ment of new methods of catching, processing, and merchandising fish. We accept the fact that we as Americans have barely commenced to harvest the bounty of the sea. It is essential that we get about this work before those more interested and dedicated than ourselves have advanced far beyond us in a scientific approach to fruitful productivity. At the same time, we must provide for future growth in the fisheries through conservation. We can all envision, I believe, the monumental effect that fish flour or any type of fish concentrate can have upon our internal economy and starving people wherever they exist in the world.

We are living in very accelerated years, years when scientific progress and achievement seem to be outstripping man's ability to understand, in some cases, the rapidity of development. Many years ago when the industrial revolution was taking place in Europe, progress at first moved through very many experimental, mechanical stages. However, in these days, it appears possible that through lateral development starting from the top, with a chartered and fully thought out method of approach, we can accomplish in a few years what would ordinarily take generations.

The universities of America have the ability, if financially assisted, to render to mankind, the mechanism to transfer the brilliance of scientific thought and accomplishment into the practicality of American productive genius. Universities have played an ever-increasing role in the development of our Nation's vital resources both in mind and matter. I can think of no better place to invest some of the fruits of our affluent society than in our great universities for the purpose of returning to Americans, and to mankind, the benefits of their combined abilities.

One of New Bedford's links with the future is Southeastern Massachusetts Technological Institute, our State's newest university, which is now being built not far from our city limits.

This young institute has already made commitments to teaching and research in the fields of marine biology, oceanography, and oceanology.

When the sea grant college concept materializes as it must if the United States is to provide our young scientists and technologists with the means to explore and develop the resources of the seas—it is essential that the development of the ocean resources be entrusted not only to old and venerable institutions, such as the Marine Biology Laboratories, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institutions, such as our host institution, but also to such new and vigorous seaboard universities as Southeastern Massachusetts Technological Institute. In its few short years of existence, SMTI has demonstrated a commitment to teaching and research in application related enterprises such as fisheries biology, environmental monitoring, and conservation of

estuaries.

In other nations, particularly, Russia, Poland, Canada, and Japan, great stress has been given to effectively assisting all stages of marine development both in research and in application. The United States, with its early lead, its tremendous resources, its magnificent universities, and a sense of creativity, has lain back, and permitted others to surpass us.

It is very exciting that we appear now to be moving in the direction of giving our attention to a long neglected area. It seems that

through the establishment and continuance of programs of education, training and research in the marine sciences, we can build for ourselves a dynamic new future, and overcome generations of inaction through the application of modern techniques, and modern scientific achievement. I can think of no piece of legislation at this time. that I consider more meaningful to my particular city, to our country, and mankind generally, than S. 2439, which could set into motion a series of programs which could affect the course of history and provide untold benefits for mankind.

I wish to thank you, Senator, for permitting me to come here. Senator PELL. Thank you very much for coming, Mayor Harrington.

Now, point No. 1, in your testimony where you mentioned that New Bedford was the second most productive fishing port per dollar volume in the United States. Could you enlarge on that? Does that mean you had the largest gross catch landed there or is that in relationship to dollar earnings?

Mayor HARRINGTON. Well, actually the fish landed from all American boats fishing commercially in the port of New Bedford is second only to San Pedro, Calif., and in the last few years we have made tremendous gains and strides and additions to to our fishing fleet. We are in the process now of building a $72 million pier to accommodate more boats. We hope that within the next 3 years the dollar volume of fish in the port of New Bedford will exceed any other area of the United States. We are also in the process of negotiating a contract with Van Camp's Sea Food Co. which is the largest fisheries company in the entire world to locate a plant in New Bedford, and they are, or have indicated that they will, possibly make New Bedford their world fish headquarters and bring to the city of New Bedford their laboratory and facilities dedicated to marine research. Senator PELL. I wonder if you could tell us a little something about a fish protein concentrate plant in your city.

Mayor HARRINGTON. There is some conflict in this matter, Senator. There is a professor at the University of Illinois, who, many years ago developed a process of making fish flour, it was called that then, later it was transferred into the terminology now called fish protein concentrate. The professor's name was Levin. Anyway, as Levin discovered a formula for creating and producing fish protein concentrate, he established two plants for commercial production of fish protein concentrate. One in New York and one in New Bedford. Now, he has invested over $2 million of his own capital in this production. Actually, all we are producing in New Bedford right now is a fish concentrate which can be converted back to fish flour within a relatively short time and rather inexpensively. But, something unusual which developed is that back in 1960, I believe, the Food and Drug Administration refused to permit the fish flour or fish protein concentrate to be sold internally in the United States, Dr. Levin at that point refused to export on the theory that even though he could keep these plants in full production, that was not beneficial to mankind to export a product which the Food and Drug Administration said should not be sold to Americans. He felt that in the Nation's best interests that should not be done.

