Surius, and the Martyrol. Usuardi, edit. J. B. du Sollier, | to maintain with all his power the new constitution; S. J., Sept. 22, and October 4, 10, 15; also Tillemont, Mẻmoires, tom. iv; Stolberg, ix, 302 sq.; Rettberg, Kirchengesch. Deutschlands, i, § 16.-Herzog, Real-Encyklop. ix, 197 sq.; Wetzer und Welte, Kirchen-Lexikon, vi, 414 (G. M.)

and, in case of any priest's refusal, it was declared that he should be held to have renounced his benefices. To this constitution the pope had refused his sanction, on account of its hostility to the interests of the Church, and the oath was indignantly refused by the great maMaurus, a pupil of Benedict of Nursia, is chiefly jority of the clergy. When the day arrived for the known by the account given of him by the monks of taking it by the bishops and clergy of the Assembly, an the Congregation of St. Maur (q. v.). His history is infuriated mob surrounded the hall, threatening death mainly legendary. He is said to have been the first to to all who should refuse. On this occasion also Maury introduce the Benedictine rule into France; to have displayed his usual intrepidity, and boldly advocated founded its first convent in France at Glanfeuil, in the the independence of his order. 'Strike, but hear me," province of Anjou, and to have died in 584, after having was his exclamation, when the last efforts of his impasperformed a great number of miracles. Such at least sioned eloquence in that Assembly were interrupted by are the main points to be gathered from his biography, the incessant cries of his political antagonists. At the much mixed up indeed in regard to dates, which appear-close of the stormy session of the National Assembly, ed in the 9th century. Gregory of Tours makes no Maury, who could lend no further aid to the prostrate mention of him whatever. This, however, appears cer-cause of royalty and religion, quitted his native countain, that France was the field of his labors, for his name was known there before his biography appeared. Yet all the Maurimonasteria do not lead us back to him; thus, for instance, that at the foot of the Vosges is named after an abbot of the 8th century. Mabillon and Ruinart vainly tried to prove the correctness of the old biography (Acta Sanctorum ord. S. Bened, sæc. i, 274 sq. Annales ord. S. Bened. sæc. i, 107 sq., 629 sq.), whilst not only Protestant but also Roman Catholic writers have found ample reason to doubt its genuineness.—Herzog, Real-Encyklop. ix, 201. (J. N. P.)

Maurus, RABANUS. See RABANUS.

