REFLECTION

Reflection of light, 177: polarization of

light by, 309

Refraction explained by Alhazen, 47; ex-
plained by Huyghens, 178; figures illus-
trating, 179; double, 179, 180; Snellius
discovers law of, 106; method of mea-
suring, 108; of coloured rays, 166;
Règne Animal,' Cuvier's, 397
Reptiles, gigantic fossil, 423
Repulsion by electricity, 124
Respiration, Boyle on air used in, 131;
Mayow on effects of fire-air in, 134
Richter on chemical law of proportions,
373; and Reich discover iridium, 323
Rieban, Mr. Faraday's master, 348
Ritter discovers chemical rays, 315
Rivinus on plants, 209
Robison on Watts, 245

Rocks, diagrams of, bent and broken, 218;
new ones formed out of old, 220
Roe of codfish, animalcules in, 140
Roemer measures velocity of light, 172
Roger Bacon makes gunpowder, 52; his
experiments on air, 52

Ronald's, Mr., attempt at electric tele-
graph, 356

Rose, modification of parts in the, 382;
number of species of, 420

Rothmann, Dr., befriends Linnæus, 205,

SLOUGH

Salamanders, regrowth of limbs of, 201
Sal-ammoniac known to the Arabs, 45
Salerno, medical school of, 40
Salt, colour of burning, 322
Salts of plants extracted, 193
Sap, Ray and Willughby on, 143
Satellites of Jupiter, 90; eclipses of, 173
Saturn, atmosphere of, 327; weight of, 154:
his ring seen by Galileo, 92; and Jupiter,
long inequality of, 269
Saussure, De, on glaciers, 412
Savery's engine, 246

Scheele, discoveries of, 232; on chemical
rays of light, 316

Schehallien experiment, 277; diagram of,

279

Schiaparelli on August meteors, 298
Schoeffer, Peter, the printer, 55
Schwabe on periodicity of sun-spots, 354
Science, definition of, 1; of the Greeks,
7; decay of Greek, 35; of the Middle
Ages, 39, 59; of the Arabs, 39, 50; rise
of modern, 63 et seq.; of sixteenth cen-
tury, 82; seventeenth century, 182;
eighteenth century, 280; academies of,
124; lists of chief men of, 6, 38, 62, 86,
188, 286

Scilla on Calabrian fossils, 216
Scotland, glaciation of, 414
Screw of Archimedes, 25

Sea, land eaten away by the, 406, 408
Seasons caused by obliquity of ecliptic, 20
Section of the skin, 139

Seebeck, Professor, discovers thermo-elec-
tricity, 352

Seeds and germs, growth of compared,
141; classification of plants by, 71
Séguin, M., on mechanical equivalent of
heat, 335

Selection of animals by man, 428; Natural,

429

Serapis, rise and sinking of temple of, 408
Servetus on circulation of blood, 111
Seventeenth century, characteristic work
of, 433; summary of science of the, 182,
186

Shooting-stars, a legend concerning, 297
Sicily, thickness of limestone rocks in, 407
Silkworm, Malpighi on structure of, 139
Simpson, Dr., on chloroform, 378
Sines of incident and refracted rays, 109
Sixteenth century, advance of science in
the, 82, 433

Skaptar Jokul, torrent of lava from, 408
Skin, section of, 139

Slough, Herschel's observatory at, 273, 295

465

SMITH

Smith, Sir E., brings Linnæan collection

to England, 213

Smith, William, surveys England, 223
Snails, regrowth of parts in, 201
Snellius discovers law of refraction, 106
Soap-bubble, Newton on the, 169; cause
of colours on the, 307

Soda, composition of, 376

Sodium discovered by Davy, 365 power
of to decompose water, 375; spectrum
of, 322; Kirchhoff's experiments with
vapour of, 325

Soho, manufactory of engines at, 251
Soil, substances taken from by plants,
193

Solar, spectrum, dark lines in, 318; and
star-spectrum compared, 321; system,
motion of through space, 275
Solstices observed by Thales, 9
Sound, Newton on, 175; light compared
to, 176, 178

Spallanzani on regrowth of severed limbs,

201

Specific gravity first measured by Archi-
medes, 23

Specific names given by Linnæas, 208
Spectra, table of, 320

Spectrum studied by Newton, 165; dark
lines on the, 318, 320; their cause ex-
plained, 323; of different substances,
321; of gases, 322; of solids, 322
Spectrum analysis, history of, 315-28:
metals discovered by, 323; of sunlight,
323: of stars, 326; of nebulæ, 327; of
meteors, 328; use of in chemistry, 370
Spencer, Herbert, on evolution, 435
Spirit, Arabian name for gas, 42
Spirits of wine made by Geber, 44
Spots on the sun, periodicity of, 354

Stahl's work in chemistry, 135; on phlo-

giston, 135

tar, morning and evening, 11; -clusters
and nebulæ, Herschel on, 274; -gauging

by Sir W. Herschel, 273

Stars, binary, 273; spectrum analysis of
the, 326

Statics, Stevinus on, 82

Steam, condensation of, 249; latent heat

of, 243
Steam-engine, history of the, 245; New-
comen's, 246; Watt's, 249

Steinheil on electric telegraph, 357; on
earth acting as return wire, 358
Steno on fossils in the earth's crust, 215
Stereoscope, Sir J. Herschel on the, 320
Stevinus on statics, 82

