authority over their members; but instead of this they have certain orders among themselves, which have by consent the force of laws. For lighter offences persons are only excommoned, or put out of commons; for greater, they lose their chambers, and are expelled the college; and, when once expelled out of one society, they are never received by any of the others. The gentlemen in these societies may be divided into benchers, outer barristers, inner barristers, and students. The four principal inns of court are, the Inner Temple and Middle Temple, heretofore the dwelling of the knights templars, purchased by some professors of the common law about 200 years ago; Lincoln's Inn and Gray's Inn, anciently belonging to the earls of Lincoln and Gray. The other inns are the two Serjeants'

Inns.

INN, a large river in the south of Germany. The course is chiefly in a north-east direction, having its source in the Swiss canton of the Grisons, where it forms the romantic valleys called the Upper and Lower Engadine. It enters the Tyrol at Martinsbruck, and in a course of 250 miles traverses that province from west to east, and forms for some distance the boundary between it and Bavaria; enters the Bavarian circle of the Iser, and afterwards receives the Salza on the borders of Upper Austria. Here it separates Austria and Bavaria, till its course terminates at Passau, in its junction with the Danube. At Passau it is nearly 900 feet wide. INNATE', adj. INNATED, adj. INNATE NESS, n. s. improper

Fr. inné; Lat. innatus. Inborn; natural; not superadded. Innated is

Thus, seized with sacred fear, the monarch prayed; Then to his inner court the guests conveyed." Pope.

IN'NINGS, n. s. Lands recovered from the sea. INNISFALLEN, an island of Ireland, in the lake of Killarney, county of Kerry, and province of Munster: in which are the ruins of a very ancient monastery, founded by St. Finian, the patron saint of these parts, to whom the cathedral of Aghadoe is also dedicated. The remains o. this abbey are very extensive, its situation romantic and retired. Upon the dissolution of religious houses its possessions were granted to captain Robert Collam. The island contains about twelve acres, is agreeably wooded, and has a number of fruit trees. There was formerly a chronicle kept in this abbey, which is often cited by Sir J. Ware and other antiquaries, under the title of the Annals of Innisfallen. Sir J. Ware had a copy of them, of which there is an imperfect transcript among the MSS. of the library of Trinity College, Dublin. Bishop Nicholson, in his Irish historical library, informs us that the duke of Chandos had a complete copy of them down to 1320 in his possession.

INNISHANNON, a town of Ireland, in the county of Cork, Munster, 134 miles from Dublin ; situated on the Bandon, six miles from Kinsale. It has a charter school for above thirty boys. A considerable linen manufactory, particularly of bed-ticking for the English market, has of late years been established here, which has considerably increased the trade and population. The river is navigable to Collier's Quay, about half a mile below the town. On the west side of the town is a stone bridge. This place was formerly walled, and of some note, as appears by the foundations of several castles and large buildings discovered in it. The town of Innishannon, together with its ferry, was granted to Philip de Barry by Henry V. by letters patent in 1412. It has two fairs.

INNISKILLING, a borough, market, and post town of Ireland, in the county of Fermanagh, Ulster, lying between three lakes. It is about twenty-four miles east of Ballyshannon, and seventy-nine north-west of Dublin. It sent two members to the Irish parliament. Its inhabitants distinguished themselves in several engagements in the wars of Ireland at the Revolution, out of which a regiment of dragoons, bearing the title of the Inniskilliners, was mostly formed. They form the sixth regiment of dragoons in the British army.

sometimes

IN'NOCENCE, n. s. French, innocence; IN'NOCENCY, n. s. Lat. in and noceo, inIN'NOCENT, adj. & n. s. nocens. Purity; unIN'NOCENTLY, adv. tainted integrity; INNOC'UOUS, adj. freedom from guilt; INNOC'UOUSLY, adv. harmlessness; simINNOC'UOUSNESS, n. s. plicity of heart; INNOX'IOUS, adj. with INNOX'IOUSLY, N. s. some degree of weakINNOX'IOUSNESS, n. s. ness; without mischievous intent. Innocent, one free from guilt or harm; a natural; an ideot. Innocuous, harmless in its effects. Innoxious, pure from crimes; free from mischievous effects; without injurious tendency.

All that may confound

Vertue and innocence thurgh thy malice
Is bred in thee as nest of every vice.

