(1.) (2.) TATIAKY MK THAG Π ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΛΟΓΟΣ + ÔỘT CHÚ (NẮP XI про NW C. Primary Cursives in the Pauline Epistle: 17 Gosp. 33. 37 Gosp. 69 (Coder Leicestrensis). 57-Gosp. 218. 108, 109 Act. 95, 96. 115, 116 (Act. 100, 101, Mosqu. Matt. d. f). 137 (Gosp. 263; Act 117, Paris, Bill. Imp 61). The following are valuable, but require more careful collation: 5 Act. 5. 23 (Paris, Coislin. 29. 11th cent. Descr. br Montfauçon. 31 (Brit. Mus. Harl 5537)=1scr, Apoc. iki cent. 39 (Act. 33. Oxford, Coll. Lincoln. 9. 46 Act. 40. 47 (Oxford, Bodleian. Roe, 16). 11th cent. 55 (Act. 46. Monscensis). 67 (Act. 66. Vindob. Lambec. 34). The cor rections are especially valuable. 70 (Act. 67. Vindob. Lambec. 37). 71 (Vindob. Forlos. 19). 12th cent. 73 (Act. 68). 80 (Act. 73. Vatican 367). 177-8-9 (Mutin.). D. Primary Cursives of the Apocalypse: 7=]ser (Act. 25. Brit. Mus. Heri. kai wat way ako 5537). 11th cent. Coll, by Scrivea er. 14 Gosp. 69 (Cod. Leicestrensis). 31 cser (Brit. Mus. Harl. 5678). 15th cent. Coll. by Scrivener. 38 (Vatican. 579). 13th cent. Coll. 47 (Cod. Dresdensis). 11th cent. Coll. by Matthæi. 51 (Paris, Bibl. Imp.). Coll. by Reiche. και (4.) (3.) gaer (Parham, 17). 11th and 12th cent. Coll. by Scrivener. mser (Middlehill)ST. 11th and 12th cent. Coll. by Scrivener. The following are valuable, but require more careful collation: 2 (Act. 10; Paul. 12; Paris, Imp. 237). 6 (Act. 23; Paul. 28. Bodleian. Barocc. 3). 12th and 13th cent. 11 (Act. 39; Paul. 45). 12-Act. 40. 17, 19 (Ev. 35; Act. 14: Paul. 18; Act. 17; hi TopoGION ON Kaisulooo Paul. 21. Paris. Coislin. 199, 205). TadkávovÊyoj Go-Karagio avrov και όλο το σήμα του Specimens of Greek MSS. from the 10th to the 14th century, now in the British Museum: Fig. 1 is from the Harleian Evangelistary, No. 5598, and contains John i, 1, 2 (Scrivener, Introd. p. 218, No."150"). Fig. 2 is from Add. 20.003, and contains Acts xiii, 18-20 (Scrivener, p. 198, No."lo"). Fig. 3, from Harleian Evangelistary, No. 5540, contains John 1, 1-3 (Scrivener, p. 157, No."115"). Fig. 4, from Burney Lectionary, 22, contains John i, 1-3 (Scrivener, p. 220, No."*yser"). 28 (Bodleian. Barocc. 48). 36 (Vindob. Forlos. 29). 14th cent 82 (Act. 179; Paul. 128; Monac. 211). 5. MSS. are sometimes divided by the critics of Germany into, 1. Such as were written before the practice of stichometry, a mode of dividing the text in lines or clauses. See STICHOMETRY. 2.The stichometrical, 3.Those written after stichometry had ceased. So Hug and De Wette, in their Introductions to the N.T. According to this classification, &, A. B, and C belong to the first class; D, D. etc... to the second; and by far the greatest number to the third. We have alluded to them under the two great heads of uncial and cursive. In examining MSS. and comparing their characteristic readings, it is not easy in every instance to arrive at the true original form of a passage. Many circumstances are to be taken into account, and many cautions to be observed. They are more useful in detecting interpolated passages than in restor | 200 feet high, on the top of which are some ruins of no great extent, consisting of foundations of hewn stone, a square enclosure, the remains probably of a tower or castle, and several cisterns. The view from the summit is extensive. The traveller found here a band of peasants keeping their flocks, and dwelling in caves amid the ruins (Bibl. Researches, ii, 190-196). With this identification De Sauley (Narrative, i, 441) and Schwarz (Palestine, p. 106) agree. See MEHUNIM. Ma'onite (Heb. same word as MAON, used collectively; Sept. and Vulg. interpret Xavaáv [v. r. Madiáp], Chanaan, Auth. Vers. "Maonites"), an Arabian tribe mentioned in connection with the Amalekites, Sidonians, Philistines, and others as having oppressed the Hebrews (Judg. x, 12). They are the same as the MEUNITES (, Meünim', the plural of MAON; Sept. Maio, confounding them with the Ammonites; Vulg. and "the habitations"), elsewhere mentioned in a simiAmmonite, and tabernacula; Auth. Vers. "Mehunims," ing the correct reading. The reading of an older MS. is preferable cæteris paribus. In determining the age of a MS. internal marks are chiefly followed, such as the form of the letters, the divisions, abbreviations, the nature of the lines, the presence or absence of the accents, etc. These particulars, however, are not safe