try, and, at the invitation of Pius VI, took up his residence at Rome. He was there received with the highest distinction, and the loss of his benefices in France was more than compensated by his speedy elevation to the highest positions in the gift of the Roman Church. In 1792 he was named archbishop of Nicæa "in partibus infidelium," and afterwards appointed apostolical nuncio to the diet held at Frankfort for the election of the emperor Francis II. This mission accomplished, in 1794 he was elevated to the dignity of a cardinal, and was instituted to the united sees of Monte-Fiascone and Corneto. On the invasion of Italy by the French in 1798, though every effort was made to seize cardinal Maury, Maury, JOHN SIFFREIN, a French prelate, and noted he escaped under disguise to Venice, where he assisted also as a pulpit orator, was born June 26, 1746, at Vau- at the conclave assembled for the election of Pius VII. réas, in the Venaissin, of poor but respectable parents. In 1799 he returned to Rome upon the conquest of Italy He displayed at a very early age great eagerness for by Suwarrow, and was accredited as ambassador to his learning, and being destined by his parents for the ec- exiled king, Louis XVIII, at that time a resident of Mitclesiastical profession, he was placed at the Seminary of tau. This office he resigned on the reconciliation of St. Garde, at Avignon, to pursue his theological studies. the Church of Rome with the government of France unAbout 1766 he proceeded to Paris, in the expectation der Napoleon (in 1804); thereafter he embraced the of earning a subsistence by the cultivation of his tal- cause of the first consul, and was permitted to return to ents. Though he was without friends in that city, his France. This position, which was deemed not to be in first publication attracted considerable notice. Encour- unison with the tenor of his former conduct, subjected aged by this early success he took orders, and devoted him in after times to the reproaches and persecutions himself to the study of pulpit eloquence. In 1772 an of the party whom he had served with so much personEloge on Fénelon, which he published, was favorably al hazard. Napoleon gladly received the approaches received by the French Academy, and caused him to be of so distinguished a member of the Church whose esappointed vicar-general of the bishop of Lombez. He tablishment he was restoring in France; an interview however soon returned to Paris, where he became took place between them at Genoa, and in May, 1806, very popular as a preacher. A panegyric of St. Louis, Maury reappeared at Paris. The flattering reception which he delivered before the French Academy, and one he there met with was calculated to attach him to the of St. Augustine before an assembly of the clergy, met interests of this chief, who admitted him to his intimawith so much success that king Louis XVI appointed cy, and availed himself of his counsels in ecclesiastical him preacher to the court, and presented him with the matters. He received the pension assigned to the digliving of the abbey Frenade, in the diocese of Saintes. nity of a French cardinal, and was appointed first In 1785 he delivered his panegyric on St. Vincent de almoner of Jerome Bonaparte. In 1807 he was elected Paul, which is esteemed a masterpiece; shortly after he a member of the Institute in the place of Target, one of had the honor to be chosen a member of the Academy the advocates of the unfortunate Louis XVI. His acin the place of the lyric poet Lefranc de Pompignan, ceptance in 1810 of the archbishopric of Paris subjected and the following year the valuable benefice of the pri- him to the displeasure of Pius VII, between whom and ory of Lioris was conferred upon him. At the assembly Napoleon there had arisen much disagreement. Carof the States-General in 1789 he was named deputy of dinal Maury was a warm and sincere admirer of the the clergy for the bailiwick of Péronne, and soon took emperor, and he not only espoused his cause in the disa prominent part in the debates. From the first he putes with the head of the Church, but took every ocenlisted himself on the aristocratic side, where his en-casion, which the frequent victories of this chief afergetic eloquence and peculiar talent at reply rendered forded him, of testifying his gratitude by expressions him a formidable antagonist to Mirabeau. His im- of admiration in his mandates to the clergy of his pressive and impassioned oratory, though it expressed opinions hostile to the great majority of the assembly, was often listened to with admiration and greeted with applause. His great moral courage and firm adherence to the principles which he had adopted, and which, in spite of the most violent opposition and in the face of the greatest danger, he earnestly advocated, secured for him the respect and esteem of the more enlightened portion of his enemies. November 27, 1790, a decree was passed in the National Assembly, by which every cclesiastic in the kingdom was required to take an oath V.-M M M

diocese. These mandates, written in a style of the most florid eloquence, do not remind us of the impressive and energetic orator of the National Assembly: they were severely criticised by the adherents of the ancient régime, and by the witty frequenters of the Parisian saloons, who styled them "archiepiscopal despatches," in allusion to their military tone, and their imitation of the style and manner of Napoleon's bulletins. After the capitulation of Paris on the 30th of March, 1814, Maury was deprived by the Bourbons of the administration of his diocese; and, in their