THERMOMETER

Stokes, Professor, on dark lines in solar
spectrum, 323

Stomachs of animals, peculiarities of, 199
Stone tools of lake-dwellings, 417

Strabo on earthquakes and volcanoes, 33
Strata of England mapped by W. Smith, 223
Striæ caused by glaciers, 413
Struve on Neptune's moons, 295
Sublimation described by Geber, 44
Suction-tube, section of a, 117
Sulphuric acid made by Geber, 45
Summary of science of sixteenth century,
82; of seventeenth century, 182; of
eighteenth century, 280

Sun, experiment to explain the movement

of the earth round the, 19; seen after
setting by means of refraction, 48; ro-
tation on its axis proved by Galileo, 92;
his distance 108 times his diameter, 159;
method of measuring the diameter, 159-
161; distance from the earth, 162; holds
the planets round it by gravitation, 152:
meteors falling into, 300; atmosphere of
vapours surrounding the, 325; spectrum
of the light of, 318

Sun-dial invented by Anaximander, 10
Sun-spots seen by Galileo and Harriot, 92;
Sir W. Herschel on cause of, 353:
Schwabe on periodicity of, 354; their
connection with magnetic currents, 355
Switzerland, glaciers of, 412; lake-dwel-
lings of, 416

Syene, earth's circumference measured
from, 29

Syntaxis of Ptolemy, 32

Synthesis, term explained, 371

'System of the World,' by Galileo, 93
Systema Nature' published, 211

TALBOT, Fox, on sun-pictures, 317; on

spectra of flames, 323

Telegraph (see electric telegraph)
Telescope, Roger Bacon's idea of, 52: in-
vention of the, 87; Galileo's, 89 ; Kepler's,
97; achromatic, 169

Tessier, Abbé, meets Cuvier, 390
Tests, Bergmann on chemical, 229
Thales, science of, 8
Thallium discovered, 323
Theophrastus the first botanist, 17
Theories about living beings, 381
Theory of the Earth' published, 219
Thermo-electricity, discovery of, 352
Thermometer, invention of the, rac

THOMPSON

Thompson, Benjamin (see Rumford)
Thomson, Dr., on Dalton's theory, 377;
Sir W. cited, 323, 434

Thoracic duct, Pecquet on the use of, 114
Tides, Newton on cause of, 155

Torricelli on weight of atmosphere, 117;
invents barometer, 118
Torricellian vacuum, 119

Tournefort's classification of plants, 145
Tower, Hunter dissects the wild beasts of
the, 198

Transits of Mercury and Venus, 156-63;
Halley's method of measuring, 160; De-
lisle's method of measuring, 266; dia-
grams of, 160-61; expeditions, 162
Transparency of glass, cause of, 177
Trianon, Jardin de, 208

Truth, our want of faith in the power of,
436

Tycho Brahe, his life and astronomical
work, 78; Galileo and Kepler compared,

VACUUM, Torricellian, 119

Valleys, excavation of, 11
Valves in veins discovered by Fabricius,
III; use of, 112

Van Helmont, chemistry of, 72
Varieties, useful ones alone survive, 430
Vasco de Gama sees southern stars, 57
Vegetable anatomy, 140

Veins, Galen on, 34; action of discovered
by Harvey, 111; valves in, discovered
by Fabricius, III

Velocity of light measured, 172
Venus, phases of, agree with Copernican
theory, 91

Venus, transits of, 147: used to measure
sun's distance, 158; Halley's thethod of
measuring, 160; diagrams illustrating,

WILLIAM

159, 160, 161; Delisle's method of
measuring, 266

Vertebrata, term explained, 396

Vesalius, his work in anatomy, 67; ban-
ishment and death of, 68

Vessels and fibres of plants, 140
Vesta discovered, 290

Vibrations, light a series of, 176; of light
complex, 313

Vinci, Leonardo da, inventions of, 58
Vital fluids, belief of alchemists in, 192;
spirits, belief in, 110

Vitellio on refraction, 106

Viviparous and oviparous animals, 143
Volcanoes, Pythagoras on, 12;

lava thrown out from, 408
Voltaic electricity, 261; pile, 263

mass of

Volta on electricity, 261; his crown of
cups, 262; his controversy with Galvani,

260

Volume and pressure, relations of, 130
Von Baer on embryology, 400
Voyages round the world, 56
Vulcan, god of volcanoes, 7
Vulcanists and Neptunists, 218

WALES, moraines and erratic blocks

of, 44

Wallace, Mr. A. R., figures drawn by, 97;
on natural selection, 425, 426; on pro-
lificness of birds, 429

Wallis, Dr., his description of the Royal
Society, 125

Water, composition of, 231, 239, 372:
rising in a vacuum, 117; latent heat of,
243; boiled by friction, 332; rise of
temperature in by friction calculated,
336; decomposed by sodium, 375
Watt, his early life, 244; not the first to
make a steam-engine, 245; his separate
condenser, 248; his double-acting engine,
250; his partnership with Boulton, 251
Wave-theory of light, 175; explains inter-
ference, 305

Waves of light in a crystal, 313

Wedgwood, Dr. T., on sun-pictures, 317
Weight of bodies explained by gravitation,
154; of chemical elements, 373
Wenzel on law of definite proportions, 373
Werner on rocks and fossils, 217

Westminster Abbey, Newton buried in,

171

Wheatstone patents electric telegraph, 357
William of Orange founds Leyden Univer-
sity, 191