When I became mayor of New Bedford in 1961, John F. Kennedy was the President of the United States. We had a conference with

him in Washington, and also with Secretary Udall, for the purpose of setting in motion a chain of events which would eventually cause the Food and Drug Administration to reverse their stand with relation to fish protein concentrate. I think we met in the Senate dining room and the meeting was presided over by Senator Saltonstall and Senator Smith, the two Massachusetts Senators. Well, we set in motion a chain of events which we think eventually caused the Food and Drug Administration to reverse their stand with relation to fish protein concentrate. Now, they have devised a formula to produce this fish protein concentrate. We say that the formula of Dr. Levin is superior to theirs, his can produce less expensively and with equal appeal and is equally sanitary. We are hoping that the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries expands their production requirements and permits, frankly, the commercial manufacturing of fish protein concentrate by those who have developed a formula to do it. We hope they don't restrict our ability to use it. They have developed a formula, but we don't think it is superior to the one devised by Dr. Levin.

Senator PELL. I am very sympathetic with your work in this field, Mayor Harrington. It has been said that it is unesthetic to use fish protein concentrate.

Mayor HARRINGTON. We urge the Administration to reverse its position on this. We hope we will get a decision in this direction.

Senator PELL. I know we have had some meals in the Senate Dining Room with Dr. Levin's fish protein concentrate used as the base. It was very good.

Mayor HARRINGTON. We appreciate any support you can give. Senator Douglas, I don't know whether you read his remarks on this, he made a speech in the Senate about the esthetic and cosmetic effect of fish flour. He mentioned that we are marketing a chocolate covered ant commercially at very high prices.

Senator PELL. Are you using a whole fish?

Mayor HARRINGTON. We are using the whole fish, yes.

Senator PELL. All right. Thank you very much, Mayor Harrington. It was very nice of you to come over to Rhode Island.

Our next witness is the dean of the graduate school of oceanography here at the University of Rhode Island. He has certainly developed a first rate department. Dean Knauss, when Dr. Horn persuaded you to come here from the west coast to the east coast, I think that California's loss was a great benefit to us here in Rhode Island. I have enjoyed, I say this publicly, the work we have done together on the various projects which have interested us, and without your help I don't think that my own ideas, or this bill, could have gotten anywhere near as far as this.

You may proceed when you are ready.

STATEMENT OF DR. JOHN A. KNAUSS, DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF OCEANOGRAPHY, UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND

Dr. KNAUSS. Thank you for those very kind words, Senator Pell. I am here today not only as dean of the graduate school of oceanography of the University of Rhode Island, but I am also chairman of the Southern New England Marine Sciences Association. As far as I know the idea of a sea-grant college was first suggested publicly

by Athelstan Spilhaus in 1963. The University of Rhode Island. and the Southern New England Marine Sciences Association sporsored a 2-day conference on the concept of a sea-grant college in Octo ber 1965. This conference was attended by 224 scientists and educa tors from 30 States. At the conclusion of the conference the following: resolution was unanimously adopted:

"We enthusiastically endorse the concept of a sea grant college as ¦ presented by Dean Spilhaus at this meeting and the general concept of Senator Pell's bill (S. 2439), and we specifically recommend that Dean Spilhaus be given the opportunity to present his views to the appropriate Government bodies."

The proceedings of this conference have been published and I commend them to the committee's attention.

Senator PELL. It will be printed in full. You may continue, Dr. Knauss.

Dr. KNAUSS. A national committee was formed among those attending the conference. One of our tasks, as we saw it, was to distill some of the ideas discussed at the conference into a simple statement. As. secretary of the group I would like to submit the committee's state ment into the record.

Senator PELL. It will be printed in full. (The material referred to follows:)

PREPARED STATEMENT OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR A SEA GRANT COLLEGE

A sea grant college would be an institution of higher education devoted to increasing our Nation's development of the world's marine resources through activities in the areas of education, research, and public service. A sea grant college would specialize in the application of science and technology to the sea. as in underwater prospecting, mining, food resources development, marine pharmacology and medicine, pollution control, shipping and navigation, fore casting weather and climate, and recreational uses. It would relate such application to the underlying natural sciences which underlie social sciences as they are affected by, and in turn affect, the occupation and exploitation of the sea. Thus a sea grant college would bring to bear the wide variety of intellectual resources usually associated with a university on the development of marine resources. We are not suggesting the establishment of new schools, colleges, or universities, but rather the development of this capability in State and private institutions already deeply involved in the study of marine sciences.