criteria. Age ! alone is not sufficient to insure the value of the text of a MS. The copyist may have been guilty of negligence or inattention. In proportion to his accuracy or carelessness the authority of the codex will be greater or less. Again, a document certainly copied from one which is very ancient will have greater authority than an earlier taken from another of no great antiquity. Thus a MS. of the eighth century may have been directly copied from one of the fifth, and consequently the former will be entitled to greater estimation than one belonging to the 7th century transcribed from one of the 6th. In determining the value of a codex, it is usual to refer to the country where it was written. Griesbach and others prefer the African; Scholz, the Constantinopolitan. Those written in Egypt are the best. With respect to He-lar connection (2 Chron. xxvi, 27; 1 Chron. iv, 41). See brew MSS., it is admitted by all that the Spanish are the best. The Italian, again, are superior to the German. The reading contained in the greater number of MSS. is preferable to that of a less number. Mere majority, however, is not a safe criterion. A majority arising from independent sources, or, in other words, of those belonging to different recensions, can alone be relied on as decisive. But here critics are not agreed as to the number of recensions belonging to Greek MSS. Some have proposed four, some three, others two. sides, the same MS. may belong to a different recension in different parts of itself. In others, the characteristic readings of two or three recensions are mingled together, rendering it difficult to determine which recension or Be family preponderates. Hebrew MSS. belong to one and the same recension. It is true that some have distinguished them into Masoretic and Ante-masoretic, but the existence of the latter is a mere fiction. One great family alone, viz. the Masoretic, can be distinctly traced. Since the time of Lachmann's first edition, greater importance has been attached by N.-T. critics to the age of MSS. It has been the object of his followers in the same department to adhere for the most part to the oldest copies. This is right within certain limits. The true text of the N. T., as far as we can now obtain it, lies in the MSS. of the 4th till the 8th centuries, accompanied and modified by the testimony of ancient versions and fathers during that period. But within this period we can easily distinguish MSS. of a second order in goodness, viz. E, F, G, H, K, M, S, U, V, from those of the first class, N, A, B, C, Z (see Davidson's Biblical Criticism, vol. ii). See CRITICISM, BIBLICAL Ma'och (Heb. Maok',, compressed; Sept. Apuax, Vulg. Maoch), the father of the Achish king of Gath to whom David repaired for safety (1 Sam. xxvii, 2). B.C. ante 1054. By many he has been confounded with the MAACAH of 1 Kings ii, 39. See ACHISH. Ma'on (Heb. Maōn', j, habitation, as often; Sept. Maov), the name of a man and of a place. See also MAONITE. 1. The son of Shammai, of the tribe of Judah and family of Caleb, and the "father" (i. e. founder) of Bethzur (1 Chron, ii, 45). B.C. prob. post 1618. 2. A town in the tribe of Judah (Josh. xv, 55), which gave name to a wilderness (part of the desert of Judæa), where David hid himself from Saul, and around which the churlish Nabal had great possessions (1 Sam. xxiii, 24, 25; xxv, 2). Josephus calls it Emma ('Euμã, Ant. vi, 13, 6). Eusebius and Jerome place it to the east of Daroma (Onomast. s. v. Mavov, Maon). Irby and Mangles were in the neighborhood in 1818, but did not detect this and other ancient names. Robinson finds it in The present Main, which is about seven miles south by East from Hebron. Here there is a conical hill about also MEHUNIM. At the present day there exists a town called Ma'an, with a castle, in Arabia Petræa, to the south of the Dead Sea (see Seetzen, in Zach's Monatl. Corresp. xviii, 382; Burckhardt, Travels in Syria, p. town on the route of the Syrian Haj, nearly east of 437). Prof. Robinson says, "Ma'an, the well-known wady Musa, is with good reason assumed as the probable seat of the Maonites mentioned in the Scriptures. Abulfeda (Syr. p. 14) describes Ma'an as inhabited by Ommiades and their vassals" (Researches, ii, 572). That the Minai of Arabia (Diod. Sic. iii, 42; Ptol. vi, 7, 23; Strabo, xvi, 768) are a different people has long since been shown by Bochart (Phaleg, ii, 23). Traces of the name Maon are found in several localities besides that of the above passages. It is given to a town in the south of Judah, now identified with the ruins of Tell Main (Porter, Handbook for S. and P. p. 61). In protions Beth-meon (xlviii, 23), which may perhaps be the nouncing a prophetic curse upon Moab, Jeremiah mensame as the Beth-baal-meon of Josh. xiii, 17, and the tical with the ruin Main, three miles south of Heshbon. Baal-meon of Numb. xxxii, 38, and would thus be idenSee BETH-BAAL-MEON. Hence "it is probable that all these names indicate the presence of an ancient and powerful nomad tribe, which was allied to the Phonicians (or Sidonians), whose earliest settlements were in the vale of Sodom, and with the Amalekites who dwelt in the wilderness south of Palestine. These Maonites migrated eastward, leaving their name at Maon in the south of Judah, where they may have had their headquarters for a time, and again at Beth-meon, on the plateau of Moab; and also at the large modern village above described" (Kitto). Maphrian is in the Syrian Church the highest episcopal dignitary after the patriarch of Antioch. The jurisdiction of the maphrian extends over Chaldæa, Assyria, and Mesopotamia. His residence was formerly at Tafrits, on the Tiger, but since this see has coalesced with that of Mosul it is at the latter place. Neale (Introd. Hist. of the Eastern Church, p. 152) says that "the maphrians are now only nominally distinguished from the other metropolitans." Maoris. See NEW ZEALAND. Mapletoft, JOHN, D.D., an English minister, was born at Margaret-Inge, Huntingdonshire, in 1631; received his education at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge; in 1653 became fellow of Trinity; in 1658 became tutor to Joscelin, earl of Northumberland; in 1660 entered upon the study of medicine, and finally practiced it with great success, filling at one time the chair of physic in Gresham College, London. Haying turned his attention to the study of divinity, he took, in 1682, both deacon's and priest's orders; was soon after presented to the rectory of Braybrooke, in Northamptonshire, by lord Griffin; in 1684 was chosen lecturer of Ipswich; in 1685 vicar of St. Lawrence, Jewry, and lecturer of St. Christopher's, in London; received | however (i, 67), could not find that this or any tree was his D.D. in 1689, and in 1707 was chosen president of now known by the Arabs to possess such properties; nor Sion College. He died at Westminster in 1721. Dr. would those berries, he says, have been found so early in Mapletoft published Principles and Duties of the Chris- the season as the time when the Israelites reached the tian Religion (2d ed., corrected and enlarged, Lond. 1713, region. It may be added that, had any such resource 8vo), and other minor pieces upon moral and theological ever existed, its eminent usefulness to the supply of he subjects.-Gen. Biog. Dict. s. v. man wants would hardly have let it perish from the trsditions of the desert. Further, the expression the Lord Mappa, the name of the linen cloth with which the communion table, and subsequently the altar, was cov-showed' seems surely to imply the miraculous character ered. It came to be considered essential that this cloth should be of linen, according to some, in commemoration of the linen cloth in which the body of the Lord was wrapped. This, however, it seems would apply better to the corporale (q. v.). Optatus of Milene, in De schismate Donatistarum, speaks of this custom as general. In the Roman Catholic Church there are a number of regulations concerning the mappa, which is always to be blessed by the bishop, or by some one commissioned by him for the purpose.--Pierer, UniversalLexikon, x, 848; Herzog, Real-Encyklopädie, ix, 7. Ma'ra (Heb. Mara', 87, for, bitter, as explained in the context; Sept. TiKpía, Vulg. Mara, id est amara), a symbolical name proposed for herself by omi on account of her misfortunes (Ruth i, 20). See RUTH. Mara, a famous diva of Hindu mythology mentioned in the history of Gautama (q. v.). of the transaction" (Smith). With regard to the cure of the water, it has been well argued (Kitto, Pictori History of Palestine, p. 209) that no explanation of the phenomena on natural grounds has proved consistent er satisfactory; neither is there any tree in that region er elsewhere now known which possesses such virtue in