spectively, are greatly in advance of those that follow. The sixth pair of stipules and the younger members of the bud they enclose will show a reason for the second leaf being partly involute, so as to occupy the space.

According to Henry (18, 309), the outer scales are the stipules of the last leaves of the previous year. The description given above, however, is, I believe, the

correct one.

THE BEECH (Fagus sylvatica)

The bud of the Beech (figs. 199-210) is more complicated. It is elongated, spindle-shaped, half to three-quarters of an inch in length; on the outside are four closely imbricating rows of stipules, arranged apparently in opposite decussate pairs. I say apparently, because, as the leaves are alternate, it is possible that each pair of these stipules are really alternate, though so compressed as to appear to be opposite.

The first pair (fig. 200) are small, triangular, and pointed. The five following are also triangular, each rather larger than the preceding and more convolute, till they almost enclose the upper part of the bud. The lower ones are brown and coriaceous; the upper membranous, and furnished with numerous straight, longitudinal, parallel, slender veins running from the base to the apex. The covered parts are white, the exposed brown. The upper ones are fringed with long,

FIG. 199.-Winter-bud.
FIG. 200.-First or lowest pair of stipules.
FIG. 201.-Sixth pair of stipules overlapping at the corners. FIG. 202.-Eleventh
pair of stipules, showing how one is rolled within the other; 7, position where
the leaf should be, though it is yet absent. FIG. 203.-Diagrammatic trans-
verse section of the stipules, showing the extent to which they overlap.
FIG. 204.-The bud after eleven pairs of stipules have been removed; 7, the first leaf;
st, st, the twelfth pair of stipules; e, e, the edges of the outer one of the twelfth
pair. FIG. 205.-st, st, the twelfth pair of stipules flattened out; 7, the first
leaf belonging to the same. FIG. 206.-st, st, the thirteenth pair of stipules; 7,
the second leaf. FIG. 207.-st, st, the fourteenth pair of stipules; 7, the third
leaf. FIG. 208.-st, the only stipule of the fifteenth pair discernible in this
bud; 7, the fourth leaf. FIG. 209.-No stipule discernible in the bud examined;
7, the fifth and last leaf discernible, occupying the centre of the bud.
FIG. 210.-Junction of the wood of two seasons' growth; sc.st, scars of the outer
eleven pairs of stipules that covered the winter-bud and which were unac-
companied by leaves.

SC.St.

recurved, silvery or satiny hairs. They are sometimes a brilliant pink or rose colour after expansion, but less often than those of the Hornbeam. The fifth and sixth pairs (fig. 201) are ciliate with short hairs, and rolled round a considerable part of the bud.

The seventh pair are half as long as the bud, but otherwise like the sixth; the eighth pair, two-thirds as long as the bud; the ninth, nearly as long as the bud, with silky hairs directed downwards, and the outer one of the two distinctly overlaps the inner. The tenth pair are as long as the bud, and each is convolute, so as to cover nine-tenths of the bud, or even more. The eleventh pair (fig. 202) are similar, and almost meet at their edges. These eleven pairs of stipules show no traces of a leaf.

Fig. 204 represents a bud after the removal of the first eleven pairs of stipules.

About the twelfth pair there is a material change; they (fig. 205) are smaller, and between them is a leafblade; this is about one-third as long as its stipules, concave on the inner face, and plicate along the course of the ascending lateral nerves. The thirteenth pair of stipules (fig. 206) are rather narrower, especially at the base. The leaf is about half as long as the stipules. The fourteenth pair (fig. 207) are much smaller, thinner, narrower, and unequal, the inner one being the smaller. The leaf is three-fourths as long as its stipules. The leaf (fig. 208) belonging to the fifteenth

The

pair is longer and more bulky than the stipule. next leaf (fig. 209) is large, deeply concave, or rolled into a cylinder, occupying the centre of the bud, and densely covered with silky hairs on both surfaces, but particularly on the back, as are all the others.

sc.

SC.

FIG. 211.-TWIG OF BEECH.

sc, sc, stipular scars at junction of wood of two seasons' growth.

The above description may be regarded as giving the average composition of the winter or resting bud of the Beech. Larger buds have a greater number of leaves and stipules; smaller buds, fewer. Strong shoots on vigorous young trees have more leaves,

though the inner ones are very small or but slightly developed in winter.

If the branch is examined, the scars where the stipules were inserted may be seen, forming rings (figs. 210, 211) round the base of each annual shoot. The shoot elongates considerably between the leaves, but not between the stipules, so that the stipular rings remain close together; these are very persistent, and can be traced for twenty-five years or more.

The long, narrow, brown stipules of the bud are thrown off when the leaves expand, and may be found. in large numbers under the trees. The terminal bud is straight; the lower ones stand out from and curve towards the twig. Before unfolding they tend to turn upwards, but afterwards bend down (Pl. IV. figs. 1-4), as in the Elm, &c. The leaves are plicate.

The flowering-buds (Pl. IV. fig. 7) are much thicker than the others.

THE HORNBEAM (Carpinus Betulus)

The bud of the Hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus) (Pl. I. figs. 4, 5) has at the base about half-adozen very small, dark scales; then two, pale at the base and brown above, rounded at the apex, and sometimes with two points; then two or three coloured like the preceding, but pointed; then follow the pair enclosing the first leaf. After these the stipules become longer, more hairy, and more rounded at the