The potential contributions of education, research, and public service are many. It is not expected that any single sea grant college would develop all of these possibilities, or that all sea grant colleges would develop in an identical

manner.

EDUCATION

If this country is to maintain a position of leadership in the development of marine resources, we must provide the necessary educational base. We must provide engineers, natural and social scientists who are familiar with the problems and the possibilities for the development of marine resources. We must provide education at many levels, from teaching fishermen how to fish to teaching the teachers of the engineers and scientists required by industry. Although all of these various kinds of education need not be done within a single institution, they can be.

RESEARCH

Successful higher education without concurrent research is impossible. This is as true in engineering and applied sciences as it is in the basic sciences. A strong research program is required in a sea-grant college if a strong educational program is to be maintained. In addition, a strong research program is a sea grant college will aid in the development of our marine resources. Much of the work that ought to be undertaken to master the oceans and exploit their resources cannot be afforded by any single segment of private industry. Initially, these

SEA GRANT COLLEGES

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development programs must be undertaken with Federal Government assistance. Many of these development programs require an interdisciplinary approach, which is found in a college or university and is less likely to be found in any single mission-oriented Federal laboratory.

PUBLIC SERVICE

Public service is an important part of the present-day university. The agricultural extension program of a land-grant college has over the years been extremely successful. An analogous program is a sea grant college with the fisheries industry, and other segments of marine industry, could and should be initiated. Large-scale development programs such as MIT's Lincoln Laboratory or Cal Tech's Jet Propulsion Laboratory could be a part of the sea grant college program, but are not envisaged at this time. We see the relationship of the sea grant college to marine industry as being closer to the relationship of the agricultural experiment station to the agricultural industry.

THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING OUR MARINE RESOURCES

If man can occupy and exploit the oceans, he will. If we in the United States don't offer leadership in this venture, people of other countries will. The history of the development of this country is an excellent example of the axiom that eventual control of the land goes to those people who occupy the land and not to those with the largest army. It is not in the interest of the United States to forfeit our right to the use of 70 percent of the surface of the earth because of our failure to master the oceans. Although our Navy is the most powerful in the world, our traditional marine industries-fisheries and merchant marine-are weak and, on a comparative basis, growing weaker. The 1958 Geneva Convention on the Law of the Sea gives local control to the sea bed and subsoil of the submarine area adjacent to the coast to the depth of 200 meters, or beyond that limit to where the depths of the superjacent waters admit the exploitation of the natural resources of the area. In other words, those countries who can first exploit the depths of the ocean can control them.

In the near future, it will be possible for men to live in depths of 1,000 feet. Oil wells are going to be drilled in water depths greater than 1,000 feet. Deep submergence vessels are now being developed which will operate at any depth in the ocean. We will soon have methods of dredging minerals from deep ocean basins. It is in our national interest that these techniques be exploited; that the United States does, in fact, master the oceans.

The growth of Soviet Russia's naval power is well known. So is the growth of their oceanography program. What is often not recognized is that_the U.S.S.R. is becoming a major user of the oceans. In a 30-year period, the Russian fish catch went from 0.5 million tons to 5.6 million tons. During this same period the U.S. catch has oscillated between 2.0 to 2.7 million tons per year. U.S.S.R. merchant marine, which was almost nonexistent a few years ago, will soon exceed ours in total carrying capacity. There appears to be good reason to believe that the U.S.S.R. has decided to attain mastery of the sea.

The

The oceans can provide the animal protein resources needed by the world's population. A catch of 60 million tons a year, if properly exploited, could provide the animal protein requirements for 3 billion people. It is estimated that the oceans produce several times this amount of fish a year of a size suitable for exploitation. Techniques of making fish protein concentrate from so-called trash fish have been developed. This material ships well, does not decompose easily, and can be mixed with rice, grain, beans, and other indigenous foods. It is possible that we can provide the means of solving the most difficult part of the world's food problem-the lack of animal protein.

ANALOGY OF SEA GRANT COLLEGES TO LAND GRANT COLLEGES

The sea grant colleges have a special role to play in the mastery of the oceans, and it is here that the analogy with the land-grant colleges is pertinent. We are not suggesting the establishment of separate schools analogous to the early land-grant colleges; nor are we suggesting that the granting of offshore lands to sea grant colleges is a necessary part of the analogy (although such lands might prove useful). What is suggested is the adoption of the system developed by the land-grant college program for turning scientific results to economic use. The land-grant colleges with their agriculture and engineering experiment stations,