resentment for his adherence to Napoleon's fortunes, | to the sun (Beyer, Addit. ad Seldenii "De Dea Syria,” they forgot his former daring and powerful support of p. 275). Calvin suggested that it denoted "money," the their tottering throne. He then returned to Rome, strongest of all powers. By others it has been supposed where he was imprisoned during one year by the orders to be Mars, the tutelary deity of Antiochus Epiphanes, of the pope; he was afterwards allowed to live in retire- who is the subject of allusion. The only authority for ment on a pension which was given to him in com- this supposition exists in two coins struck at Laodicea pensation for his resignation of the see of Monte Fias- which are believed to have on the obverse the head of cone. In this retirement, deeply affected by the in- Antiochus with a radiated crown, and on the reverse gratitude of his former party, and that of the pontiff, to the figure of Mars with a spear. But it is asserted, on whose elevation he had been instrumental, he died on the contrary, that all known coins of Antiochus Epiph the 11th of May, 1817. "Notwithstanding his extraor- anes bear his name, and that it is mere conjecture dinary eloquence," says the duchess of Abrantes, who which attributes these to him; and, further, that there knew him intimately, "the abbé Maury had been be- is no ancient authority to show that a temple to Mars fore the Revolution, what he was in proscription, what was built by Antiochus at Laodicea. The opinion of he continued under the empire, a man of talent rather Gesenius is more probable, that "the god of fortresses” than a man of sense, and a curate of the time of the was Jupiter Capitolinus, for whom Antiochus built a League, rather than an abbé of the reign of Louis XIV." temple at Antioch (Livy, xli, 20). By others it is reShe adds that his figure was in the highest degree dis-ferred to Jupiter Olympius, to whom Antiochus dediagreeable, but the description she gives of it appears cated the Temple at Jerusalem (2 Macc. vi, 2). See Jrrather a caricature than a portrait. His principal work, PITER. Fürst (Handw. s. v.), comparing Isa, xxxiii, 4. Essais sur l'Eloquence de la Chaire (3 vols. 8vo), pub- where the reference is to Tyre, "the fortress of the lished after his death by his nephew, Louis Siffrein sea," makes equivalent to is, or even Maury, still maintains its well-merited popularity. His mind was formed to appreciate the eloquence of Massil-proposes to read for the former, the god of the lon, Bossuet, and Bourdaloue, and his criticisms on the "stronghold of the sea," i. e. Melkart, the Tyrian Herother French divines are in general as correct as they are temperate. In his review, however, of English pulpit oratory, he manifests a want of acquaintance with the writings of its most celebrated preachers, such as Jeremy Taylor, Sherlock, and Barrow. He selected Blair as the best model of English eloquence, and the comparison which he draws between him and Massillon is necessarily most unfavorable to Blair. His own panegyric of St. Augustine is esteemed one of the finest pieces of French pulpit eloquence. He is also supposed, conjointly with the abbé de Boismont, to be the author of a work entitled Lettres sur l'État actuel de la Religion et du Clergé en France. See Vie du Cardinal Maury (1827), by Poujoulat; Le Cardinal Maury, sa Vie et ses Euvres (1855); Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Générale, s. v.; Monthly Review, vol. Ixix (1812), Appendix; English Cyclop. s. v.

cules.

A suggestion made by Mr. Layard (Ninerek, ii, 456, note) is worthy of being recorded, as being at least as well founded as any already mentioned After describing Hera, the Assyrian Venus, as "standing erect on a lion, and crowned with a tower or mural coronet, which, we learn from Lucian, was peculiar to the Shemitic figure of the goddess," he adds in a note. "May she be connected with the ‘El Maozem,' the deity presiding over bulwarks and fortresses, the 'god of forces,' of Dan. xi, 38?" Pfeiffer (Dub. Vez. cent. iv, loc. 72) will only see in it "the idol of the MassSmith, s. v.

Maw (‡, kebah', hollow, only occurs in Deut. xviii, 3), the rough ventricle or echinus of ruminating ani- | mals, which is the second of their four stomachs (Aris totle, Hist. anim. ii, 17). So the Vulg., Onkelos, Saadias, and Kimahi interpret; but Josephus (Ant. iv, 4), Phie (ii, 235, ed. Mang.), after the Sept. (Evvvorpov, i. e. ipvorpov), understand the fourth stomach, or omous cients (comp. Bochart, Hieroz. i, 571 ed. Lips.). esteemed a great delicacy (like tripe) among the an

Mawmoisine or Malvoisine, WILLIAM DE 8 Scotch Roman Catholic prelate, supposed to be a native of France, flourished in Scotland about the opening ở the 13th century. He was made bishop of St. Andrew's in 1202; established many monasteries in that country, and was active in promoting a crusade to the Holy Land

died about 1771. Bishop Mawson published only occasional Sermons (Lond. 1732, 33, 40, 41, 43, '46, 30', See Allibone, Dict. Brit. and Amer, Authors, vol. ii, & v.

