his industrious and economical business habits having | for his unfitness to find consoling communion with God gained him the confidence both of the Church and of in the hour of peril, he made a vow, should he escape the general public. For about twelve years he was also with his life, to enter a monastery. Delivered from the treasurer of the Missionary Society of the M. E. Church. hands of the robbers by some passing travellers, he enBy his energy and business tact this society was re- tered the cloister of Bec, of the Benedictine Order. After lieved of a debt of about sixty thousand dollars, which three years of quiet, he began again, at the instance of had long crippled its powers of usefulness. Such was Herluin, the abbot of Bec, to give instruction, and Bec his earnestness in the missionary cause that he was fre- became the resort of students from every class, both quently entitled the "father of the Missionary Society." clergy and laity, and from many lands. Made prior of "As a preacher, Mr. Lane was thoroughly orthodox, the monastery in 1046, he established a more extensive systematic, and earnest, and often overwhelmingly elo- and systematic course of study, sacred as well as secular, quent; his language unstudied, but chaste, correct, sim- unusual attention being given to grammar and dialecple, and forcible."—Peck, Early Methodism, p. 492 sq.; tics. In respect to the former, Lanfranc's influence conSprague, Annals of the Amer. Pulpit, vii. (H. C. W.) tributed greatly to revive the general study of Latin, Lane, John, an eminent minister of the Methodist and in dialectics he is a forerunner of the schoolmen. ExEpiscopal Church South, was born in Virginia about egesis, and patristic, but especially speculative theology, were pursued. Anselm was among his pupils at Bec, 1789. His early life was spent in Georgia, and he was some time a student of Franklin College. In 1814 he and also the future pope Alexander II. During this entered the South Carolina Conference; in 1815 was period, about 1049, occurred Lanfranc's first dispute with sent to the "Natchez Circuit," and was thrown much in his former friend Berengar, then archdeacon at Angers, contact with the Creek and Cherokee Indians, where his on the subject of the Lord's Supper. The latter, while heroism and success were alike conspicuous; in 1816 he defending the opinions of Scotus Erigena, sought in a assisted in organizing the Mississippi Conference, then letter to persuade Lanfranc; but the letter, falling into a vast and almost trackless region, now constituting four the hands of others, gave rise to such charges of heretiConferences and part of a fifth. In 1820 he was dele-cal fellowship against Lanfranc that he was provoked, gate to the General Conference at Baltimore, and pre-violent attack upon Berengar. The learning which he in defending himself at Rome and Vercelli in 1050, to a siding elder on the Mississippi District. During this year his father-in-law, Rev. Newit Vick, died, and Mr. displayed in this controversy greatly increased LanLane was obliged to locate, to care for his large estate the position of abbot in various cloisters, and was treatfranc's fame for scholarship, and he was now invited to and numerous family. He remained located for elevened with special favor by William of Normandy. It is years, during which he successfully founded the city of related that, on occasion of some false charges, the duke Vicksburg on his father-in-law's estate, and so saved fell out with him, and banished him from his dominions. it, and educated the orphan children. He was also an extensive merchant, probate judge of the county, and Alame horse was given him for the journey, and, seated on it, he happened to meet the duke, who could not help noticing the laughable hobbling of the animal, when Lanfranc took occasion to say to him, "You must give me a better horse if you wish me out of the country, for with this one I shall never get over the border." The lowed, which established Lanfranc in a position of perjest won the duke's attention, and an explanation folto secure from the pope Nicholas II liberty to marry a manent favor. He was employed by William in 1060 near relative, a princess of Flanders. This allowance was obtained on the condition that William should found two cloisters, one for monks and another for nuns. Over the monastery of St. Stephen, at Caen, which was thereupon established, Lanfranc was installed in 1063 as abbot, Anselm succeeding him in that capacity at Bec. The dispute with Berengar meanwhile continued. The Laney, BENJAMIN, D.D., a prelate of the Church of latter, though constrained at Rome in 1059, through England, was bishop of Peterborough from 1650 to 1663; fear, to recognise the doctrine of Paschasius Radbertus, was then transferred to Lincoln, where he remained un- nevertheless afterwards sought to spread his former sentil 1667, when he was transferred to the bishopric of Ely. timents, and was bitterly opposed by Lanfranc in his He died about 1675. Some of his sermons were pub-work, De corpore et sanguine Dom. Jesu Christi, adv. lished in 1662 and 1675. He was considered a very learned divine, and of great acumen.-Allibone, Dict. of Authors, ii, 1056.

