In some senses therefore, the lakes can provide models of oceanic processes-and they could certainly provide effective training grounds for the young oceanographers needed to man expanding programs in other regions-but the writer prefers to emphasize here that the lakes merit study for their own sakes, not only as sources of new knowledge but also because of their far-reaching impacts on human affairs-to mention only a few: the interconnected problems of water pollution and water supply; shipping and international trade; recreation; development and fate of fisheries; local influences on the climate; and the need for enlightened conservation of an incomparable natural resource.

It is a truism that better management of any natural system can only be based on better knowledge of the fundamental principles at work; and it is here that universities and research institutes can play a key role. The force of this argument can, perhaps, be best illustrated by a single example.

At the recent inquiry concerning the city of Chicago's request for authority to divert more water from Lake Michigan, it became evident that much more fundamental knowledge was needed to provide useful predictions of the motion of water masses within the lake and their influence on pollution dispersal and quality of water intakes. Arising from this need for fundamental knowledge, a large-scale program of measurements from anchored buoys was initiated by the Public Health Service, and is still in progress. Much new knowledge has emerged, to the interpretation of which the writer believes that his studies of internal waves in Lake Michigan (carried out while acting as visiting professor at the University of Wisconsin, and as yet largely unpublished) have also made an essential contribution. This is not the place to describe the pattern of these large waves discovered at the summer boundary between warm surface water and cold bottom water-a pattern new to science and associated with remarkable rotating currents-but this provides a good example of the way in which a problem tackled for its intrinsic scientific interest can sometimes provide missing links in the chain of information required for public health engineering or for conservational management.

The universities must continue to uphold the free pursuit of knowledge for its own sake; but they will also not be backward in the application of this knowledge to human needs, and often indeed to local needs. This truism, also, is very relevant to the problems posed by the Great Lakes, the scale of which is large enough to call for collaboration between the midwestern universities. The University of Michigan, with its Great Lakes Research Division, has long been active in this research field. As a more recent entrant, the University of Wisconsin, and in particular the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, has declared its hopes and intentions by the establishment at Milwaukee of a Center for Great Lakes Studies, to initiate postgraduate and interfaculty studies which will exploit a promising position near the major port. No doubt the University of Wisconsin has already, through its proper officers, declared itself in favor of the passage of the National Sea Grant College and Program Act; it remains for the undersigned to add his support as director-designate of the Center for Great Lakes Studies at Milwaukee.

(Signed) C. H. MORTIMER, Ph. D., D. Sc., F.R.S.E., F.R.S.

COLLEGE OF NEW ROCHELLE, New Rochelle, N.Y., April 29, 1966.

Hon. CLAIBORNE PELL,
Senate Office Building,
Washington, D.C.

DEAR SENATOR PELL: As president of the College of New Rochelle it is my pleasure and duty to write to you concerning the National Sea Grant College and Program Act of 1965 (S. 2439).

The College of New Rochelle has recently obtained a 1-acre island located in Long Island Sound adjacent to the campus. A two-story block house type structure is located on the island and will be used as a laboratory to extend our growing program in marine biology for undergraduate students.

When the college learned of the possibilities available to us under the bill I was first inclined to request an opportunity to testify before your committee. I am, however, aware of the many demands placed upon the committee's schedule and have decided against such a request.

Senator Pell, please be assured of the enthusiasm of the College of New Rochelle for your program. The college is very much in sympathy with a program that will aid in the development of knowledge of the water that surrounds us and of those individuals who will explore and study that area.

Please feel free to call on me for any further information or comment your committee may require on this matter.

HON. SENATOR PELL: Kindly add my endorsement to your proposed bill, S. 2439, "National Sea Grant College and Program Act of 1965." My confidence in this bill is strengthened by the decisive role to be played by the National Science Foundation in the administration of the funds.