Maüz'zim ( Sept. Maweiμ v. r. Mawei, Vulg. Maozim). The marginal note to the A. V. of Dan. xi, 38, "the God of forces," gives, as the equivalent of the last word, “Mauzzim, or gods protectors, or munitions." The Geneva version renders the Hebrew as a proper name both in Dan. xi, 38 and 39, where the word occurs again (marg. of A. V. "munitions"). In the Greek version of Theodotion, given above, it is treated as a proper name, as well as in the Vulgate. The Sept., as at present printed, is evidently corrupt in this passage, but ioxvpá (ver. 37) appears to represent the Mawson, MATTHIAS, D.D., an English divine of word in question. In Jerome's time the reading was the 18th century, became master of Corpus Christi Coldifferent, and he gives "Deum fortissimum" for the lege, Cambridge, in 1732; subsequently rector of HadLatin translation of it, and "Deum fortitudinum" for stock, Essex; bishop of Llandaff in 1738; was transthat of Aquila. He ridicules the interpretation of Por-lated to Chichester in 1740, and in 1754 to Ely. He phyry, who, ignorant of Hebrew, understood by "the god of Mauzzim" the statue of Jupiter set up in Modin, the city of Mattathias and his sons, by the generals of Antiochus, who compelled the Jews to sacrifice to it, "the god of Modin." Theodoret retains the reading of Theodotion (Malweiμ being evidently for Maweiμ), and explains it of Antichrist, "a god strong and powerful." The Peshito-Syriac has "the strong god," and Junius and Tremellius render it "Deum summi roboris," considering the Hebrew plural as intensive, and interpreting it of the God of Israel. There can be little doubt that "Mauzzim" is to be taken in its literal sense of "fortresses," just as in Dan. xi, 19, 39, "the god of fortresses" being then the deity who presided over strongholds. But beyond this it is scarcely possible to connect an appellation so general with any special object of idolatrous worship. Grotius conjectured that Mauzzim was a modification of the name "Alog, the war-god of the Phoenicians, mentioned in Julian's hymn

Maxcy, JONATHAN, D.D., a Baptist minister and noted American educator, was born in Attleborough, Mass., Sept. 2, 1768; graduated at Brown University in 1787, and immediately became a tutor in that institution. Deciding for the ministry, he was licensed to preach April 1, 1790, and was on Sept. 8, 1791, ordained pastor of the First Baptist Church of Providence, R. I. He was on the same day also elected both a trustée and professor of divinity in the college, and in July, 1792 became president. His pastoral relations he severed September 8, 1792. In 1802 he accepted the presidency of Union College; and in 1804, the newly-estab lished South Carolina College having chosen him for its first president, he heeded the call, in the hope that a Southern climate would improve his health, which ba become much impaired. Over this institution he cut

tinued to preside, with almost unprecedented popularity, | They were thus led to consider themselves the only until his death, June 4, 1820. Dr. Maxcy was one of persons really capable of interpreting the Gospel and the most accomplished pulpit orators and scholars this qualified to teach it, and soon regarded themselves as country has produced. He was well versed in philology, inspired, mistaking the workings of their own imaginacriticism, metaphysics, logic, politics, morals, and phi- tions for the voice of the Spirit, and neglecting knowllosophy. His character was very amiable and his piety edge, reason, and wisdom generally. Maxfield finally sincere. His death was that of the believer in Jesus, decided to separate from Mr. Wesley, and accordingly and his memory is widely revered. He published a gave up his work at the Foundery, and took with him large number of sermons, addresses, orations, etc., which one hundred and seventy persons who had embraced the after his death were gathered in a volume, entitled The Wesleyan cause. He now opened an independent chapel, Literary Remains of the Rev. Jonathan Maxcy, D.D., and preached for twenty years. Towards the close of with a Memoir of his Life, by Romeo Elton, D.D. The Maxfield's life, Wesley, in his travels through England, most valued of his publications were his sermons on the found him sinking under paralysis and the weight of existence of God, frequently republished. See Sprague, years, prayed with him, invoking God's blessing on his Annals, vi, 297; Christian Review, vol. ix; Allibone, last days, and subsequently preached in his chapel. See Dict. Brit. and Amer. Authors, s. v.; Drake, Dict. Amer. Stevens, Hist. of Methodism (Index in vol. iii); Smith, Biog, s. v. Hist. of Wesley and his Time; Tyerman, Life of Wesley (see Index in vol. iii).