Chaucer. The Man of Lawes Tale.
Grisildi of this (God wot) ful innocence,
That for hire shapen was all this array,-
To fetchen water at a well is went,

And cometh home as sone as ever she may.
Id. The Clerkes Tale.
And whan this Walter saw hire patience,
Hire glad chere, and no Malice at all,
And he so often hadde hire done offence,
And she, ay, sade and constant as a wall,
Continuing ever hire innocence over all,-
This sturdy markis gan his herte dresse
To rewe upon hire wifly stedefastnesse.

Chaucer. The Clerkes Tale.

Innocent Paper! whom too cruell hand Did make the matter to avenge her yre; And, ere she could thy cause well understand Did sacrifice unto the greedy fire.

Spenser. Sonnet. So pure an innocent as that same lamb. Id. Faerie Queene. Innocents are excluded by natural defects. Hooker.

It will help me nothing To plead mine innocence; for that dye is on me Which makes my whit'st part black. Shakspeare. If truth and upright innocency fail me, I'll to the king my master. Id. Henry IV'. Thou hast killed the sweetest innocent, That e'er did lift up eye. Id. Othello.

If murthering innocents be executing, Why, then thou art an executioner.

Something

Id. Henry VI.

We laugh at the malice of apes, as well as at the innocence of children. Temple. The peasant, innocent of all these ills, With crooked ploughs the fertile fallows tills, And the round year with daily labour fills.

Dryden. The most dangerous poisons, skilfully managed, may be made not only innocuous, but of all other medicines the most effectual. Grew.

The air was calm and serene; none of those tumultuary motions and conflicts of vapours, which the mountains and the winds cause in ours; 'twas suited to a golden age, and to the first innocency of Burnet's Theory.

nature.

Sent by the better genius of the night, Innoxious gleaming on the horse's mane, The meteor sits. Thomson's Autumn. Sweet harmonist! and beautiful as sweet! And young as beautiful! and soft as young! And gay as soft! and innocent as gay! Young's Night Thoughts. Narcissa. Dear lovely bowers of innocence and ease. Seats of my youth, when every sport could please, How often have I loitered o'er thy green, When humble happiness endeared each scene! Goldsmith's Deserted Village. But many a crime deemed innocent on earth Is registered in heaven, and these no doubt Have each a reward, with a cause annexed.

INNOCENT I., was born in Albany, and elected Pope A. D. 402. He condemned the Novatians and Pelagians; and died at Ravenna in 417. Some of his Epistles are extant.

INNOCENT III., whose name was originally Lothario Conti, was of a noble family, and born at Anagni in 1161. His learning procured him a cardinalship; and he was chosen pope in 1198. He encouraged the Crusades; persecuted the Albigenses; put the kingdom of France under an interdict; and excommunicated John king of England. He died in 1216; and his works were printed at Cologne in 1575.

INNOCENT V., a Dominican friar, was archbishop of Lyons, next a cardinal, and at last elected pope, in 1276, but died a few months after. His works on religion have been printed.

INNOCENT VI., a native of France, was bishop

of Ostia, and a cardinal; and in 1352 was promoted to the papacy. He was esteemed a man of great wisdom and liberality. His letters have been printed. He died in 1362.

INNOCENTS' DAY, a festival of the Romish Church, observed on December 28th, in memory of the massacre of the innocent children by the command of Herod. The Greek church in their calendar, and the Abyssinians of Ethiopia in their offices, commemorate 14,000 infants on this oc

casion.

It was anciently the custom to have dances in the churches on this day, wherein were children who represented bishops, by way of derision, as some suggest, of the episcopal dignity; though others, with more probability, suppose it done in honor of the innocence of childhood.

By a canon of the council of Cognac, held in 1260, these were expressly forbidden; but they were not wholly suppresed in France before the year 1444, when the doctors of the Sorbonne addressed a spirited letter on this subject to all the bishops of the kingdom.

INNOMINATI, nameless, a title by which the academists of Parma distinguish themselves. Most cities in Italy have an academy, and each has its proper name. Thus those at Parma entitle themselves Gli innominatı, as if it was their character to have no name at all.

INʼNOVATE, v. a. Fr. innover; Lat. inINNOVATION, n. s. novo. To bring in someINNOVATOR, N. S. thing unknown before; to change by introducing novelties. Innovation, change. Innovator, an introducer of novelties.