From the standpoint of marine sciences, I view two aspects of this bill as healthy and significant. First, is the selection of the National Science Foundation as the administrator. This agency already has proven mechanism for the evaluation and support of research and training and would not itself compete for funds. Second, the assurance of continued funding even at a modest level would allow for the establishment of long-term support of marine sciences within the framework of evaluation procedures that are also already established and functioning well.

My personal view of this bill reflects only its present wording and content and as it now stands I favor it with enthusiasm and trust.

Very truly yours,

ROBERT J. MENZIES,
Program Director.

PREPARED STATEMENT OF HAROLD HOWE II, COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

It is a pleasure to submit to the Special Subcommittee on Sea Grant Colleges a statement concerning the great untapped land and water resource of marine science.

As always, the Federal Government maintains its firm commitment to the development of natural resources.

You may recall the quotation from Daniel Webster which is located directly over the Speaker's rostrum in the House:

"Let us develop the resources of our land, call forth its powers, build up its institutions, promote all its great interests and see whether we also in our day and generation may not perform something worthy to be remembered."

I am pleased to comment on the National Sea Grant College and Program Act of 1965, a bill which is designed to develop the resources of marine sciences through the building up of our institutions of higher education, promoting all our interests.

S. 2439 would amend the National Science Foundation Act of 1950 to authorize the establishment and operation of a program of support for education, training, research, dissemination of research findings, and advisory services in the areas of marine resources.

Clearly this bill has been introduced with the realization that marine resources constitute a great potential asset for the Nation, that it is in our national interest to develop and utilize increasing facilities and increasing student enrollment for these resources, and that aquaculture, like agriculture, can provide unlimited economic benefits to the Nation.

The sea grant college bill would encourage the development of regional centers of excellence, with increased assistance to established institutions with existing and potential facilities. The funding of S. 2439 is proposed to be derived from 10 percent of the bonuses, rentals, royalties, etc., from leases of Outer Continental land, available only for appropriations to the National Science Foundation for programs with marine sciences. Further the Foundation would have the authority to enter into contracts with institutions which seek to participate in the sea grant college programs.

I would submit that the contribution of the sea grant college concept is entirely consistent with the public servi for the last

als of higher ed

frontiers of our Nation-the Continental Shelf of the United States, the Great Lakes, the oceans-may hold the answers to such problems as food sources, fresh water, and mineral resources. Indeed, the field of marine science extends far beyond the academic sphere.

The Federal Government has already made some commitments to the field of marine education and oceanography. The George-Barden Act of 1946, with subsequent amendments, provides funds for training students in specific areas of the fishing trades, as well as in agriculture and other trades. Also, the Graduate school of the U.S. Department of Agriculture offers nine courses in oceanography for Federal employees. Such efforts provide a beginning structure to elevate the importance of marine science and to implement the concept of a sea grant college. Further, many bills have been introduced in Congress providing Federal assistance to the field of marine sciences, indicating the concern and interest of many of our legislators.

Within the Federal Government, the study of oceanography has been supported by the Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation, the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, the Geological Survey, the Public Health Service, the Atomic Energy Commission and others.

However, in spite of these Federal programs, there is a need for further development of courses of study and research capabilities in the area of the marine sciences. Federal assistance to colleges desiring to develop programs of study in this area would do much to bring about a wider distribution of research and learning opportunities throughout the country.

Seven years ago the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council Committee on Oceanography strongly recommended that universities and other institutions take an active part in the recommended programs of expansion of marine science. There are indications that substantial increases in research in this area would be beneficial.

Dean Athelstan Spilhaus first suggested publicly the concept of a sea grant college in 1963, while he was serving as Chairman of the Committee on Oceanography of the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. Subsequently this legislation to establish sea grant colleges was introduced. Shortly thereafter, the University of Rhode Island and the Southern New England Marine Science Association sponsored a conference to examine the concept. Viable grant programs can and should be based upon searching investigation and continuing research. The comprehensive analysis prepared by the Rhode Island conference, which supplements the sea grant college bill, is strikingly indicative of the professional preparation which has always preceded successful programs.

