discretionary, 213
Cuban-Haitian arrivals, 194

Declaration on Territorial Asylum
(1967), 262

diplomatic, U.S. policy, 197-204
"safehaven" for persons attacked out-

side U.S. Interests Section,
Havana, 189, 199-203

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations (1961). See separate
title.

Haiti, illegal migrants, 194,
211-217.

Inter-American Commission on
Human Rights, complaint before,
243-252

interdiction, U.S.-Haiti agreement

on cooperation in (1981), 216-217
involuntary (forced) repatriation, pre-
vention of

Polovchak case, 206-208
Vlasova case, 144
Iranian nationals, 135

minor applicant (Polovchak case), 205-
208

persecution by terrorist organization,
possible, 208-211

procedures, U.S. 182-184

U.N. Convention Relating to the Status
of Refugees (1951) and Protocol
(1967), 206, 209

Atomic energy. See Nuclear energy.
Atomic Energy Act (1954), as amended,
818-825, 844, 851, 852-861, 863

Attorney General

nationality, loss of; interpretation of
Afroyim v. Rusk (1969), 119

Aviation

aircraft crimes

Bonn Declaration (1978), 268-269
Airline Deregulation Act (1978), 669
bilateral agreements

U.S.-Belgium (1946, 1972, 1977,
1978, 1980), 654-655
U.S.-Chile (1948), 655-656
U.S.-China, People's Republic of
(1980, 1982), 656-659
U.S.-Denmark (1944), as amended;
consultations, 665

U.S.-Finland (1949, 1980), 659-660
U.S.-Germany, Federal Republic of,
(1955, 1968, 1978), 661
U.S.-Ireland (1945), 661-662
U.S.-Japan (1952, 1980, 1982, 1985),
662-663

U.S.-Jordan (1974, 1977, 1979), 664;

(1980), 663-664

U.S.-New Zealand (1964, 1980),
664-665

U.S.-Norway (1945), as amended;
consultations, 665
U.S.-Scandinavia, 665-666

U.S.-Sweden (1944), as amended;
consultations, 665-666

U.S.-U.K. agreement concerning air
services (1977, 1980), 666

Bonn Declaration against international
terrorism and air piracy (1978),
268-269

charter operations, 669-671
Convention for the Suppression of Un-
lawful Acts against the Safety of
Civil Aviation (Sabotage) (Mon-
treal Convention) (1971), 265-266
Convention for the Suppression of Un-
lawful Seizure of Aircraft (Hijack-
ing) (Hague Convention) (1970),
265-266

Convention on International Civil Avi-
ation (Chicago, 1944), 649, 653
Protocol of Amendment (adding

Russian to languages of authen-
tic Convention texts), 653-654
Protocol on the Authentic Quadri-

lingual Text (1977), 653-654
Protocol Relating to an Amendment

(leased, chartered, or inter-
changed aircraft) (1980), 653-654
damages for wrongful death

foreign law limitation applied, 1065-
1066

Federal Aviation Act (1958), 669
foreign airline's failure to comply with
U.S. aviation laws and regulations,
655-656

Guatemala City Protocol (1971). See
under Warsaw Convention, post.
Hague Protocol (1955). See under
Warsaw Convention, post.
International Air Transport Associa-
tion, 1066

International Air Transportation Com-
petition Act (1980), 660-661, 668-
669

liability of carrier

Warsaw Convention; see post.
Montreal Agreement (1966). See under
Warsaw Convention post.

Montreal Protocols 3 and 4 (1975). See
under Warsaw Convention, post.
research and development

U.S.-France cooperation agreement
(1980), 666-667
Warsaw Convention (1929), as
amended, 667-668, 1065-1066
Guatemala City Protocol (1971),
1065-1066

Hague Protocol (1955), 1065-1066
Montreal Agreement (1966), 1066
Montreal Protocols 3 and 4 (1975),
653-654, 1065-1066

U.S. denunciation and withdrawal
of same, 1066

Declaration on Berlin (1955), 449-452
extension of international agreements
to Western Sectors, 447-452
Quadripartite Agreement (1971), 447-
449, 452

Bethlehem Steel Corporation, 503
Biological weapons. See also Gas warfare.
Convention on the Prohibition of the

Development, Production and
Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Bio-
logical) and Toxic Weapons and on
Their Destruction (1972), 1031
Geneva Gas Protocol, 1028
Japan, alleged use in Mongolia and
China (1939-1942), 1030
Soviet Union, reported disease out-
break at Sverdlovsk, 1026, 1046

international military education and
training, 1064

Boundary waters

United States-Canada

boundary waters treaty (Root-Bryce
Treaty) (1909), 644-645

Great Lakes water quality, 642-643
United States-Mexico

border sanitation problems, 645-648
Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilder-
ness Act (1978), 644-645

Boundary Waters Treaty, U.S.-Canada
(1909), 644-645, 913

Brandt Commission, 888, 893
Brazil

Inter-American Commission on Human
Rights investigation (1972-1973),
244-245, 251

Bretton Woods Agreements Act (1945),
as amended, 72

amendments (1980), 44, 754-760

assistance to private sector, sense of
Congress regarding, 779

Palestine Liberation Organization,
110,756

Taiwan, 44, 756

Budapest Treaty on the International
Recognition of the Deposit of Micro-
organisms for the Purposes of Patent
Procedures (1977), 408-410
Bulgaria

accommodation, reciprocity in
Embassy, 295

agreement on exchanges and cooper-
ation in cultural, scientific, edu-
cational, technological, and other
fields (1977, 1980, 1984), 934-935
program of cultural, educational, scien-
tific, and technological exchanges,
1981-1982 (1980, 1982, 1984), 934-
935

Burma

Great Lakes; see post.

Stikine River, 912-913

Congressional Medal for former
Canadian Ambassasor at Tehran,
340-341

Great Lakes

dioxin, 642-643

maritime boundaries with U.S., 596
migratory birds, convention for pro-
tection of (1916); protocol (1979),
901-904

penal sentences, treaty with U.S. on
execution of (prisoner transfer
treaty) (1977), 464-465, 469
social security, agreement on (1981,
1983), 163

tracer experiment concerning air pol-
lution, memorandum of under-
standing for cooperation in (1983),
900

transfrontier pollution

air pollution, memorandum of intent
(1980), 899-900
Poplar River cooperative monitoring
arrangement (1980), 643-644
Treaty of Washington (1971)
Alaskan-Canadian border, rivers
traversing, 912

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842), 438,

644-645

Cartagena, Agreement of (1969), 921
Children

adoptions under Tongan customary
law, 140-141

asylum, applicant for political, 205-208
child custody determinations, full faith
and credit requirement, 285
custody disputes, conventions on
European Convention on Recognition

and Enforcement of Decisions
Concerning Custody of Children
and on Restoration of Custody of
Children (1980), 1080
Hague Convention Concerning the
Powers of Authorities and the

Law Applicable in Respect of
the Protection of Minors (1961),
1081

Hague Convention on the Civil
Aspects of International Child
Abduction (1980), 285, 1076-1081
Declaration of the Rights of the Child
(1959), 262

Declaration on the Protection of Women
and Children in Emergency and
Armed Conflict (1974), 262
education. See separate title.
foreign child support judgments, 499-
502
legitimation requirements for visa
preference status, 136-139
Missing Children Act (1982), 1080
Missing Children's Assistance Act
(1984), 1080

Parental Kidnaping Prevention Act
(1980), 285, 1077, 1080