director of the Railroad Bank, and one of the most com

petent and influential business men of the state, while at the same time he preached continually, and filled Vicksburg station one year. In 1831 he re-entered the Conference, and spent most of his subsequent career in the presiding eldership. For many years he was president of the Board of Trustees of Centenary College, and was still longer president of the Conference Missionary Society. He died in 1855. He was a man of large capacities and indomitable vigor. His piety was genial and earnest, and his great delight was in preaching the Word of Life. He will long be remembered as one of the founders of Methodism in the South-west.-Summer, Biog. Sketches, p. 229, Sprague, Annals of the American Pulpit, vii. (G. L. T.)

Berengar Turonensem, published between the years 1064 and 1069. In this work the doctrine of transubstantiation is clearly contained. Berengar issued a reply, De Lanfranc, the most noted foreign churchman who sacra cana adv. Lanfrancum (an edition of which was rose to distinction in the English Church of the Middle published by Vischer in Berlin in 1834). The ability Ages, was born of a senatorial family in Pavia, Italy, with which this controversy was conducted on both sides about 1005; studied law in Bologna, but not without has been confessed. Severe personal charges are minattention to other subjects; returned to Pavia, where he gled with argument, and, whatever fault may have been taught jurisprudence, and also the liberal arts, with established against Berengar, his opponent was not withgreat success. He soon gave his attention exclusively to out blame nor without prejudice in dealing with patristhe latter, the liberales disciplinæ, and especially to dia- tic authorities. While at Caen, Lanfranc steadfastly lectics, and, leaving his own country, he travelled over refused the archbishopric of Rouen, but, upon the ada large part of France, until, induced perhaps by the vice of his old abbot Herluin, he accepted in 1070, with fame of William, duke of Normandy, he settled in Av- much reluctance, the archbishopric of Canterbury, which ranches with some of his old pupils. He there won was urged upon him by William of Normandy, at this great distinction as a teacher, but in 1042, having de- time on the throne of England. His task in the archtermined upon a more private and contemplative life, bishopric was by no means light, inasmuch as he was he betook himself to Rouen, where, in fulfillment of obliged not only to control and amend the rudeness and such a purpose, according to his biographer Crispinus, ignorance of his own clergy, but to defend also the auhe proposed to reside. On his way thither he was fall-thority of his primacy against the other prelates, espeen upon by robbers, bound to a tree, and there, stricken cially Thomas of York and Odo of Bayeux and Kent. in conscience for what he deemed a too selfish fear, and The self-will of the king also gave him much trouble,

influence in the progress and culture of religious learning. His Dictionary of the N. T. (Wörterbuch des neuen Testamentes), which appeared in 1778, placed him in the front rank of writers on the theory and history of the Christian religion. His intense zeal for the practical in later life directed his literary activity to the popular treatment of religious truth; hence appeared Katechet

and he was frequently tempted to retrace his steps to | Trochtelsingen, and in the latter year returned to his the cloister, but was urged by pope Alexander II to con- late pastorate. In 1789 he became court preacher and tinue his public labors. The violent disposition of Wil- ecclesiastical counsellor to the reigning princess at Ratliam Rufus, who ascended the throne in 1087, was a fur-isbon. He died March 15, 1806. Lang exerted no little ther annoyance. Notwithstanding all these difficulties, he labored perseveringly in the erection of churches and cloisters, in multiplying correct copies of the fathers and of the holy Scriptures, in the extension of learning and improvement of manners in clergy and people, and in care for the sick and the poor. "Under his spiritual rule," says a noted Church historian, "the Church of England received as strong an infusion of the Normanisches Magazin; Neues Magazin; Ascetische Bibliothek, element as was forced upon the political system of England by the iron hand of the Conqueror." His active and prudent influence was also often employed in state affairs.

and numerous sermons and liturgical writings. In his homiletical writings he developed many new and happy ideas, peculiarly adapted to the exigencies of the times. Many estimable traits of character both adorned his private life and enhanced his merits as a teacher of religious truth. For a list of his works, see Döring, Gelehrte Theol. Deutschlands, ii, 229.