Maxentius. See CONSTANTINE.

Maximian. See DIOCLETIAN.

Maximianists, a considerable party among the Donatists who separated from the main body of that sect, and arrogated to themselves the exclusive possession of those qualities of perfection and infallibility to which the whole sect had made pretensions when they separated from the Catholic Church. See DONATISTS.

Maxfield, THOMAS, a noted early Methodist laypreacher, flourished in the latter part of the 18th century. He was one of Wesley's converts at Bristol, and was appointed to pray and expound the Scriptures, but not to preach, at the Foundery, in London, during Mr. Wesley's absence. Maxfield, however, being a young man of "much fervency of spirit, and mighty in the Scriptures," greatly edified the people, who, assembling Maximilian I, one of the most distinguished of in vast crowds, and listening with earnest attention, in- the German emperors, the son and successor of Frederick sensibly led him to deviate from this restriction and III, the forerunner of Charles V, was born at Neustadt, begin to preach. Wesley was informed of this irregu- near Vienna, March 22, 1459. In his nineteenth year he larity, and hastened to London in alarm to check him, married Maria, the only child and heiress of Charles the his prejudices for "Church order" being still strong. Bold, duke of Burgundy, who died in 1482. Maximilian The mother of Wesley counselled him to hear Maxfield had hoped to enjoy the estates of his father-in-law, but preach before reproving him, adding, "But take care Louis XI of France attempted to seize some of these poswhat you do respecting that young man; he is as surely sessions, and thus involved our German prince in a concalled of God to preach as you are." Wesley heard him, test which, when it promised to end favorably for Maxand, his prejudices yielding to the power of truth, he imilian, was suddenly turned in favor of Louis XI by objected no longer. Thus Maxfield became the first of the dexterous intrigues of the latter among the Netherthe innumerable itinerant lay-preachers, who have spread landers. It was not until 1493 that peace was finally the Gospel throughout the world more successfully than established at Senlis. This very year his father the any other class of the Christian community. Wesley emperor died, and Maximilian succeeded to the governpromoted his welfare in every way, introduced him in ment of the vast possessions of the Teutonic realm, so London to a social position superior to his birth, by soon to become the theatre of one of the greatest revowhich he was enabled to make an advantageous mar-lutions the world has ever been called upon to witness riage, and obtained ordination for him in Ireland from the bishop of Londonderry, who favored Wesley in that country. Maxfield was present at the first Methodist Conference, which was held at the Foundery, London, June 25, 1774. Maxfield also attended the third Conference assembled at Bristol, May, 1746. He shared the persecution to which the followers of Wesley were subjected; was at one time seized and imprisoned for the king's service, thrown into a dungeon, and offered to the commander of a ship of war. In 1763, during a revival in London, great excitement was produced by an honest madman, Bell, formerly a life-guardsman, who had become a local preacher, and supposed that he had performed a miraculous cure. Possessing more enthusiasm than judgment, he became fanatical in public meetings, and greatly excited his hearers. He unfortunately obtained much influence over Maxfield-the latter was not naturally an enthusiast—and made him a companion in his fanaticism. Both the Wesleys conversed with Maxfield on the subject, telling him what they disliked in his conduct. In some matters he had been unjustly blamed, in others he promised to change; the evil, however, was not remedied, but seemed rather to increase. Then Mr. Wesley wrote a long letter to Maxfield, plainly telling him of the errors of his preaching and conduct, and of its tendency towards a separation from the Wesleyans. The doctrines advocated by Maxfield and Bell were erroneous, inasmuch as they taught that a person saved from sin need not examine himself, need not pray in private, need only believe; that believing makes man perfect, and that the pure in heart cannot fall from grace. They said no one thus saved could be taught by any one who was not.