itself, or which is used for a similar purpose by the Arabs. We are therefore compelled to conclude, as, indeed, the narrative spontaneously suggests, that the shrub selected was indifferent, being one nearest hand, and that the restorative property ceased with the special occasion which had called for its exercise, leav ing the well to resume its acrid taste as at present found. The name Marah, in the form of Amarah, is now Na-borne by the barren bed of a winter torrent, a little beyond which is still found a well called Howarah, the bitter waters of which answer to this description. Camels will drink it, but the thirsty Arabs never partake of it themselves-and it is said to be the only water on the shore of the Red Sea which they cannot drink. The water of this well, when first taken into the mouth. seems insipid rather than bitter, but when held in the mouth a few seconds it becomes exceedingly nauseous. The well rises within an elevated mound surrounded by sand-hills, and two small date-trees grow near it. The basin is six or eight feet in diameter, and the water about two feet deep. (See Burckhardt, Trar, in Syria, p. 472; Robinson, Researches, i, 96 sq.; Bartlett, Forty Days in the Desert, p. 30; and other travellers.) "Winer says (Handwb. s. v.) that a still bitterer well lies east of Marah, the claims of which Tischendorf, it ap pears, has supported. Lepsius prefers wady Ghurundel, Prof. Stanley thinks that the claim may be left between this and Howarah, but adds in a note a mention of a spring south of Howarah 'so bitter that neither men nor camels could drink it,' of which Dr. Graul (ii. 254) was told.' The Ayoun Mousa, 'wells of Moses, which local tradition assigns to Marah, are manifestly too close to the head of the gulf, and probable spot of crossing it, to suit the distance of 'three days' journey.' The soil of this region is described as being alternately gravely, stony, and sandy; under the range of the Gebel Wardan chalk and flints are plentiful, and on the direct line of route between Ayoun Mousa and Howarah no water is found (Robinson, i, 67)" (Smith). See EXODE. Marabuts, a name given to the descendants of the Moravides (q. v.; see also MOHAMMEDANS), or Almorarides, a certain Arabic tribe which, in 1075, founded a dynasty in the north-western parts of Africa, and held Morocco and Spain for a considerable period. The Almohades having put an end to their temporal dominion, their descendants exercise to this day a kind of spiritual superiority over the Moslem negroes in Barbary, the coast of Guinea, etc. At present the Marabuts form a kind of priestly order, officiating at mosques and chapels, explaining the Koran, providing the faithful with amulets, prophesying, and working miracles. They are looked up to with great awe and reverence by the common people, who also allow them a certain vague license over their goods and chattels, their wives not excluded. The Great Marabut ranks next to the king, and the dignity of a Marabut is generally hereditary. One of the most eminent Marabuts of our day is the celebrated Mohammedan warrior Abd-el-Kader, who was born in 1807, and in 1832 opened the contest against the French to expel the latter from African territory, which resulted so unsuccessfully to the Mohammedan cause. Marafoschi, PROSPERO, an Italian prelate, was born Sept. 29, 1653, at Macerata; entered the priesthood while yet a youth; became canon of St. Peter's at Rome, and later bishop in partibus of Cyrene. He enjoyed the favor and confidence of several of the incumbents of the papal chair. Clement XI, in 1721, gave him the archiepiscopal see of Cæsarea and Cappadocia; Benedict XIII created him cardinal in 1724, and in 1726 made him vicar-general of Rome. He died Feb. 24, 1732.—Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Générale, xxiii, 347. Maʼrah (Hebrew Marah',, bitterness, from the taste of the water; Sept. Meppa, Ilipia, Vulg. Mara), a brackish fountain, forming the sixth station of the Israelites, three days distant from their passage across the Red Sea (Exod. xv, 33; Numb. xxiii, 8). Finding here a well so bitter that, thirsty as they were, they could not drink its water, they murmured against Moses, who at the divine direction cast in "a certain tree," by which means it was made palatable. "It has been suggested (Burckhardt, Syria, p. 474) that Moses made use of the berries of the plant Ghurkud (Robinson says [i, 26] the Peganum retusum of Forskål, Flora Æg. Arab. p. lxvi; more correctly, the Nitraria tridentata of Desfontaines, Flora Atlant. i, 372), and which still, it is implied, would be found to operate similarly. Robinson, Marʼalah (Heb. Maralah', 7, a trembling : Sept. Mapaλá), a place on the southern boundary of Zebulon, but apparently within the bounds of Issachar, west of Sarid and east of Dabbasheth (Josh. xix, 11i. These indications point to some locality not far from the present Mujeidil, although the name would seem to agree better with that of the neighboring site, Melu The latter place agrees with the identification of Porter, miles south-west of Nazareth, on the top of a hill, onwho remarks that Malul is a little village about four taining the ruins of a temple, and other vestiges of tiquity. In the surrounding rocks and cliffs are some excavated tombs (Handbook, p. 385). Maran-a'tha (Mapàv á á, from the Aramaan 17, maran' athah', our Lord comes, i. e. to judgment, Buxtorf, Lex. Chald. col. 1248, and so found in the Peshito version), a phrase added to the sentence of excommunication by way of appeal to the divine Head of the Church for ratification (1 Cor. xvi, 22). See ANATHEMA. "In the A. V. it is combined with the preceding anathema,' but this is unnecessary; at all events it can only be regarded as adding emphasis to the previous adjuration. It rather appears to be added 'as a weighty | He died there in 1684. Among his works we find Leges watchword' to impress upon the disciples the important honesta Vita (Ven. 1657, 12mo), å moral treatise dedicatruth that the Lord was at hand, and that they should ted to Christine, queen of Sweden:-Leges Doctrinæ a be ready to meet him (Alford, Gr. Test. ad loc.). If, on sanctis Patribus (Venice, 1660, 24mo) :-Proteus ethicothe other hand, the phrase be taken to mean, as it may, politicus seu de multiformi hominis statu (Venice, 1660, our Lord has come,' then the connection is, 'the curse folio) :-Pseudomantia veterum et recentiorum explosa, will remain, for the Lord has come who will take ven- seu de fide divinationibus adhibenda (Ven. 1662, fol.):—— geance on those who reject him.' Thus the name 'Ma- De erroribus virorum doctorum (Ven. 1662, 12mo; Rome, ronite' is explained by a tradition that the Jews, in ex- 1667, 4to):-Legatus ad principes Christianos (Ven. 1665, pectation of a Messiah, were constantly saying Maran, 12mo):-Ammæstramenti dell' anima Christiana (Noi. e. Lord; to which the Christians answered Maran vara, 1675, 8vo).--Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gen. xxxiii, 362. atha, the Lord is come, why do you still expect him? (Stanley, Corinthians, ad loc.)" (Smith). Maraños is one of the names used to designate the new Christians of Spain, i. e. those Jews (q. v.) who, during the religious persecutions under Romish rule, publicly avowed conversion to Christianity and yet privately confessed the religion of their fathers, as e. g. the family of Maimonides (q. v.). The name owes its origin to the fact that not only Jews, but also Moors (q. v.) made a feigned profession of conversion to the Christian faith. See INQUISITION; SPAIN. Maran(us), PRUDENTIUS, a noted French theologian, was born, according to Winer (Theol. Literatur, p. 654), at Sezanne, whilst Le Cerf (Biblioth, historique de la Cong. de St. Maur, p. 293) and Zedler (Universallexikon) consider him to have been born at Troyes, in Champagne, October 14, 1683. In 1703 he entered the Congregation of St. Maur, taking the vows at the Abbey of St. Faron, at Meaux. He subsequently resided at the Convent of St. Germain des Prés, Paris. He died April 2, 1762. He published the works of Cyril of Jerusalem in Greek and Latin (Paris, 1720; Venice, 1763). Though the best edition of Cyril's works, it was attacked by the author of the Mémoires de Trévoux. Maranus defended himself in his Dissertation sur les semiAriens (Paris, 1722). He also completed the edition of the works of Cyprian commenced by St. Baluze (Paris, 1726; Venice, 1728), and published the works of Justin Martyr in Greek and Latin, with a valuable introduction (Paris, 1742; Venice, 1747). He published also a work of his own on the divinity of Christ, under the title Divinitas Domini nostri Jesu Christi manifesta in scripturis et traditione (Paris, 1746). This work is divided into four parts. The first treats of the proofs contained in the Old and the New Testaments; the second, of the unanimity, on this point, of the Roman Catholic Church and of the different sects; the third, of the continuous controversies with the Jews, heathen, and heretics; and the fourth, of the unanimous testimony of the fathers. It contains, besides, arguments to prove the divinity of the Holy Ghost. Maranus took also an active part in the controversies arising from the bull "Unigenitus Dei filius," siding with the party called appellants; and, although he had written nothing on the subject, he had in consequence to endure great annoyances from the acceptants, who were the strongest.