may be the cause of the fact, the fact itself is undoubted that devotion, not only to the saints but to the Second and Third Persons of the Holy Trinity, assumes, to say the least, a much greater prominence and development in the literature subsequent to the Council of Nice than in the earlier literature. And we have no hesitation in admitting what appears to us historically certain, a priori, that the devotion to the saints was affected by the Arian controversy. We have spoken so much of the resemblance between the Christian notion of the Communion of Saints, and the Jewish and Mahommedan, that it is necessary to add that independently of the ethical difference between a Jewish and a Christian saint, there is atheological difference, (the union with Christ,) which must not be lost sight of. There is perhaps no sentiment more universally asserted by the fathers of the Church than this, "God became man, that man might become God," or in another form, "Christ became man, that man might become what Christ was." In proportion then as the Arian controversy brought out more clearly and explicitly the truths involved in the belief of the Church as to the Person of its Divine Founder more and more light was thrown upon the glory and exaltation of the saints. But no new principle was introduced into the doctrine of their cultus," and that doctrine as defined by the Council of Trent is as old as Christianity itself.

66

See St. Irenæus adv. Hæreses, Præfat ad lib. 5, Tertullian, Apolog. c. 21, St. Cyprian, de Vanitat, idol, c. 6: to refer only to Ante-Niceno authorities. The Christian Life was at this period already called "deifica disciplina," (St. Cyprian, ep, 68). And writers like Clement of Alexandria and Hippolytus speak unhesitatingly of men "becoming God."

ART. II.-The Temples of Jupiter Panhellenius at Egina and of Apollo Epicurius at Basse, near Phigaleia in Arcadia. By C. R. Cockerell, R.A.; Professor of Architecture in the Royal Academy, London; Member of the Institute of British Architects; Honorary Doctor of Civil Law, Oxford; Member of the Dilettanti Society Associated Member of the Institute of France, and Chevalier of the Legion of Honour ; Member of Merit of the Academy of St. Luke in Rome; Foreign Member of the Academies of Munich, Copenhagen, Geneva, etc., etc., etc. London; John Weale. 1860.

THE

HE religion and the religious worship of the ancient Greeks, and above all, the structural arrangements of their temples, can scarcely fail to be a subject of interest to the educated Catholic. He cannot but remember that it was from Hellas that the heathen civilization and worship of ancient Rome was derived, even long before the time when

Græcia capta ferum victorem cepit, et artes

Intulit agresti Latio;

And he must of course be aware that many of the churches of Christian Rome, and probably the general outlines and interior arrangements of most, are mere improvements on the ancient Basilicas, which themselves bore so close a resemblance to the Hellenic Temple.

Among classical architects Mr. Cockerell's name stands confessedly very high, if not the very highest; and though it is fifty years ago since he explored the two magnificent temples, with the details of which he has now favoured the world, yet there are a freshness and elasticity about his narrative and description which make his work most readable; and we doubt not that if it had been published in a simple octavo instead of a gigantic folio, and divested of many strictly professional details, the present work would have been in large request at Mudie's Library, who would probably have seen no reason for placing it on his "Index Expurgatorius," as it treats, not of High Church Anglicanism, but of Hellenic Polytheism.

It appears from Mr. Cockerell's introductory remarks that in the year 1810, before he had entered on the active

business of his profession, he extended his travels into Greece, and that at Athens he met with Lord Byron, Baron Haller, Baron Stackelburg. and some other gentlemen deeply interested in the antiquities of Greece, whose zeal in those matters had probably been stimulated by the publication of three out of the four volumes of Stuart's Athens, and by the explorations carried out by certain architects in the employ of the late Earl of Elgin. These gentlemen accordingly determined to investigate some of the more remote and less accessible sites, and were not deterred by the privations and dangers to which such researches exposed them at a time when Greece was under Turkish rule; to say nothing of the chance of fatal sickness from malaria, and the attacks of a lawless race of freebooters and brigands, who appear to have inherited the characters and dispositions, if they did not inherit the blood, of the famous marauders of the Homeric age, to whom Thucydides so graphically alludes as a kind of " gentlemen" pirates.

Mr. Cockerell tells us how,

"Full of the brightest anticipations, a party of four, consisting of Baron Haller, Messrs. Foster and Lynckh, and the author, determined, in April 1811, to pay a lengthened visit to the island of Ægina, for the purpose of exploring the Temple of Zeus Panhellenius-a monument which, as they knew, from its reputed antiquity and its extraordinary preservation, presented to the autiquarian and the artist, an object not inferior in interest to any edifice existing in Greece. Accordingly, having spent the evening with Lord Byron in pouring out libations in propitiation of his homeward voyage to England, to reap the rich harvest of fame which awaited his return, they left the Piræus just after midnight, and arrived at break of day under the Panhellenian Mount. Fortunately, even at that early season, they were enabled to bivouac without fear, owing to the settled fineness of the weather, and they found their accommodation completed by making use of the cave at the northeast angle of the platform on which the temple stands,-originally, perhaps, an oracular adytum or recess. The party, together with their servants, (including a Turkish janissary by way of guard) were sufficiently strong to defy the pirates who infested those seas in the nineteenth century of the Christian era with as much audacity and impunity as they showed in the days of Homer; and accordingly they passed twenty days and nights upon the spot without molestation, under the agreeable excitement of the enterprise which they had undertaken. The neighbouring village the modern capital of Ægina, furnished the provisions and the