the Reformation of the 16th century-an event that was ushered in just as Maximilian himself was fast fading as the shades of evening. In 1494 the newlycrowned emperor married Bianca Sforza, daughter of the duke of Milan, which alliance gave rise to a succession of wars in Italy. Shortly after he joined the League of Cambray, formed between pope Julius II, Ferdinand of Spain, and Louis XII of France, against the Venetians; but that republic having soon after become reconciled to the pope, Maximilian joined the so-called Holy League between England, Spain, Venice, and the pope, in opposition to the French, who were signally defeated by the forces of Henry VIII and the emperor in the "battle of the spurs," near Guinegate (1513). The ascension of Francis I to the throne of France somewhat modified matters in favor of the French. The new king of the Franks captured Milan, and compelled Maximilian to give up Verona to the Venetians for 200,000 ducats. By the treaty of Basle (1499) he had been obliged to acknowledge the independence of Switzerland. Though thus unsuccessful in his wars, he had the fortune to see the hereditary dominions of his house increased during his reign by several peaceful additions; and the marriage of his son Philip with the infanta Juana, and of his daughter Margaret with the infant Juan of Spain, led to the subsequent union of Spain with Austria; while the marriage of two of his grandchildren with the son and daughter of Ladislaus, king of Hungary and Bohemia, brought both these kingdoms to the Austrian monarchy. The closing activity of his reign was displayed against the rising heresy. Luther had just come forward and attacked Tetzel (1517), and, as Leo X was inclined to make light of the opposition of the little

by his severity towards his Christian subjects, and made | cil. Constantinop. can. 3, sec. Dionys. Exiguum; Capital, war against the Armenians. A new war having broken out between Licinius and Maximin, the latter advanced as far as Adrianople, but was defeated, fled into Asia, and died of poison at Tarsus in 313.-English Cyclop. s. v.

6, sec. Isidor. Mercat; apud Concil. vol. i, col. 809, 810, ed. Hardouin). He attempted again to assert his claims to the patriarchate; but, though the Italian bishops seemed inclined for a time to second his efforts, he met with no permanent success. The invectives of Gregory Nazianzen against Maximus (Carmina, sec. De Vita sua, 1. c.; In Invidos, vs. 16, etc.; In Maximum) were written after their struggle for the patriarchate, and contrast strongly with his former praises in his twentyfifth Oration, to which some of Gregory's admirers, to conceal the inconsistency, prefixed the name of Heron or Hero (In Laudem Heronis; Jerome, De Viris Illustr. 1. c.), which it still bears. The work of Maximus, De Fide, which is well spoken of by Jerome, is lost. (See Athenas, Basil, Gregory Nazianzen, Jerome, l. c.; Sozomen, H. E. vii, 9, cum not. Vales; Tillemont, Mémoires, ix, 443, etc.; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 380, i, 276, ed. Oxford, 1740-42; Fabricius, Bibl. Græca, iii, 520).—Smith, Dict. Gr. and Rom. Biog. vol. ii, s. v.