-Herzog, Real-Encyklopädie, ix, 9. See JANSENISTS. (J. N. P.) Maratta or Maratti, CARLO, a celebrated Italian painter, was born at Camurano, near Ancona, May, 1625; became a pupil of Andrea Sacchi and a devout student of Raphael's works, and chose Rome as his permanent residence. He was employed by Clement IX and by four other successive popes, and received the title of painter ordinary to Louis XIV, for whom he painted a picture of Daphne. His Madonnas are admired for modest dignity and amiable expression. Maratta also excelled in the art of etching. He was the last great painter of the Roman school. He died in 1713.Thomas, Dict. Biog. and Mythol. s. v. Marbach, JOHANN, an eminent German Protestant theologian, was born at Lindau Aug. 24, 1521, and was educated at the University of Wittenberg, where he commenced in 1539 the study of theology. He became successively deacon at Jena in 1540, preacher at Ivry in 1544, and at Strasburg in 1545. He was afterwards sent by the latter city to the Council of Trent, together with Sleidan. In 1552 he was appointed chief pastor and professor of theology. Here he labored to introduce the Lutheran doctrines in the place of the Reformed, whereby he became involved in numberless controversies. In 1556 he was employed by the elector Otto Henry to organize the Reformation in the Palatinate, and in 1557 was present at the Diet of Worms. He ceased preaching in 1558, and died deacon of Thomas College, March 17, 1581. He wrote Christlicher und wahrhafter Unterricht von d. Worten d. Einsetzung d. heil. Abendmals, etc. (Strasb. 1565, 8vo), and other similar works, all upholding the ultra-Lutheran views. See Treuss, Situation intérieure de l'Église Luthérienne de Strasbourg sous la direction de Marbach (Strasb. 1857); Pierer, Universal-Lexikon, x, 852; Herzog, Real-Encykl. ix, 10. Marban, PEDRO DE, a Spanish Jesuit and missionary, flourished near the close of the 17th century. In 1675 he went to Bolivia, and later to Mexico, and labored industriously to spread the Gospel of Christ among the savages of America, and finally became superior of all the missions of the Jesuits in this quarter. He wrote Arte de la Lengua Moxa, con su vocabulario y catechismo (Lima, 1701, 8vo).-Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gén. xxxiii, 361. Marbeck or Merbecke, JOHN, the composer of the solemn and now venerable notes set to the "Prèces" and Responses in use in the cathedrals of England, to our day with only slight modifications, was organist of Windsor during the reigns of Henry VIII and his successor. A zeal for religious reformation led him to join a society in furtherance of that object, among the members of which were a priest, a singing-man of St. George's Chapel, and a tradesman of the town. Their papers were seized, and in the handwriting of Marbeck were found notes on the Bible, together with a concordance, in English. He and his three colleagues were found guilty of heresy, and condemned to the stake. The others were executed according to their sentence; but Marbeck, on account of his great musical talents, and being rather favored by Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, was pardoned, and lived to witness the triumph of his principles, and to publish his work, which appeared under the title of The Boke of Common Praier, noted. The colophon is "Imprinted by Richard Grafton, printer to the kinges majestie, 1550, cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum" (a verbatim reprint was given by John Pickering, London, 1848, sm. 4to). In the same year appeared also his Concordance of the Whole Bible (1550, folio), the first complete work of the kind in English; and, in 1574, The Lives of Holy Saints, Prophets, Patriarchs, and others; and, subsequently, his