The love of things ancient doth argue stayedness; but levity and want of experience maketh apt unto Hooker.

innovations.

I attach thee as a traitorous innovator, A foe to the publick weal.

Shakspeare. Coriolanus.

He that will not apply new remedies, must expect new evils; for time is the greatest innovator: and if time of course alter things to the worse, and wisdom and council shall not alter them to the better, what shall be the end? Bacon's Essays.

It were good that men in innovations would follow the example of time itself, which indeed innovateth greatly, but quietly and by degrees. Id.

Men pursue some few principles which they have chanced upon, and care not to innovate, which draws unknown inconveniences.

Former things

Bacon.

Are set aside like abdicated kings; And every moment alters what is done, And innovates some act till then unknown. Dryden. Every man cannot distinguish betwixt pedantry and poetry; every man therefore is not fit to innoId.

tale.

Swift.

As if the commandments, that require obedience and forbid murder, were to be indicted for a libellous innuendo upon all the great men that come to be concerned. L'Estrange. Mercury, though employed on a quite contrary errand, owns it a marriage by an innuendo. Dryden. Pursue your trade of scandal-picking, Your hints that Stella is no chicken; Your innuendoes when you tell us, That Stella loves to talk with fellows. INNVIERTEL (i. e. the Quarter of the Inn), a district or circle of Upper Austria, comprising the territory lying between the Danube, the Inn, and the Salza. It was ceded to Austria by Bavaria in the treaty of Teschan in 1779; restored to Bavaria in 1810, but only retained till 1815. In that year also that part of the quarter of the Hausruck which Buonaparte had compelled Austria to cede to Bavaria was restored for an equivalent, and annexed to this circle; so that at present its extent is 1270 square miles. The chief towns are Braunau and Scharding. The southern division, lying towards the duchy of Salzburg, is intersected by well-wooded chains of mountains; and the tracts on the banks of the Danube and the Inn are fertile in wheat, barley, flax, and pasturage. Inhabitants about 200,000. INNU'MERABLE, adj. Fr. innumerable; INNUMERABLY, adv. Lat. in and numerus. INNU'MEROUS, adj.

Not to be counted

for multitude; without number.

Ther was ner tresour, of terrestial richesse,To be of comparison to your high godenesse ; Nor precious stones, rekened innumerabell,

Above al cretures, to me most amiable.

Chaucer. The Craft of Lovers.
You have sent innumerable substance
To furnish Rome, and to prepare the ways
You have for dignities.

Shakspeare. Henry VIII 'Twould be some solace yet, some little cheering, In this close dungeon of innumerous boughs.

Milton.

Ye cedars with innumerable boughs
Hide me, where I may never see them more.
Id.

Faithful found

Among the faithless, faithful only he, Among innumerable false, unmoved, Unshaken, unseduced, unterrifyed, His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal.

Id. In lines, which appear of an equal length, one may be longer than the other by innumerable parts. Locke.

I take the wood,
And in thick shelter of innumerous boughs,
Enjoy the comfort gentle sleep allows.

Pope's Odyssey.

INO, in fabulous history, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, who nursed Bacchus. She married Athamas king of Thebes, after he had divorced Nephele, by whom he had two children Phryxus and Helle. Ino became mother of Melicerta and Learchus: and soon conceived an implacable hatred against the children of Nephele, because they were to ascend the throne in preference to her own. Phryxus and Helle, inform

ed of Ino's machinations, escaped to Colchis on a ram with a golden fleece. Juno, jealous of Ino's prosperity, sent the fury Tisiphone to the house of Athamas; who so maddened him that, taking Ino to be a lioness and her children whelps, he pursued her and dashed her son Learchus against a wall. Ino, flying from his fury, threw herself from a high rock into the sea with Melicerta in her arms. Neptune pitied her fate, and made her a sea deity, afterwards called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also a sea god, worshipped by the name of Palemon.

INOA, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated yearly with sports and sacrifices at Corinth, at Megara (where she was first worshipped), and in Laconia. It was usual at the celebration to throw cakes of flour into a pond, which, if they sunk, were presages of prosperity, but of adversity if they swam on the surface.