Be

Lanfranc's relation, while archbishop of Canterbury, to the papal chair forms an important feature of his life. He was on a friendly footing with Alexander II, his former pupil, and went to receive at his hands the pallium Lang, Joseph, a German Jesuit, was born in 1746 of his office, though he had at first desired, in accord- at Brünn, in Bohemia, and was educated at his native ance with the king's wishes, that it should be sent to city. The Jesuits then sent him to Olmütz to pursue him to England. Gregory VII, greatly displeased with philosophy, and finally to the University of Prague, William's independent conduct, and his inclination to where he completed a course of theology. He was orrestrain the bishops from visiting Rome, sharply com- dained in 1773. In 1780 he accepted a call to a Cathoplained to Lanfranc that he had also lost his former lic Church in Leipzic, and in 1783 was chosen court spirit of obedience to papal authority. Lanfranc pro- preacher at Dresden. In 1802 he received the office of tested his continued affection for the Church, and de- superintendent of the Catholic infirmary at the latter clared that he had sought to win the king to conformity place. He died Dec. 28, 1806. Lang acquired the repin certain particulars (as specially in the matter of Pe-utation of a popular and eloquent pulpit orator. ter's pence), but said little concerning his general rela- sides frequent contributions to journals, he published tion to the king, or that of the latter to the pope. He several sermons. See Döring, Gelehrte Theol. Deutschseems to have known that a certain degree of considerlands, ii, 233. ation, more than he liked definitely to express, must be allowed to the royal wishes. The pope's command to Lang, Lorenz Johann Jakob, a German theo Lanfranc to appear in Rome within four months under logian, born in Selb, in the principality of Baireuth, on threat of suspension he openly and without answer dis- May 10, 1731, was the son of a stocking-maker, and beobeyed. A letter of Lanfranc to an unknown corre- ing destined by his father to follow the same trade, spondent (Ep. 59), who sought to gain his adhesion to he contended in his desire for study, which he early the rival pope, Clement II, places him in a neutral po- manifested, with many difficulties. By the assistance sition as between the two popes, and as awaiting, with of his pastor, however, he acquired a thorough knowlthe government of England, further light on the subject. edge of the Latin and Greek, and entered in 1743 the Something of Lanfranc's coldness towards Gregory may lyceum at Culmbach. Indefatigable in his industry, perhaps be explained by the fact that he saw in this he became thoroughly versed in philosophy and thepope (as is apparent in a letter cited by Gieseler) a pro-ology, as is evinced in the disputations De præstantector of his enemy Berengar. Lanfranc died May 28, 1089, two years after the death of William the Conqueror.

tia philosophia Wolfiance, and De pontifice cœlesti Novi Testamenti, after the defence of which he entered the University of Erlangen in 1751. After quitting Erlangen, he went to Baireuth in 1756 as tutor. A few months later he became subrector in Baireuth. In 1758 he was appointed professor of the Oriental languages and of the fine arts at the Gymnasium of Baireuth. In 1767 he was appointed court librarian, and in 1789 the first professor and inspector of the alumni, and in 1795 the first counsellor. He died Sept. 18, 1801. Lang wrote extensively, but most of his writings are in the form of dissertations. A complete list is given by Döring, Gelehrte Theol. Deutschlands, vol. ii, s. v.

Besides his work against Berengar may be mentioned his Decreta pro ordine Sancti Benedicti :-Epistolarum Liber, containing 60 letters, 44 written by him and 16 addressed to him:-De celanda confessione, a fragment of an address in defence of his primatical authority; and Commentaries on St. Paul's Epistles. His biography of William the Conqueror has been lost. The first complete edition of Lanfranc's writings was published by D'Achery, a Benedictine (Paris, 1648, fol.); the earliest edition is entitled B. Lanfranci Opera (Paris, 1568, fol.); the latest edition is by Giles (Ox. 1844-45, 2 vols. 8vo). Lang (OF WELLENBURG), Matthäus, a noted GerSee Milo Crispinus, Vita B. Lanfranci; Cadmer, Vita man prelate of the Roman Catholic Church, an acknowlAnselmi; Chronicon Biccense; Malmesbury, Gesta Anglo-edged natural brother of the emperor Maximilian I, was rem, book iii; Acta Sanctorum, Maii, tom. vi; Möhler, born in Augsburg in 1469, and educated at the UniverGesamelte Schriften, vol. i; Hasse, Anselm, vol. i; Su-sity of Ingolstadt. He was secretary first to Frederick dendorf, Berengarius Turonensis (Hamburg and Gotha, III and later to Maximilian I. At the same time he 1850); Gieseler, Ch. Hist. ii, 102; Churton, Early English held positions in the Church. He was successively priest Church, p. 266, 291 sq., 302; Palmer, Ch. Hist. p. 106 sq.; at Augsburg and Constance until 1505, when he was apMilman, Latin Christianity, iii, 438-440; Hook, Lives of pointed bishop of Gurk. Inclined towards the schisthe Archbishops of Canterbury, vol. ii (1861); Hill, Mo-matics of the Council of Pisa, and feared on account of nasticism in England, p. 337 sq.; Herzog, Real-Encyklop. his influence over the emperor, who was following the 8. v.; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen-Lexikon, s. v. (E. B. O.) | lead of Lang, the youthful bishop received the cardinal's Lang, Georg Heinrich, a distinguished German hat from pope Julius II in 1511. Of course the conferred theologian, was born Nov. 28, 1740, at Oettingen. He honor made the trusted adviser of Maximilian an obereceived a scientific education in his native town, and pursued theology at the University of Jena. In 1765 he assumed a pastorate at Bühl, and in 1770 accepted a call to Hohen-und-Nieder-Altheim. From 1774 to 1779 he filled the position of superintendent and pastor at