other books connected with religious history and controversy. See Allibone, Cyclop. s. v. Maraviglia (Latin Mirabilia), GIUSEPPE MARIA, Dict. of British and Amer. Authors, vol. ii, s. v. ; English an Italian philosopher, a native of Milan, flourished near the middle of the 17th century. He at first belonged to the body of regular clergy, was commissioned in 1651 to teach ethics in Padua, and exchanged the duties of provincial prior for those of bishop at Novara in 1667. Marble is the rendering in the Auth. Vers. of two forms of the same Heb. word, and is thought by some to be signified by others differently rendered. (shesh, That this Esth. i, 6, Sept. #ápivoç; Cant. v, 15, Sept. μapμápivos), | Baalbek; or (c) white marble from Arabia or elsewhere or (sha'yish, 1 Chron. xxix, 2, Sept. Tapioc), so (Josephus, Ant. viii, 3, 2; Diod. Sic. ii, 52; Pliny, H. N. called from its whiteness, undoubtedly refer to a pure Xxxvi, 12; Jamieson, Mineralogy, p. 41; Raumer, Pal kind of marble, μápμapoç (Rev. xviii, 12). Primary p. 28; Volney, Trav. ii, 241; Kitto, Phys. Geogr. of Pal. limestone, or marble, is a simple rock, consisting of car-P. 73, 88; Robinson, ii, 493; iii, 508; Stanley, S. and P. bonate of lime. In its pure state, it is granular, crystal- p. 307, 424; Wellsted, Trav. i, 426; ii, 143). line, and of a color varying from pure white to gray and stone was not marble seems probable from the remark yellowish. It is sometimes found in irregular masses, of Josephus, that whereas Solomon constructed his buildor beds, or large nodules, with little or no appearance of ings of white stone,' he caused the roads which led to stratification; more generally, however, it is regularly Jerusalem to be made of black stone,' probably the stratified, and these strata alternate with other rocks, black basalt of the Haurân; and also from his account and are of all varieties of thickness. The texture va- of the porticoes of Herod's temple, which he says were ries from a highly crystalline, of a larger or finer grain, μovodio XEVKOTÝτng μapμápov (Josephus, Anz. 1. c. to a compact and even earthy. Other substances are and War, v, 5, 1, 6; Kitto, ut sup. p. 74, 75, 80, 89). BLI sometimes combined with the simple rock, which mod- whether the costly stone' employed in Solomon's buildify its appearance and texture, such as mica, quartz, ings was marble or not, it seems clear, from the expres hornblende. It is never found in veins, except in the sions both of Scripture and Josephus, that some, at least, form of regular crystals, and, in this respect, it exactly of the 'great stones,' whose weight can scarcely have resembles quartz. There is considerable difficulty in been less than forty tons, must have come from Lebanor. drawing the line of distinction between the primary and (1 Kings v, 14-18; vii, 10; Josephus, Ant. viii, 2. 81, secondary limestones, where the latter do not happen to There can be no doubt that Herod, both in the Temple contain organic remains. In the primary limestone, and elsewhere, employed Parian or other marble. strictly speaking, no organic remains have yet been dis-mains of marble columns still exist in abundance at decovered. With one or two exceptions, and as a general rusalem (Josephus, Ant. xv, 9, 4, 6, and 11,3,5; Williams rule, it may be said, they, like the primary schists, are Holy City, ii, 330; Sandys, p. 190; Robinson, i, 301, 505S,” almost destitute of organic bodies. Like the strata (Smith). See STONE. which it accompanies, beds of limestone are often bent and contorted, evidently from disturbance below. The colors vary from a pure white, which constitutes the statuary marble, to various shades of gray, brown, black, and green. These tints are derived from a carbonaceous matter or oxide of iron, or an admixture of other minerals. Several other terms occur in Esth. i, 6, as the names of stones in the pavement of the magnificent hall in which Ahasuerus feasted the princes of his empire. That rendered "white" marble, is, dar, which some take to signify Parian marble, others white marble; but nothing Ke Marburg Bible is the name given to an edition of the holy Scriptures, published at Marburg (1712, 4to`), under the care of Prof. Dr. Horch (with the aid of others, particularly of inspector Scheffer, in Berleburg), It contains the text of Luther's, corrected by comparison with the original texts, and gives, in the