Maximus ALEXANDRINUS, called also the Cynic Philosopher, was born in the fourth century, in Alexandria, of Christian parents of rank. He united the faith of an orthodox believer with the appearance and conduct of a cynic philosopher, and was greatly respected by the leading theologians of the orthodox party. Maximus CONFESSOR, a leading champion of orAthanasius, in a letter written about A.D. 371 (Epist. thodoxy in the Monothelite controversy (q. v.), was ad Maxim. Philosoph. in Opp. i, 917, etc., ed. Benedict.), born at Constantinople in 580. At an early age he becompliments him on a work written in defence of the came private secretary to the emperor Heraclius, but, orthodox faith. Tillemont and the Benedictine editor deciding for the ecclesiastic state, he resigned this posiof the works of Gregory Nazianzen (Monitum ad Orat. tion, and in 630 entered the monastery of Chrysopolis rre), misled by the virulent invectives of that father, (Scutari), near Constantinople, and in a short time beattempt to distinguish between this Maximus and the came its abbot. The dangers which threatened the one to whom Athanasius wrote, for the reason that state at the time induced the emperor to attempt a Athanasius could never have approved of so worthless a reconciliation between the parties engaged in the Monocharacter. They also distinguish him from the Maxi- physite controversy (q. v.), by means of a compromise, mus to whom Basil the Great addressed a letter (Ep. 41, which declared that Christ had accomplished the work Paris, 1839) in terms of great respect, discussing some of redemption by one manifestation of his will as the points of doctrine, and soliciting a visit from him; but God-man, (μặ Seavôpiký ivɛpyɛia). The patriarchs they are not successful in either case. The Maximus Sergius, of Constantinople, and Cyrus, of Alexandria, Scholasticus, however, to whom Basil also wrote (Ep. as heads of the contending parties, agreed in 633 to 42), was a different person. In A.D. 374, during the unite on this formula, and many of the Monophysite reign of the emperor Valens, in the persecution carried faction returned to the Church; but several of the oron by Lucius, Arian patriarch of Alexandria, Maximus thodox opposed the compromise strongly, as practically was barbarously scourged and banished to the Oasis, on endorsing Monophysite views. With a view to put an account of his zeal for orthodoxy, and the alacrity with end to these troubles, the emperor in 639 published an which he aided those enduring the same persecutions edict, known as the Ecthesis (q. v.), which prohibited all (Gregory Nazianzen, Orat. xxv, c. 13, 14). He was re- controversies on the question whether in Christ were leased at the end of four years, probably on the death one or two operations, but which itself plainly inculof Valens; and it was soon after this event that he pre- cated the doctrine of one will. Maximus, who had in sented to the emperor Gratian at Milan his work De the mean time removed to Africa, now entered the lists Fide, written against the Arians (compare Jerome, De in defence of the orthodox view, and unequivocally reViris Illustr. c. 127). He wrote also against other here- sisted all attempts to undermine the faith of the Church. tics, but whether in the same work or in another is not His course was favored by Gregorius (or Georgius), the certainly known; and he disputed ably against the hea- prefect of North Africa, who sought an opportunity to thens. He appears to have returned from Milan and renounce his allegiance to the Byzantine court; and visited Constantinople, where Gregory Nazianzen had under his protection Maximus exerted himself to the just been made patriarch, A.D. 379. Gregory received utmost to combat the many heresies which were then him with the greatest honor, and pronounced an ora- rife, manifesting a special zeal against the Monophysite tion (Orat. xxv) in his praise, where his warm panegy- Severians in Egypt and Crete, and against the Monorics cause the commendations of Athanasius and Basil to thelites. His discussion with Pyrrhus, the patriarch seem exceedingly tame. He welcomed him at his table, of Constantinople, who had fled to Gregorius on being treated him with much confidence and regard, but was charged with complicity in the murder of the emperor subsequently grievously disappointed in him. Whether Constantine, was held in July, A.D. 645, and resulted in in the succeeding events Maximus was himself ambi- the signal triumph of Maximus. The records of this tious or merely the tool of others, does not appear. disputation belong to the most interesting writings of Profiting by the sickness of Gregory, and supported by the Monothelite controversy. In the following year some Egyptian ecclesiastics, sent by Peter, patriarch of the bishops of Africa and the neighboring isles, influAlexandria, under whose guidance they professed to enced by Maximus, held a number of synods which conact, Maximus was ordained, during the night, patri- demned Monothelitism, and called on Theodore, bishop arch of Constantinople, in the place of Gregory, whose of Rome, to support their views with his authority. election had not been perfectly canonical. This bold Maximus now went to Rome, accompanied by Pyrrhus, proceeding greatly excited the indignation of the peo- who formally recanted his late opinions, and was recogple, with whom Gregory was popular. The emperor nised by the pope as the rightful patriarch of ConstanTheodosius, to whom the usurper applied, showing him tinople; and thus a coalition in the interests of orthono favor, the latter withdrew to Alexandria, from doxy was formed which promised a complete triumph. whence he was speedily expelled by his patron Peter But Maximus was the only disinterested party to the (see Gregory Nazianzen, Carmen de Vita sua, vss. 750- agreement. Gregorius fell in a battle with the Sara1029). The resignation of Gregory did not benefit cens in A.D. 647; Pyrrhus hastened to take back his Maximus. His election was declared null and void by recantation, and to make his peace with the emperor; the second general council, and the presbyters whom he and the pope, disappointed in the hope of seeing his suhad ordained were declared not to be presbyters (Con-premacy recognised in the East as well as in the West,