SECTION. 2. 'The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

United States v. Wilson, 7 Pet., 150; Ex parte William Wells, 18 How, 307; Ex parte Garland, 4 Wall., 333; Armstrong's Foundry, 6 Wall., 766; The Grape Shot, 9 Wall., 129; United States v. Padelford, 9 Wall., 542; United States v. Klein, 13 Wall., 128; Armstrong v. The United States, 13 Wall., 152; Pargoud . The United States, 13 Wall., 156; Hamilton v. Dillin, 21 Wall, 73; Mechanics and Traders' Bank v. Union Bank, 22 Wall., 276; Lamar, ex., v. Browne et al., 92 U. S., 187; Wallach et al. v Van Riswick, 92 U. S., 202.

2 He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

Ware v. Hylton et al.. 3 Dall, 199; Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cr., 137; United States v. Kirkpatrick, 9 Wh., 720; American Insurance Company v. Canter (356 bales cotton), 1 Pet., 511; Foster and Elam 7. Neilson, 2 Pet., 253; Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia, 5 Pet., 1; Patterson 7. Gwinn et al., 5 Pet., 233; Worcester v. State of Georgia, 6 Pet., 515; City of New Orleans z. De Armas et al., 9 Pet., 224; Holden v. Joy, 17 Wall., 211.

3 The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.

The United States v. Kirkpatrick et al., 9 Wh., 720.

SECTION. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.

Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cr., 137; Kendall, Postmaster-General, v. The United States, 12 Pet., 524; Luther v. Borden, 7 How., I; The State of Mississippi v. Johnson, President, 4 Wall., 475; Stewart v. Kahn, 11 Wall., 493.

SECTION. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

ARTICLE III.

SECTION. 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.

Chisholm, ex., v. Georgia, 2 Dall., 419; Stuart v. Laird, 1 Cr., 299; United States v. Peters, 5 Cr., 115; Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Cr., 264; Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wh., 304; Osborn v. United States Bank, 9 Wh., 738; Benner et al. v. Porter, 9 How., 235; The United States v. Ritchie, 17 How., 525; Murray's Lessee et. al. v. Hoboken Land and Improvement Company, 18 How., 272; Ex parte Vallandigham, 1 Wall., 243; Ames v. Kansas, 111 U. S., 449.

SECTION. 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United

States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;-to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;-to Controversies between two or more States;-between a State and Citizens of another State;-between Citizens of different States,— between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.

Hayburn's case (note), 2 Dall., 410; Chisholm, ex., v. Georgia, 2 Dall., 419; Glass et al. v. Sloop Betsey, 3 Dall., 6; United States v. La Vengeance, 3 Dall., 297; Hollingsworth et al. v. Virginia, 3 Dall., 378; Mossman, ex., v. Higginson, 4 Dall., 12; Marbury v. Madison, I Cr., 137; Hepburn et al. v. Ellezley, 2 Cr., 444; United States v. Moore, 3 Cr., 159; Strawbridge et al. v Curtiss et al., 3 Cr., 267; Ex parte Bollman and Swartwout, 4 Cr., 75 ; Rose v. Himely, 4 Cr., 241; Chappedelaine et al. v. Dechenaux, 4 Cr., 305; Hope Insurance Company 7. Boardman et al., 5 Cr., 57; Bank of United States v. Devaux et al., 5 Cr., 61; Hodgson et al. v Bowerbank et als., 5 Cr., 303; Owings 2. Norwood's Lessee, 5 Cr., 344; Durousseau v, The United States, 6 Cr., 307; United States v. Hudson and Goodwin, 7 Cr., 32; Martin v. Hunter, 1 Wh., 304; Colson et al. v. Lewis, 2 Wh., 377; United States 7. Bevans, 3 Wh., 336; Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Wh., 264; Ex parte Kearney, 7 Wh., 38; Matthews 2. Zane, 7 Wh., 164; Osborn v. United States Bank, 9 Wh., 738; United States v. Ortega, 11 Wh., 467; American Insurance Company v. Canter (356 bales cotton), 1 Pet., 511; Jackson v. Twentyman, 2 Pet., 136; Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia, 5 Pet., I; State of New Jersey v. State of New York, 5 Pet., 283; Davis v. Packard et al., 6 Pet., 41; United States v. Arredondo et al., 6 Pet., 691; Davis v. Packard et al., 7 Pet., 276; Breedlove et al. v. Nickolet et al., 7 Pet., 413; Brown v. Keene, 8 Pet., 112; Davis v. Packard et al., 8 Pet., 312; City of New Orleans v. De Armas et al., 9 Pet., 224; The State of Rhode Island 7. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 12 Pet., 657; The Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 13 Pet., 519; The Commercial and Railroad Bank of Vicksburg v. Slocomb et al., 14 Pet., 60; Suydam et al. v. Broadnax, 14 Pet., 67; Prigg v. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 16 Pet., 539; Louisville, Cincinnati and Charleston Railway Company v. Letson, 2 How., 497; Cary et als. v. Curtis, 3 How., 236; Warring v. Clark, 5 How., 441; Luther v. Borden 7 How., I; Sheldon et al. v. Sill, 8 How., 441; The Propeller Genessee Chief v. Fitzhugh et al., 12 How., 443; Fretz et al. v. Ball et al., 12 How., 466; Neves et al., v. Scott et al., 13 How., 268; State of Pennsylvania v. The Wheeling, &c., Bridge Company et al., 13 How., 518; Marshall v. The Baltimore and Ohio R. R. Co., 16 How., 314; The United States v. Guthrie, 17 How., 284; Smith v. State of Maryland, 18 How., 71; Jones et al. v. League, 18 How., 76; Murray's Lessee et al. v. Hoboken Land and Improvement Company, 18 How., 272; Hyde et al. v. Stone, 20 How., 170; Irvine v. Marshall et al., 20 How., 558; Fenn v. Holmes, 21 How., 481; Moorewood et al. v. Erequist, 23 How., 491; Commonwealth of Kentucky v. Dennison, Governor, 24 How., 66;

