REDE-CRAFT.

BOOK I.

1. REDE-CRAFT is the craft (art) of reasoning or argumentation; wrangling.

Rede is an old English word for reasoning or counselling. The man is blest that hath not lent to wicked rede his eare.'—Psalm I., old version.

Wrangling, a wrestling with the mind or words, is an old word for disputation or argumentation in the higher meaning of unangry and learned disputations in the schools, whence the name of 'Wranglers' yet holds over those who take honours without wrangling in the old meaning of the word. While 'Rede-craft' may be taken for logic, or the art of reasoning, 'Rede-ship' would mean an act or form of reasoning. 'Rede-matter' (prædicabile) is speech-matter, or what may be said of things. 2. Speech-matters (prædicabilia) are

1. Kind (genus).

2. Hue (species).
3. Odds (differentia).
4. Selflihood (proprium).

5. Haplihood (accidens).

3. (1) Kind (genus). A kind is a set of things of

B

one kin, as a genus is a set of things of one form of begetting; since genus is from gigno, to beget.

(2) Hue or make (under-kind, species). Hiw (Sax.) or hue meant firstly, and truly, a shape in line and colour, whence hiwian (Sax.) to hew or shapen; and so species from specio, to see, behold, in Latin means the appearance, in lines and hues, of a thing as it is seen.

Below an under-kind or hue is a onehood (individuale), the being of a single thing, not further formarked into lower undershares.

4. (3) Odds, sundriness, or unmatchsomeness (differentia) is that by which a thing is anyhow unlike to another, whether selfly, or by what is in or of itself as such, as a horse and a bird which are unlike in make; or haply, by what is in them by hap and not of their kind as such; as a fair and a dark woman, or a tall and a short man, or in shape, as a square and triangle; or muchness; as a crown and shilling in weight of silver; or suchness, as sweet and sour, or in any other way.

5. (4) Selfliness and hapliness (proprium et accidens). A selfliness of a thing is somewhat in or of its very self as in or of its kind, as heat is a selfliness of fire or the

sun.

It may be of sundry kinds, as belonging

(a) to one, not to all; as of a man to be healed of

a wound.

(b) to all, not to one only; as of a man to be two

legged.

(c) to all and each, but not alwise; as to man to grow more than four feet tall, or to have a

body not fastened in flesh to that of another

man, as in the case of the Siamese twins.

(d) to all and each, and alwise: as to man to die,

to be laughsome.

(5) Hapliness (accidens) is somewhat which belongs to a thing as of hap, or of a happensome kind, or which may either hold or be wanting to a thing, without a making or an unmaking of the selfhood of it, as whiteness or blackness of linen.

A hapliness may be sundersome from a thing, as cold from water by heating; or unsundersome, as moisture from water.

6. Foreclearenings (anteprædicamenta) are foresteps to Rede-matters, and are,

1. Formarkings (definitiones).

2. Forsunderings or fordealings (divisiones).
3. Rules (regulæ).

Formarkings may be onesome (univoca), as a headword, or common name for sundry things, of which each comes under the formarking of the first; as animal, which, if it means a being with life, is true for man, horse, bird, and fish.

A formarking may be twaysome (æquivoca), as a common name for each of things of sundry kinds, as a bank, of a store of money, and a bank of earth; a pound for a weight, and a yard for stray cattle; a pen for writing, and for sheep.

7. Forsunderings, fordealings (divisiones), are of two kinds, of words and things.

1. Forsundering of words, as sundry words for one thing, as 'a tall man,' 'the brush of a fox'; or of one word for many things, as, a crew, a herd, and other

cases.

2. Forsundering of things, as a pen for writing or for sheep; a pound weight, and yard for stray cattle.

If pen be defined as a tool for writing, the formarking will not stand good for a pen for sheep; as the same formarking will not be good for a pound weight and a pound for cattle; or for a bank as a store of money, and a bank of earth; or fall, the autumn, and fall, a falling; or a mint for money, and mint, a herb.

Among formarkings of things are,

Those of what is said of the speech-thing, but is not

in the speech-thing, as 'man is an animal.'

In and not said of a thing, as 'the white of the eye.'
In and said of the thing, as 'the white horse.'

Not in nor said of a thing, as 'Socrates.'

8. Rede-matters (prædicamenta) are,

1. Thing or being (substantia).
2. Muchness (quantitas).

3. Suchness (qualitas).
4. Twin suchness (relatio).

5. Time-taking (actio).

6. Time-giving (passio).

7. Where (ubi).

8. When (quando).
9. Self-having (situs).

10. Self-having with otherwhat (habitus).

Each of the Rede-matters comes into the following

lines :

The coated (10) hind (1) at morn (8),

A-walking (9) by the thorn (7),

Found (5) three (2) white (3) lambs (4) forlorn (6)

From dams (4) that had been shorn (6).

Coated, 10, self-having with a coat.

Hind, 1, speech-thing.

At morn, 8, when.

A-walking, 9, self-having alone.

By the thorn, 7, where.

Found, 5, time-taking.

Three, 2, muchness.

White, 3, suchness.

Lambs, 4, twin suchness, relative to dams, as

Dams, 2, are to the lambs.

Had been shorn, 6, time-giving.

9. (1) Thing or being (substantia), a selfhood or a being that is a self.

10. (2) Muchness (quantitas), as of length, room, bulk, weight, or tale.

11. (3) Suchness (qualitas), by which a thing is said to be such, and marked off, more or less, from some others of the same name, as white or black, long or short, heavy or light. Suchnesses may be of sundry pitches, as long, longer, longest.

12. (4) Twin suchness (relatio). Twin suchness is the suchness of one thing to another, without which it. would not be such to the other, as, father or mother to