1

labourers necessary for the excavation. The mountain thyme afforded fuel, partridges were in abundance, and the shepherds provided the party with kids, which were roasted on wooden spits over a blazing fire, when the labours of the day were brought to a close. The unusual bustle of the little encampment soon increased; and the good-humoured descendants of the Eacida proved at once their hospitality and their interest in our labours by the readiness with which they assisted us, lightening our toil with the rustic lyre, the song, and the dance-now, as in former days, the constant accompaniment of all combined operations in those countries."

It was not long before the excavators found their labours rewarded by bringing to the light of day, besides many buried pillars, &c., no less than seventeen exquisite statues, and the fragments of at least ten more, all of the most finished style of Eginetan art, in its best day,-materials sufficient to enable Mr. Cockerell to restore the tympanum and cornice of the Eastern and Western Pediments with tolerable exactness, and so to complete (on paper) the restoration of one of the most magnificent remnants of Hellenic art. In spite of every difficulty that the jealousy of the natives and the cupidity of the Pashas could throw in their way, Mr. Cockerell and his companions were enabled to get their newly found treasures transported, first to Athens and then to Zante; whence they were shipped to Malta, en route to Rome, where they arrived in safety. How it came to pass that, having come so far on their way, they did not reach their ultimate destination, the British Museum, Mr. Cockerell shall tell us in his own words, as he is naturally anxious to exculpate himself and his friends from the charge of any want of regard for the interests of their own country. He writes as follows:

"On the first discovery of the marbles, information was sent to the British Ambassador at the Porte, and also to the British Government at home, through Mr. Hamilton. Shortly afterwards, two English travellers of distinction-the late Messrs. Gally Knight and Fazakerly-who happened to arrive at Athens, offered a sum of £2000. to the two German co-proprietors to relinquish their shares, engaging, together with the English proprietorsMessrs Foster and Cockerell-to present the whole collection to the British Museum, These terms, however, were declined on the part of Messrs. Haller and Lynckh, from an equally honourable desire to secure the statues for their own countrymen. With both parties thus situated, and both equally anxious to strain every nerve

for their respective countries, it was clear that no other mode of solving the difficulty remained, except that of offering them for public sale. Advertisements were accordingly inserted in the Gazette of every country in Europe, announcing that they would be offered to public competition in the following year at Zante; and Mr. Gropius, who was permanently established as a merchant at Athens, was appointed by common consent to act as agent in the business, in the absence of the several parties directly interested. In the midst of the political anxieties of the period, the attention of the British Government was directed to the subject through the good offices of Mr. Hamilton, at whose instance H.M.S. Paulina, Brig of War, was sent out under Captain Percival, with a most liberal offer for the immediate purchase and transport of the treasures. The engagement already entered into with the public, and the zeal of the German co-proprietors, unfortunately combined to render it impossible to accept the offer; but still, under the immediate apprehension of an attack by the French upon the island of Zante, the proprietors were induced to consent to the removal of the marbles to Malta, as offering an asylum of greater security. Captain Perceval, on the part of the British Government, undertook this duty. But though the marbles were deposited at Malta, no change in the previous arrangements was made by the agent, Mr. Gropius, to whose hands the matter had been confided by the principals, who by this time had separated and were following their respective avocations, the one in Sicily, and the other at Smyrna. The home authorities, bent earnestly on the acquisi. tion of the treasures for the British Museum, despatched Mr. Taylor Combe, the keeper of the antiquities of that institution, to bid on their behalf, not doubting but that the sale would be held at Malta, as indeed was most natural, seeing that it was the place of their deposit. Meanwhile the sale took place as originally intended, at Zante, in the absence of the treasures which were to be submitted to the hammer; and the statues were purchased, through M. Wagner, who had been despatched from Ronie for that purpose, for H.R.H. the Crown Prince of Bavaria.

"The disappointment of the English parties on learning the result may be more easily conceived than expressed in words. On reassembling, they found themselves committed through their legally appointed agent, Mr. Gropius, to support a sale effected much to their own disadvantage, and bound to assert, at the risk of much odium, the legal right of the Prince to the purchase. After some discussion and correspondence between the respective governments, that right was at length confirmed, and the statues were given up to the Prince, by whom they were finally deposited in the Museum at Munich,"

The statues, we may add, still occupy a gallery in the Glyptothek in that city, where many of our readers