introduc tions and in the headings, commentaries on the most important allegories and prophecies (by Cocceius). The most complete of these are the notes on Solomon's Song and the Apocalypse. It was highly prized by the theologians and Mystics of that time, and was the prede fol.), hence it is sometimes called the little Mystic Bible. cessor of the Mystic Berleburg Bible (1726-74, 8 vols, -Herzog, Real-Encyklopädie, ix, 13. See BERLEBURG BIBLE. certain is known about it. In Arabic, the word dar signifies a large pearl. Now pearls were certainly employed by the ancients in decorating the walls of apartMarburg Conference, a gathering of all the rements in royal palaces, but that pearls were also used in the pavements of even regal dining-rooms is improbable formed theological leaders, held at the city of Marburg, in itself, and unsupported by any known example. The Oct. 3, 1529, and designed to bring about, if possible, an Septuagint refers the Hebrew word to a stone resem- agreement between Luther and Zwingle and their adbling pearls (ivvivoç Xidoç), by which, as J. D. Mi-herents. The landgrave Philip of Hesse, one of the chaelis conjectures, it intends to denote the Alabastrites noblest princes of the Reformation days, believing that of Pliny (Hist. Nat. xxxvi, 7, 8), which is a kind of ala- the dissensions in the Protestant camp should be allayed. baster with the gloss of mother-of-pearl. See ALABAS- directed all his energies towards the conciliation of the two reformed factions, caused by a difference of opinion TER. The (bahat'; Sept. oμapaydirnç, “red” maras to the proper observance of the eucharistic ceremony, ble) of the same passage was, Gesenius thinks, the verde-With such a purpose in view, he invited the principal antique, or half-porphyry of Egypt. The (soche'-theologians of both parties to meet for the purpose of reth; Sept. Hápivoç Xi‡oç, “black” marble) is likewise comparing their opinions in a friendly manner. Melanethere mentioned with the other kinds of marble for thon had already, in 1529, at the Diet of Spires, deforming a pavement. Gesenius says, perhaps tortoise-clared his readiness to attend such a conference (Corp, shell. Others, from the rendering of the Syriac, think Ref. i, 1050 and 1078), and even had gone so far as to it refers to black marble. It was probably some spotted declare that he attached no special importance to the variety of marble. See MINERALOGY. The pavement differences concerning the Eucharist (Corp. Ref. i, 1046). in the palace of Ahasuerus was no doubt of mosaic work, Philip of Hesse now applied to Zwingle (Zwingli Opp. the floors of the apartments being laid with painted viii, 287), who also expressed his willingness to eme tiles or slabs of marble, in the same way as Dr. Russell (Zwingli Opp. viii, 662). Luther, however, at first describes the houses of the wealthy in modern times. strongly opposed the plan, fearing that it might result In these a portion of the pavement of the courts is of in more harm than good; but the landgrave persisting, mosaic, and it is usually that part which lies between Luther finally consented, and on Sept. 30, 1529, Luther, the fountain and the arched alcove on the south side Melancthon, Cruciger, Jonas, Mykonius, and Menias, that is thus beautified. See HOUSE. accompanied by the Saxon counsellor Eberhard, went to Marburg, where Philip had called the conference. The Swiss theologians had arrived the day before: among them, Zwingle, professor Rudolph Collin, ŒEcolampadius, Sturm, Bucer, and Hedio. Osiander, Brenz, and Agricola arrived only on October 2. A number of other theologians and eminent persons from all parts of Germany were also present. After a private conference between Luther and Ecolampadius, and Zwingle and Melancthon, the public debates commenced. “In the first place, several points were discussed touching the "The marble pillars and tessera of various colors of the palace at Susa came doubtless from Persia itself, where marble of various colors is found, especially in the province of Hamadan, Susiana (Marco Polo, Travels, p. 78, ed. Bohn; Chardin, Voy. iii, 280, 308, 358, and viii, 253; P. della Valle, Viaggi, ii, 250). The so-called marble of Solomon's architectural works, which Josephus calls Moç devróc, may thus have been limestone-(a) from near Jerusalem; (b) from Lebanon (Jura limestone), identical with the material of the Sun Temple at |