This scholarly conference discovered that to fulfill our commitments to the sea we must have university and college programs of study and research which focus on the sea. These programs must concentrate all of our intellectual disciplines on the mastery, exploration, and preservation of the sea. The National Science Foundation is one of the original members of, and an active participant in, the Interagency Committee on Oceanography. This indicates the continuous and dedicated efforts of the Foundation in this sphere. Further indications are the countless research grants from the Foundation to higher education for oceanographic studies.

In spite of our favorable attitude toward the purpose of this legislation, I would express some reservations concerning the proposal as it now stands.

First, since it is proposed that the program be a continuing one with longterm commitments to and relationships with institutions of higher education, the administering agency should be given a fuller expression of congressional intent. S. 2439, although it does provide enough authority, does not provide much in the way of guidelines as to the specific objectives of the program.

Second, there is no question as to the excellent reputation of the National Science Foundation for contributions to scientific advancement in a great many areas which involve our national interest and our future goals. However, it should be pointed out that the approach of this bill is one of continuing program support in contrast to the primarily research-oriented National Science Foundation projects such as the present support of oceanographic undertakings in some 18 institutions of higher learning.

Third, concerning the proposed funding procedure, we feel that the needs for an educational support program should be assessed in specific dollar terms rather than being tied to a percentage of revenue as proposed in the present bill. There is no indication that the revenues from offshore activities has a fixed relationship with research or educational need.

In conclusion, there remains unexploited opportunities in the development of our marine environment, even though a number of programs are underway and much legislation and many recommendations are still pending. The introduction of a grant program in this area would be a significant step in the direction of the fullest development of the potential assets of that environment. The modern university with a broad based and balanced educational program would be the ideal place to implement the new concepts in this relatively new scientific area.

It is indeed encouraging to observe the diligent efforts of this committee in critically examining the great potential which the sea grant college concept may offer. We in the Office of Education are vitally concerned with activities which affect and shape this Nation's institutions of higher education. There is certainly no question that this area of concern will increase in importance in future years, and that we must begin to anticipate the problems and to seek solutions now.

PREPARED STATEMENT OF GARDNER A. CAVERLY, EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, NEW ENGLAND COUNCIL FOR ECONOMIC RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This statement is written on behalf of the New England Council in support of S. 2439, the proposed "National Sea Grant College and Program Act of 1965" which is presently pending before the Special Subcommittee on Sea Grant Colleges.

As you may know, the New England Council is a private non-profit organization with a broadly representative membership interested in the sound economic development of the New England region. As a consequence, The Council is particularly interested in legislation which would strengthen the marine sciences.

Because of its location on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, the New England region has long relied on utilization of its marine resources as an important part of its economy. This dependency has by no means been a static process. The history of fishing industy in New England provides an example of why a program is needed to stimulate the development of the marine sciences generally. New Bedford, Massachusetts, which now is a site for an outstanding whaling museum which attracts tourists and natives alike to view a significant era in the history of the United States and the New England region, symbolizes how time has changed the fishing industry. Today the Port of Bedford takes in over three-quarters of the scallop catch in the United States worth approximately $7 million. In addition to scallops, New England's fishing industry is principally based upon groundfish, shellfish and "industrial" fish to be used for meal, fertilizer and other non-food uses. Atlantic Coast tunafish, swordfish and off-shore lobster are new areas which hold further promise.

Significant change has taken place not only in what is collected from the seas, but how the products of the sea are handled once they reach port. Fish products are delivered to processors-to freezers-canners, and others, who transform fish into a food of convenience for the consumer. This industry earns New England more than $20 million a year.