Ohio and Mississippi Railroad Company 7. Wheeler, 1 Black, 286; The Steamer Saint Lawrence, 1 Black, 522; The Propeller Commerce, I Black, 574; Ex parte Vallandigham, 1 Wall, 243; Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wall., 1; The Moses Taylor, 4 Wall., 411; State of Mississippi v. Johnson, President, 4 Wall., 475; The Hine v. Trevor, 4 Wall., 555; City of Philadelphia v. The Collector, 5 Wall., 720; State of Georgia v. Stanton, 6 Wall., 50; Payne . Hook, 7 Wall., 425; The Alicia, 7 Wall., 571; Ex parte Yerger, 8 Wall., 85; Insurance Company v. Dunham, 11 Wall., I; Virginia v. West Virginia, 11 Wall., 39; Coal Company v. Blatchford, 11 Wall., 172; Railway Company 7. Whitton's adm., 13 Wall., 270; Tarble's Case, 13 Wall, 397; Blyew et al. v. The United States, 13 Wall., 581; Davis v. Gray, 16 Wall., 203; Case of the Sewing Machine Companies, 18 Wall., 553 Insurance Company v. Morse, 20 Wall., 445; Vannevar v. Bryant, 21 Wall., 41; The Lottawanna, 21 Wall., 558; Gaines v. Fuentes et al., 92 U. S., 10; Miller v. Dows, 94 U. S., 444; Doyle v. Continental Insurance Company, 94 U. S., 535; Tennessee v. Davis, 100 U. S., 257.

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.

Chisholm, ex., v. Georgia, 2 Dall., 419; Wiscart et al. v. Dauchy. 3 Dall., 321; Marbury v. Madison, I Cr., 137; Durousseau et al. v. United States, 6 Cr., 307; Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, I Wh., 304; Cohens v. Virginia, 6 Wh., 234; Ex parte Kearney, 7 Wh., 38; Wayman v. Southard, 10 Wh., 1; Bank of the United States v. Halstead, 10 Wh., 51; United States v. Ortega, 11 Wh., 467; The Cherokee Nation 7. The State of Georgia, 5 Pet., 1; Ex parte Crane et als., 5 Pet., 189; The State of New Jersey v. The State of New York, 5 Pet., 283; Ex parte Sibbald v. United States, 12 Pet., 488; The State of Rhode Island v. The State of Massachusetts, 12 Pet., 657; State of Pennsylvania v. The Wheeling, &c., Bridge Company, 13 How., 518; In re Kaine, 14 How., 103; Ableman v. Booth and United States v. Booth, 21 How., 506; Freeborn v. Smith, 2 Wall., 160; Ex parte McCardle, 6 Wall., 318; Ex parte McCardle, 7 Wall., 506; Ex parte Verger, 8 Wall., 85; The Lucy, 8 Wall., 307; The Justices v. Murray, 9 Wall., 274; Pennsylvania v. Quicksilver Company, Io Wall., 553; Murdock v. City of Memphis, 20 Wall., 590; Börs v. Preston, 111 U. S., 252; Ames z. Kansas, III U. S. 449.

'The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.

Ex parte Milligan, 4 Wall., 2.

1

SECTION. 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason

unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.

United States v. The Insurgents, 2 Dall., 335; United States v. Mitchell, 2 Dall., 348; Ex parte Bollman and Swartwout, 4 Cr., 75; United States v. Aaron Burr, 4 Cr., 469.

"The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.

Bigelow v. Forest, 9 Wall., 339; Day v. Micou, 18 Wall., 156; Ex parte Lange, 18 Wall., 163; Wallach et al. v. Van Riswick, 92 U. S.,

202.

ARTICLE. IV.

SECTION. 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

Mills v. Duryee, 7 Cr., 481; Hampton 7. McConnel, 3 Wh., 234; Mayhew v. Thatcher, 6 Wh., 129; Darby's Lessee v. Mayer, 10 Wh., 465; The United States v. Amedy, 11 Wh., 392; Caldwell et al. v. Carrington's heirs, 9 Pet., 86; M'Elmoyle v. Cohen, 13 Pet., 312; The Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 13 Pet., 519; Bank of the State of Alabama v. Dalton, 9 How., 522; D'Arcy v. Ketchum, 11 How., 165; Christmas v. Russell, 5 Wali., 290; Green v. Van Buskirk, 7 Wall., 139; Paul v. Virginia, 8 Wall., 168; Board of Public Works v. Columbia College, 17 Wall., 521; Thompson v. Whitman, 18 Wall., 457; Bonaparte v. Tax Court, 104 U. S., 592.

SECTION. 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.

Bank of United States v. Devereux, 5 Cr., 61; Gassies v. Ballou, 6 Pet., 761; The State of Rhode Island v. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 12 Pet, 657; The Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 13 Pet., 519; Moore v. The People of the tate of Illinois, 14 How., 13; Conner et al. v. Elliott et al., 18 How., 591; Dred Scott v. Sanford, 19 How., 393;