llygad a'i gwel ef',' and every eye shall see him; and pop-l or pob-l, the Latin pop-ulus, means every man or all men taken singly. But when we look more narrowly

into the cases of so-called public things, we see that the rights of this pop-ulus, this body of all men, are less or more bounded, and in some cases very small, while the rights of the one or few are strong against them; and, therefore, that so-called public things cannot be all treated as belonging to the pop-ulus, only because men choose to call them by the loose word 'public.' Though here it may be observed that the pop-ulus ought to be taken to betoken in its full meaning, all the people of the state or kingdom, and not every man on earth.

It may seem from the words of some men that they sometimes look to public ownership and at other times to public use as a mark of what is public; and now, as to ownership, a thing of good may belong

1. To all, pob, every one, as an old path or the sea water, as far as it belongs to England.

2. It may belong to a 'many' but not all, as a public market-place, or a room in a town hall, which may belong to the burgesses.

3. It may belong to one, as the advowson of a church.

Then, again, the use of a thing of good may be more or less free, or bounded.

4. So it may be for the use of all as it belongs to all, as an old path or a common bridge.

5. It may be for the use of a 'many' but not all, as a common open to the landholders of a parish, or a free grammar school free to the householders of a town.

6. It may be for the use of one, as a national palace for the use of the king, or a keeper's or warder's lodge at a cemetery or jail.

Again, we may take the uses of so-called public things. to be of three forms, and so

7. The use may be free, as that of a path or sea

water.

8. The use may be bought, as the use of a so-called public conveyance or of the post-office.

9. The use may be bounded, as that of a so-called public museum or picture gallery, which is bounded to hours or days, or that of a public park, bounded to recreation, and not yielded to every kind of traffic.

In questions of right and wrong in the cases of socalled public things, we have under thought the boundedness of ownership, of usership, and of use. If we take first the ownership and usership, we see that a so-called public thing may belong

1,4. To all, the populus, for the use of all, as a path.

1,5. It may belong to all for the use of a many, as national barracks for the use of only soldiers, not the populus, or as houses of Parliament for the use of the representatives.

1,6. It may belong to all for the use of one, as a national palace for the use of the king.

2,4. To a many for the use of all, as a street pavement belonging to the burgesses for the use of any men. 2,5. To a many for the use of a many, as a burgessowned free-school for the use of the town-born boys, or

a parish-owned advowson, or church, for use of the parishioners.

2,6. To a many for the use of one, as a mansionhouse belonging to burgesses for the use of their mayor.

3,4. To one for the use of all, as a clock or well, endowed to be kept good by the owner, for the time, of the land that holds it, for all by-comers.

3,5. To one for a many, as the advowson of a church, holden by the patron for the use of the parishioners.

3,6. To one for the use of one, as to one for himself or a ward, which is a case of private and not public property, and may be left out of the question, so that we have eight instead of nine cases of so-called public things.

If, then, we had in these cases eight sundry ones of so-called public things, and if all of them varied, as, however, some of them may not, with all three forms of uses, or if each of them might be holden in free use, or bought use, or bounded use, then we should have eight times three, or 24, cases of so-called public things, of which we should understand the differences, so as to perceive how far the State might righteously take them in hand for abolition or change.

The word public is often wrongly used for boundedly common, not public.