The market for New England's fishing products has been good in recent years. However, there is a problem in relation to the American and New England share of the world market. At present, United States fisheries can only meet a portion of the nation's fish requirements and there is an increasing need to improve the American and New England fishermen's share of the world and the American market. The trends are not altogether optimistic-shortages of certain fish products in great demand plague the industry. In addition, modern technology requires far greater capital expenditures on equipment and techniques to compete successfully than was true in the past. There is a continuing problem of taking effective advantage of modern technology. There is a further problem of manpower needs going unfilled. Not only do we need ways to improve the quality of the equipment and the fleet, but there is a real need to attract interested and competent persons into trades based upon ocean resources. Other countries with superior equipment and manpower are winning this economic race.

The fact is that the United States has not only lagged in developing its fishing industry, but also many other opportunities presented by the oceans. We need to find improved ways to make use of the ocean's vast and virtually untouched resources. The idea of establishing a sea grant college program is a creative

innovation which we believe can make a significant contribution toward developing this aspect of our economy.

We would like to emphasize the great desirability of providing as the bill would do, authority to expand practical education in the marine sciences, bridge the gap between basic research and applied research in the marine sciences, disseminate useful information to those who can best put it to practical use, develop the continental shelf and provide a special method of financing, consisting of 10% of all royalties, rentals and other sums that are paid to the Government for the use of the continental shelf. It should be noted that grants could be given not only to educational institutions, but to any public or private agency including foundations, laboratories, corporations or even groups of individuals which desire to operate a program under the provisions of this bill. This broad involvement of public and private persons in developing our marine resources is essential.

One further aspect of the program should be stressed. As we understand it, regional centers in the marine science field could be encouraged and expanded under the bill. In New England, we attach great importance to opportunities for regional cooperation. The New England region has moved in many areas to create cooperative arrangements to take advantage of new opportunities. Recently there has been authorized an agreement of cooperation for the joint exploration and exploitation of programs in hydrospace by New Hampshire and Maine. In this connection, a Council composed of six members from each States has been established. This is just one sign of the real interest of the region in finding organizational forms and new programs which can assist in utilizing the vast resources of the sea.

S. 2439 should make a significant contribution to a broad national effort to upgrade programs relating to marine sciences.

PREPARED STATEMENT OF J. LAMAR WORZEL, PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, AND ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, LAMONT GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, PALISADES, N.Y.

Mr. Chairman, Members of the subcommittee: I am honored to have the opportunity to comment on S-2439, the Bill proposing the establishment of National Sea Grant Colleges. First of all, I would like to mention that my colleague, Dr. Maurice Ewing, would have liked to testify before the committee but could not do so because he was at that time and is now working at sea on board our research vessel VEMA.

I congratulate Senator Pell and the other members of that committee for their foresight in seeking to stimulate the marine sciences and their exploitation for the good of the people of the United States and the world by means which parallel the establishment of the land grant colleges, which did so much for this country a century ago.

We are still a long way from having a thorough knowledge of the oceans and, in my opinion, it will take many years of further study to take full advantage of the opportunity we have in oceanographic research to unravel the puzzles about how the earth was originally formed and its history since that time. The opportunities to use the oceans efficiently for the production of food and depleted natural resources are self-evident, but no less important for this fact.

The National Science Foundation seems to me to be a very suitable agency through which to channel the funds obtained from rents and royalties paid to the Federal governments for use of the continental shelf to those agencies and institutions concerned with the marine sciences. I would suggest that the Foundation establish some means for deciding on the merit of proposals made for sea grant funds, making use of members of the scientific community and representatives of the Federal agencies to which oceanographic research is vital. Several of these agencies, notably the Office of Naval Research, the Bureau of Ships and the Atomic Energy Commission have had long experience in funding research at non-governmental institutions and I believe that they should continue to play a leading part in allocating Federal funds for oceanographic research.

We welcome the inclusion in the definition of the term "marine sciences" of the broad range of fields which are vitally affected by the marine sciences. We at Columbia University's Lamont Geological Observatory will continue to follow with interest the progress of the concept of sea grant universities and