EXERCISES.

In the following sentences, let the compounds be written, and the hyphen used or omitted, agreeably to the principles laid down in pages 88-93, and therein exemplified : —

Man possesses the great privilege of cooperating with his beneficent Creator. With respect to the soul, this scene of things is only one of the events of a life that is ever lasting. In New Zealand, the body is placed in a sort of canoe shaped coffin. — Adam was left to wander over his abode, and note the ever living attitudes of nature. There is little that is intellectual or moral in that sort of independence which is the proverbial characteristic of our country men. - Thousands of state projects, on the vastest scale, have been conceived, executed, and forgotten. - Amid the so called goods of existence, we most shudder at the view of its privations. If any one affirms, that the juxta position of a number of particles makes a hope, he affirms a proposition to which I can attach no idea. Deep hearted practical faithfulness is not separable long from true thoughted practical faith. - Self interest is a hard worked power. For the approbation of woman, the grown up youth will undertake the boldest enterprise. The general law of nature, which bids us all to eat and to be eaten in our turn, is shown to be coexistent with animal existence upon our globe. leaf joy, which may be beaten out to a great extension, like gold. They are but sluggards in well doing, who know to do good, only when they have a purse in their hand. - Nature cries aloud for freedom as our proper guide, our birth right, and our end. · be trampled in the dust, than trample on a fellow creature. world is not an hospital, an alms house, a dungeon. In ship wrecks we are furnished with some of the most remarkable examples, that history affords, of trust in God, of unconquerable energy, and of tender, self sacrificing love. — You talk of the prosperity of your city. Do not point me to your thronged streets. Is it a low minded, self seeking, gold worshipping, man despising crowd, which I see rushing through them? - In moments of clear, calm thought, I feel more for the wrong doer, than for him who is wronged. - Illiterate and ill bred persons are apt to be verbose, contradictory, and loud, in conversation. - The language of a people is not to be conquered, as the people themselves. The "birth tongue" may be imprisoned

Hope is a

Better

- The

or banished; but it cannot die. The conquerors gave their Anglo Saxon denominations to the towns and villages they built; but the hills, the forests, and the rivers, retain their old Celtic names. Edward the Sixth was a boy king and a puppet prince, invested with supreme power, but acting without any volition of his own. The woollen coat which covers the day labourer, coarse and rough as it may appear, is the produce of the joint labour of a great multitude of work men. Never put off till to morrow what you can do to day.Athens, though the most celebrated seat of Grecian philosophy, was not its birth place. A richer soil, a kindlier climate, a greater freedom from formidable neighbours, had caused the Grecian cities on the coast of Asia to out strip the mother country in the career of cultivation. — If the preeminence of Athens had been wholly founded on the power and riches of the people, it would probably have sunk with these into decay. The fair weather sailor may equip him self tolerably from the store house of Epicurus; but stronger tackle will be needed, when the masts are bending and the cordage straining in the storm. The most remarkable winds are those denominated the trade winds. The valleys and low lands of Italy are no less celebrated for their beauty and fertility, than for the classical and poetical interest with which they are invested.

Our bugles sang truce-for the night cloud had lowered,

And the sentinel stars set their watch in the sky;
And thousands had sunk on the ground over powered,
The weary to sleep, and the wounded to die-

When, reposing that night on my pallet of straw,
By the wolf scaring faggot that guarded the slain,

At the dead of the night a sweet vision I saw,
And thrice ere the morning I dreamed it again.
Methought from the battle field's dreadful array,
Far, far I had roamed on a desolate track;
"Twas autumn, and sun shine arose on the way

To the home of my fathers, that welcomed me back.

I flew to the pleasant fields, traversed so oft

In life's morning march, when my bosom was young;

I heard my own mountain goats bleating aloft,
And knew the sweet strain that the corn reapers sung.