:

INOCARPUS, in botany a genus of the monogynia order, and decandria class of plants. COR. funnel-shaped: CAL. bifid: the stamina are placed in a double series; the fruit a monospermous plum. Species one only; I. edulis a native of the South Sea Islands and of Amboyna. INOCULATE, v. n. & v. a. Lat. in and ocuINOCULATION, n. s. ·lus, inoculatio. INOCULATOR, n. s. To propagate · any plant by inserting its bud into another stock; to practise inoculation: inoculation is practised upon all sorts of stone fruit, and upon oranges and jasmines. The practice of transplanting the small-pox, by infusion of the matter from ripened pustules into the veins of the uninfected, in hopes of procuring a milder sort than what frequently comes by infection.-Quincy. The communication of the cow-pock by inoculation is called vaccination: inoculator, one that practises inoculation of trees, or propagates smallpox or cow-pock by inoculation.

Virtue cannot so inoculate our old stock, but we shall relish of it. Shakspeare. Hamlet.

Nor are the ways alike in all
How to ingraff, how to inoculate.

May's Virgil.

Thy stock is too much out of date, For tender plants t' inoculate.

Where lilies, in a lovely brown, Inoculate carnation.

Cleaveland.

Id.

tions for inoculating given by Miller:-Choose a smooth part of the stock; then with your knife make a horizontal cut across the rind of the stock, and from the middle of that cut make a slit downwards, about two inches in length, in the form of a T; but be careful not to cut too deep, lest you wound the stock: then having cut off the leaf from the bud, leaving the footstalk remaining, make a cross cut about half an inch below the eye, and with your knife slit off the bud, with part of the wood to it. This done, with your knife pull off that part of the wood which was taken with the bud, observing whether the eye of the bud be left to it or not; for all those buds which lose their eyes in stripping are good for nothing: then, raising the bark of the stock, thrust the bud therein, placing it smooth between the rind and the wood of the stock; and so having exactly fitted the bud to the stock tie them closely round, taking care not to bind round the eye of the bud. When the buds above mentioned have been inoculated three or four weeks, and those which are fresh and plump are joined, loosen the bandage, which, if it be not done in time, will injure if not destroy the bud. In March following cut off the stock sloping, about three inches above the bud, and to what is left fasten the shoot which proceeds from the bud: but this must continue no longer than one year; after which the stock must be cut off close above the bud. The time for inoculating is from the middle of June to the middle of August: but the most proper time is when the buds are formed at the extremity of the same year's shoot, which is a sign of their having finished their spring growth. The first sort commonly inoculated is the apricot; and the last the orange tree, which should never be done till the end of August. In doing this, always make choice of cloudy weather; for if it be done in the middle of the day, when the weather is hot, the shoots will perspire so fast, as to leave the buds destitute of moisture.

INOCULATION, in medicine, is a term generally applied to the practice of infusing the matter from ripened pustules in small-pox into uninfect ed persons, in order to give that disease in a mild form, and thus to protect from the natural attacks. As to the origin of the art of inoculating the small-pox, as well as the time and place in which it was performed, they are equally unknown to all by whom the practice is adopted. Accident probably gave rise to it. Pylarini says, that among the Turks it was not attended to except among the meaner sort. No mention is made of it by any of the ancient Arabian medical writers that are known in Europe; and the physicians who are natives in and about Arabia assert, that nothing is to be found regarding it in any of those of a more modern date. Until the beginning of the eighteenth century all the accounts we have of inoculating the small-pox are merely traditional. It is also remarkable that before Pylarini's letter to the Royal Society in 1701, and for several years after, this practice was not taken notice of by the most inquisitive travellers. The first accounts we have concerning inoculation are from two Italian physicians, viz. Pylarini and Timoni, whose letters on the subject may be seen in the

Philosophical Transactions.

The first is dated A. D. 1701; the next A. D. 1713. Dr. Williams of Haverfordwest, however, who wrote upon inoculation in 1725, proved, that it had been praetised in Wales, though in form somewhat different, for upwards of 200 years. In the Highlands of Scotland, and some of the adjacent isles, Dr. Alexander Monro informs us, that the custom through ages past has been, to put their children to bed with those who labored under a favorable small-pox, and to tie worsted threads about their children's wrists, after having drawn them through variolous pustules. According to Dr. Russel, the Arabians assert, that the inoculation of the small-pox has been the common custom of their ancestors, and that they have no doubt of its being as ancient as the disease itself. In 1717 lady Mary Wortley Montague had her son inoculated at Constantinople, at the age of six years; he had but few pustules, and soon recovered. In April 1721 inoculation was successfully tried on seven condemned criminals in London. In 1721 Lady Mary Montague had a daughter of six years old inoculated in this island; soon after which the children of the royal family that had not had the small-pox were inoculated with success: then followed some of the nobility, and the practice soon prevailed.

