verse section (fig. 143) the young leaf-blades are protected by three stipules, two belonging to the outer leaf, the third to that next following.

Here, therefore, though the main protection is afforded by stipules, the leaf-stalk and leaf-blade of an older leaf sometimes take a part in it.

FIG. 149.-Shows uppermost leaf with its stipules protecting the terminal bud in autumn; b, bud in the axil of the next lower leaf which has fallen. FIG. 150.-Second stage, shows aborted leaf, a, the stipules of which protect the winter-bud.

FIG. 151.-Side view of same.

The second pair of stipules (fig. 147) of the more typical lateral buds are free, unequal, imbricate, and completely cover their own leaf and two out of the three sides of the more or less trigonous bud. The outer stipule

of this second pair is ovate, more or less exposed along the middle and at the apex, which is curved, the exposed portions being more coriaceous than the rest. The inner of the two is half-ovate, pale green, and membranous. Both are traversed longitudinally by slender parallel

TERMINAL BUD OF MAGNOLIA UMBRELLA, x 14.

FIG. 152.-Uppermost leaf still present.

FIG. 153.-Uppermost leaf has fallen, leaving only a pedestal, p; its stipules

nerves. The leaf in connection with the second pair is

lanceolate-oblong, acute, serrate, glandular, and plicate along the course of the ascending nerves. It is more or less folded over the younger members of the bud. All the leaves and stipules are glued together by a viscid, resinous, fragrant gum, secreted by glands.

The third pair of stipules (fig. 148) are slightly un

equal, narrowly ovate or lanceolate, membranous, and more faintly nerved than the previous pair. The outer stipule envelops about two-thirds of the bud, including its fellow-stipule and the leaf. The latter is ovateelliptic and folded over the younger members of the bud as a rule. The fourth pair of stipules and their leaf (fig. 148) are sometimes very similar to the preceding set, sometimes much smaller. This difference is apparently due to the relative vigour of the axis bearing them.

A somewhat similar case is afforded by certain species of Magnolia. In Magnolia Yulan the stipules of the uppermost leaf protect the young bud in autumn (fig. 149), but when it drops the stipules fall with it. This leaves a small undeveloped leaf-blade (fig. 150, a), which soon perishes. The stipules belonging to it, however, remain, and form a silky case, which protects the bud.

The leaf-blade corresponding to a, therefore, is useless and wasted.

Another species (Magnolia Umbrella) (figs. 152, 153) avoids this waste of power and material. When the last leaf of the year dies and drops off, the stipules belonging to it remain and protect the bud (fig. 153). Under these circumstances the leaf corresponding to a, which in Magnolia Yulan perishes uselessly, in Magnolia Umbrella is still retained, and develops into the first leaf of the following year. In M. Soulangiana, a garden hybrid, there is a similar arrangement.

PROTECTION BY THE LEAF-BASE

ROSE

The bud of the Rose in December (figs. 154-9) consists

of a number of scales with three more or less well-marked

FIG. 154, first scale; FIG. 155, third do. ; FIG. 156, fourth do.; FIG. 157, fifth do. ; FIG. 158, sixth do.; FIG. 159, ninth do.

projections at the apex. In this case the scale itself represents the leaf-base, while the stipules and upper

L"

L'

FIG. 160.-EXPANDING BUD OF ROSE.

Stem bearing expanding lateral bud, x2; one scale has fallen, revealing its axillary bud (b); five scales are shown, and two of the first leaves. Sketched March 24.

part of the leaf are indicated by the three points. The outermost scale is the shortest, and they gradually

increase in length. After about ten of such scales the little leaf-blade becomes much larger, and the leaf-base smaller, in proportion (see fig. 160).

PORTUGAL LAUREL (Prunus lusitanica)

The bud-scales of the Portugal Laurel are also leafbases. They are serially continuous with the leaves. The first scale covers less than half the bud and overlaps the second slightly at the base. It presents three points at the apex, or rather two points with a blunt process between them. These are the rudiments of the petiole and stipules. The second scale is longer, but otherwise not materially different. The third scale attains the full length of the bud, the petiole being more acuminate than in the previous scale, and longer than its stipules. The fourth scale is precisely similar, and covers more than half of the bud. All the stipules are ciliate and serrulate.

The fifth scale is shorter, and much more rounded at the base. It covers three-quarters of the bud or more. The sixth and seventh scales are smaller and shorter than the previous ones, and cover the bud, with the exception of a small slit at the base, where the edges of the stipules do not come in contact.

At the eighth node in the terminal bud examined the first true leaf occurred. It was small, subulate, slightly conduplicate, but colourless, and much shorter and narrower than its green and ciliate-serrulate stipules.