Then pledged we the wine cup, and fondly I swore,

From my home and my weeping friends never to part;
My little ones kissed me a thousand times o'er,

And my wife sobbed aloud in her fulness of heart

"Stay, stay with us-rest, thou art weary and worn!"
And fain was their war broken soldier to stay: -
But sorrow returned with the dawning of morn,
And the voice in my dreaming ear melted away!

RULE II.

THE DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES, ACCORDING TO THEIR PRONUNCIATION.

The hyphen is used between the syllables of a word, divided so as to exhibit, as completely as possible, its true pronunciation; no regard being had either to the mode of its derivation, or to beauty and neatness of appearance; as,

Bal-ance, nev-er, trib-ute, proph-et, nour-ish, phys-ic; gen-er-ous, pop-u-lar, rev-er-ence, ev-an-es-cent; as-tron-o-iny, or-thog-ra-phy, mo-not-o-ny, phi-los-o-phy, the-ol-o-gy.

REMARK 1.-There cannot be the slightest doubt, that this mode of syllabication, however offensive to the eye, is the only one fitted for conveying the true sounds of words, or rather for making some approach to an accurate pronunciation. All spelling-books should therefore be constructed on the principle here laid down, recommended by Dr. Lowth, and adopted by Mr. Walker; - a principle which, strange to say, has been neglected by some of our most popular writers of elementary works for children. It must, however, be acknowledged, that many words are divided in the same manner, whether regard be paid to their pronunciation, or to the mode in which they have been formed; as, horse-man, sa-cred, be-ing, a-mend-ment; and that there are others, the true sounds of which cannot be correctly shown by any kind of syllabication, without a change in the spelling; such as the words, acid, docile, ancient, specify, digit, register.

REMARK 2. -The rule given above seems to be adopted by American printers, as a guide in dividing a word which cannot be entirely brought into the same line; but that which follows is generally preferred by British typo. graphers:

RULE III.

THE DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES, ACCORDING TO THEIR FORM, DERIVATION, OR MEANING.

The hyphen is employed in words in such a manner as is best calculated to show their formation, origin, or import, and to exhibit the syllables to the eye in their least offensive appearance; as,

Ba-lance, ne-ver, tri-bute, pro-phet, nou-rish, phy-sic; ge-ner-ous, po-pu-lar, re-ver-ence, e-va-nes-cent; a-stro-no-my, or-tho-gra-phy, mo-no-to-ny, phi-lo-so-phy, the-o-lo-gy.

REMARK. In accordance with this rule, and partially in agreement with that which precedes it, compound and derivative words are resolved into their primitives; prefixes and grammatical and other terminations are separated; two vowels, not being a diphthong, are divided; a single consonant, with the exception of x, between two vowels, and except also in compounds and in words having prefixes and grammatical terminations, is considered as pertaining to the latter syllable; and two or more consonants belong to the latter syllable, unless when from their formation they cannot begin a word, or when the vowel in the preceding syllable is short.

CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES.

1. SEPARATION OF SIMPLES IN COMPOUND AND DERIVATIVE WORDS. School-master, hand-writing, pen-knife, looking-glass; arch-angel, geo-logy, mono-theism, poly-syllable.

2. SEPARATION OF PREFIXES AND OF GRAMMATICAL AND OTHER TERMINATIONS. Dis-continue, en-able, mis-govern, trans-port; print-er, print-ing; wretch-ed, wretched-ness; king-dom, false-hood, differ-ence, posi-tion, command-ment, mourn-ful, similar-ly.

3. SEPARATION OF TWO VOWELS, PRONOUNCED APART.-A-eri-al, la-ity, re-al, stere-otype, vi-al, pi-ety, li-on, tri-umph, co-alesce, po-et, hero-ine, medi-um, zo-ology, vow-el, buoy-ant, spiritu-al, cru-elty, ambigu-ity, ingenu-ous, vacu-um.