The practice of inoculation having obtained in every part of the world, it may be grateful, at least to curiosity, to have a general account of the different modes that are and have been adopted in that practice. Inoculation with the blood of variolous patients has been tried without effect: the variolous matter alone produces the discase. The application of the variolous matter takes place in a sensible part only; the activity of the virus is such, that the smallest atom, though imperceptible to any of our senses, conveys the disease as well as the largest quantity. Hence the most obvious method is the prick of a needle or the point of a lancet dipped in the matter of a variolous pustule. Cotton or thread is used, that is previously rubbed with powdered variolous scabs; this thread is drawn with a needle through the cutis, but not left in. This is the method in some parts of the East Indies. The Indians pass the thread on the outside of the hand, between any of the fingers, or between the fore-finger and thumb. The Thessalian women inoculate in the forehead and chin. Some abrade the scarf-skin, and rub in the powdered dry scabs which fall from the pustules of patients with the small-pox. Many of the Greek women make an oblique puncture with a needle, on the middle of the top of the forehead, on each cheek, the chin, each metacarpus, and each metatarsus; then drop in each a little of the pus just taken warm from a patient, and brought in a servant's bosom. Others make several little wounds with a needle in one, two, or more places in the skin, till some drops of blood ensue; then the operator pours a drop of warm pus fresh from a pustule, and mixes it with the blood as it issues out; then the wound is covered by some with a bandage, by others with half a walnut shell placed with its concave side over each orifice. In some parts of Hindostan the person who intends to be inoculated, having found a house where there is a good

The

sort of the small-pox, goes to the bed of the sick person, if he is old enough; or if a child to one of his relations, and speaks to him as follows: I am come to buy the small-pox.' The answer is, 'Buy if you please.' A sum of money is accordingly given, and one, three, or five pustules, for the number must always be odd, and not exceeding five, are extracted whole, and full of matter. These are immediately rubbed on the skin of the outside of the hand between the forefinger and the thumb; and this suffices to produce the disease. The same custom obtains in Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and other countries. Very similar to this custom is that in Arabia, where on some fleshy part they make several punctures with a needle imbrued in variolous matter, taken from pustules of a favorable kind. Here they buy the small-pox too, as follows: the child to be inoculated carries a few raisins, dates, sugar-plums, or such like: and, showing to the child from whom the matter is to be taken, asks how many pocks he will give in exchange? The bargain being made, they proceed to the operation. Arabs say that any fleshy part is proper; but generally they insert the matter between the forefinger and thumb on the outside of the hand. The Georgians insert the matter on the fore-arm. The Armenians introduce the matter on the two thighs. In Wales the practice may be termed infriction of the small-pox. There some of the dry pustules are procured by purchase, and are rubbed hard upon the naked arm or leg. The practice in some places is to prick the skin between some of the fingers, by means of two small needles joined to one another; and, after having rubbed a little of the matter on the spot, a circle is made by means of several punctures of the bigness of a common pustule, and matter is again rubbed over it. The operation is finished by dressing the wound with lint. Incisions have been made in the arms and legs, and thread, cotton, or lint, previously dipped in the variolous matter, was lodged in them. The practice of some is to bathe the feet in warm water, and then secure lint dipped in the variolous matter on the instep, or other part of the foot where the skin is thin. Others apply a small blistering plaster; and, when the scarf-skin is elevated and slipped off, the variolous matter is applied to the surface. of the true skin, and confined there by a little lint or plaster. Scratching the skin with a pin or needle, and then rubbing the part with lint, previously dipped in variolous matter, is the custom in some places. The Highlanders rub some part of the skin with fresh matter, or dip worsted in variolous matter, and tie about the children's wrists. They observe, that if fresh matter is applied a few days successively, the infection is more certain than by one application. Having thus given a brief history of the practice, we must refer the medical reader to the articles MEDICINE and SMALL-POX, where the comparative merits of inoculation will be brought forward in a more detailed manner.

INOCULATION, VACCINE. See VACCINATION and SMALL-POX.

INO'DORATE, adj. Į INO'DOROUS, adj. perceptible by the nose.

Lat. in and odor. Having no scent; not: