Take the first line of each of the fours:

1. Pu. pa. pum. pam. is of possibility or what can be. 2. Hu. ha. hum. ham. is of hapliness or what may be. 3. Pam. pum. pa. pu. of impossibility.

4. Na. nu. nam. num, of need: what must be.

9. A thought-putting may be

Out-shutsome (exclusiva):

'(Only) man writes words,' out-shutting all but man.

Out-takesome (exceptiva):

'Every animal but man is unwritesome.'

Doubling (reduplicativa):

'A hireling (as a hireling) is not above his master.'.

10. Fore-begged thought-putting (propositio hypothetica).

Hypothetica means 'put-down,' or 'supposed,' and a fore-begged putting is one that begins, in English, with some such word as if (in Saxon gif, give or grant or allow thou), or though, which is, by root-meaning, 'think,' or 'put thou,' and thus the wrangler or reasoner begs that his thought-wording may be given, or allowed, or thought, or put down for the time to be true.

Mostly the fore-begged thought-putting is a hinge, one with another beholding to it, as—

'If ye ask,-ye shall receive.' .

'If the floor is of wood,—it is not of stone.'

'If the book is hand-written,—it is not printed.'
'If John is not learned,-yet he is wise.'

A putting may be hingesome and yet not be a forebegged one, as—

'Since John asked-therefore he received.'

'As ye sow-so shall ye reap.'

Thought-settings may be linked, and not be hinge

and beholding ones, as

'When John reads, Edwin writes.'

'Where there is a painter, there is a picture.'

'John walks as fast as Edwin can run.'

BOOK III.

1. Wrangling (argumentation).

A man may have a reasoning or rede-ship with himself, without the gainsaying of another man, but redeship against a gainsaying of another is disputation or wrangling (disputation) with the good meaning of wrestling by mind or word, without anger, for the trowing or proving of some so-believed or holden truth.

Wrangling or rede-ship is of sundry forms.

Wrangling is mostly by syllogism, a three-stepped rede-ship, or a rede-ship of three thought-puttings.

1. The head or first step (major propositio).

2. The under or middle step (minor propositio), and 3. The upshot or last step (conclusio), as-

(1) 'All men are breathesome.'

(2) ‘John is a man,'

(3) So 'John is breathesome.'

2. The first two steps are called together fore-puttings or fore-steps (præmissi), and are put as true, whether they are so or not, or else as fore-begged and yielded,

As there are three steps or thought-puttings, so there are three sundry ends, as each step has two ends; but the three twos do not make six sundry ones, since one end of each step is taken into another step, as―

(1) 'Every man (2) has been a babe';
(2) 'John (1) is a man'; therefore

(3) 'John (2) has been a babe.'

'Man' comes into the first and second steps, 'John' into the second and third, and 'has been a babe' into first and second. 'John' is called the middle step-end (middle term) because he comes in first as the head-end of the middle step,

A rede-ship may be ayesome (affirmative), naysome (negative), allsome (universal), sharesome (particular), unmarksome (indefinite), onesome (singular), as the upshot of any may be ayesome, naysome, allsome, sharesome, unmarksome, or onesome.

3. The ground of the three-stepped rede-ship is that things which match a third thing match each other, whence comes the rule of the speaking of 'every one,' and the speaking of 'no one,' which are of the shapes'Every man-has been a babe.'

'No man-is a stone.'

Whatever is said allsomely of any thing is said of those things which are holden under it, as of every one—

'Every man is breathesome.'

'John (a man) is breathesome.'

The speaking of no one

'No man is undiesome.'

'John (a man) is not undiesome.'

4. Shapes (figura).

Shapes of thought-puttings in

threenesses are the sundry ways in which the head end

of the middle step is put in the two fore-steps.

1. Where the middle step's end is head-end in the first step, and latter-end in the middle one, as—

'Every breathesome being-is lifely.'

'Every man-is a breathesome being.'
'Every man-is lifely.'

2. Where the time-taking of the middle step is the latter-end in both the head and middle steps, as—

'No horned beast-is flesh-eatsome.'
'Every dog-is flesh-eatsome;' so

'No dog-is a horned beast.'

3. Where the middle step's end is head-end in each

'Every cow-is grass-eatsome.'

'Every cow-is two-horned;' so

'Some one two-horned (thing)—is grass-eatsome.'

Mood is a fitting ranking of the rede steps as to muchness and suchness.

Let H. stand for the head-end of the first shape of the redeship,

2H. for that of the second shape,

3H. for that of the third shape.

Let M. stand for the head-end of the middle step of each shape,

L. stand for the last step, or upshot of each.

Let a. betoken all,

Let w., the head letter of the word wanting, betoken

no one or no,

o., the sound letter of some, mean some.