4. JUNCTION OF A SINGLE CONSONANT TO THE LATTER SYLLABLE, WHEN PUT BETWEEN TWO VOWELS. Ta-lent, fa-tal; me-lon, le-ver; spi-rit, si-lence; mo-dern, lo-cust; stu-dy, tu-mult; cy-nic, ty-ro; fa-mi-ly, le-ga-cy, mo-no-po-ly. Except No. 5.

5. JUNCTION OF THE LETTER X TO THE FORMER SYLLABLE. Ex-ile, ex-ist, ex-amine. AND OF OTHER SINGLE CONSONANTS IN COMPOUNDS. Circum-ambient, dis-ease, extra-ordinary, over-awe, in-application, pre-destinate, un-even, under-act, up-on.

6. JUNCTION OF TWO OR MORE CONSONANTS TO THE LATTER SYLLABLE, WHEN CAPABLE OF BEGINNING A WORD.-Ta-ble, sti-fle, lu-cre, o-gle, mau-gre, stro-phe, de-stroy.

7. SEPARATION OF SUCH CONSONANTS AS CANNOT BE PRONOUNCED TOGETHER AT The Beginning of a Word. — Ab-bey, ac-cent, vellum, man-ner, bet-ter, ab-ject, gar-den, laun-dry, gar-gle, pam-phlet.

8. SEPARATION OF THE FIRST CONSONANT, WHEN THE VOWEL IN THE PRECEDING SYLLABLE IS SHORT. Sac-rifice, det-riment, des-tine, dis-pel, blas-pheme, dis-tress, min-strel.

I

REMARK 1. The mode of using the hyphen hiere exemplified is that which is best adapted for showing the etymology, the formation, and the import of words; and is, at the same, most agreeable to the eye. In the division of words, therefore, at the end and commencement of lines, it is generally adopted by writers for the press and by compositors.

REMARK 2. - It is desirable that compounds and derivatives should, at the end of lines, be divided in such a manner as to indicate their formation. Thus, school-master is preferable to schoolmas-ter, dis-approve to disap-prove; resent-ment to re-sentment, ortho-doxy to or-thodoxy; though, as regards the analysis of words into syllables, the latter mode is quite unobjectionable.

REMARK 3. A line of print should not end with the first syllable of a word, when it consists of a single letter; as, a-bide, e-normous; nor begin with the last syllable, when it is formed of only two letters; as, nation-al, teach-er, similar-ly. For the compositor ought to have regard to the principles of taste and beauty, as well as to the laws of syllabication.

REMARK 4. - Three or more successive lines should not end with a hyphen. A little care in spacing will, in general, prevent an appearance so offensive to a good eye. Divisions, indeed, should take place as seldom as possible.

EXERCISES.

Using the hyphen, make two different lists of the following words; resolving them into syllables, -first as the words are divided by means of the Pronunciation, according to Rule II.; and then as the syllables are separated by a knowledge of their composition, or of the derivation of the words, in agreement with Rule III.:—

Habit, vivid, considerable, speculative, philosophy, modification, govern, individual, phenomenon, knowledge, elaborate, theology, progress (noun), vacuum, labyrinth, animal, physiology, revelation, constituent, reciprocally, vigour, accredited, curiosity, magnificent, privacy, cherish, valuable, apology, idolator, equilibrium, solemn, separate, metaphysics, liberal, modern, preface, gratify, biography, literature, nominal, philanthropy, theocracy, barometer, preparation, figure, natural, prelude (noun), reformation, metropolis, represent, recognise, rhetoric, diminish, articulate, peasant, antipodes, misery,* recriminate, floriferous, desolate, preference, dedicate, bibliopolist, eloquent, irregular, ventriloquist, memorable, reputation, doxology, conspiracy, general, desultory, contribute, omniverous, typographer, oblivion, democracy, polygamy, citizen, stenography, parish, talent, melodist, borough, prisoner, promise, clever, metal, discrimination, academical, cylinder, paradise, rivulet, solitude, sycophant, nobility, cavalcade, lemon, profitable, volunteer, integrity, relative, jealous, clamour, monitory, critical.