dient servant of the pontiff. Lang rested not until peace was restored between emperor and pope, so long at variance. See LATERAN, COUNCIL OF, 1513; PISA, COUNCIL OF; JULIUS II. In 1514 he was made coadjutor of the archbishop of Salzburg, and in 1519 sole incumbent

of that archiepiscopal see. In 1518 he attended the diet at Augsburg, and was active both for the election of Charles V as king of Rome, and the submission of Luther. First inclined to liberal action towards those who clamored for reform, threatening to quit the Church unless their wishes were heeded, he changed front suddenly after he had gained over Johann Staupitz (q. v.); crushed the revolutionary movements of the Salzburgers in 1523; in the year following joined the Romish League (q. v.); and in 1525, assisted by Bavaria, suppressed the peasant insurrections. At the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 he openly declared himself a bitter opponent of Luther. He died in March, 1540. A narrative of cardinal Lang's travels in Austria, Hungary, and the Tyrol was published by his chaplain Bartholinus, under the title Odeporicon de Matthæi cardinalis (Vienna, 1511, 4to). This work is now very rare (comp. Götz, Dresdener Bibliothek, iii, 37). Vehse (Memoirs of the Court, Aristocracy and Diplomacy of Austria [transl. by Demmler, Lond. 1856, 2 vols. sm. 8vo], i, 31) thus comments on his character: "Lang was an exceedingly eloquent and adroit man, yet he was just as famous for his elasticity of conscience as for cleverness. He surpassed in splendor all the cardinals and archbishops of his time, and in this respect certainly did not belie his Cæsarean descent." See also Hansitz, Germania Sacra, vol. ii; Dücker, Chronik v. Salzburg; Braun, Gesch. d. B. B. V. Augsburg, vol. iii; Veith, Bibliotheca Augustana, Alphabet v, p. 25-116; Wetzer und Welte, Kirchen-Lex. vi, 348. See also the article MAXIMILIAN. (J. H. W.)

in 1658. He was a studious and timid man, who con

He

Lange, Joachim, a noted German Lutheran theologian, one of the heads of the so-called Pietistic school, was born at Gardelegen, in Saxony, Oct. 26, 1670. entered the University of Leipzic in 1689 to study theology. Here he became intimate with H. A. Franke, and, besides other subjects, applied himself especially to the study of the Eastern languages. In 1690 he accompanied Franke to Erfurt, and in 1691 to Halle. In 1696 he was made corector of Köslin, rector of the Gymnasium of Friedrichswerder, at Berlin, in 1697, and finally professor of theology at Halle, May 7, 1744. His controversies against the philosopher Christian Wolff, in whose banishment from Halle he was greatly instrumental, and against all philosophical systems, whether atheistical, Jewish, or Mohammedan, prove him to have been fond of controversy, more learned than profound, and greatly wanting in method. The part he played in the Pietistic controversies was not very brilliant. It is not certain, but appears probable, that he was the author of the Orthodoxia vapulans (1701) against the theologians of Wittenberg (see G. Walch, Lehrstreitt. innerhalb d. evang. luth. Kirche, i, 844 sq.). His Antibarbarus orthodoxia (1709–11), written in answer to Schelwig's Synopsis Controversiarum sub pietatis prætextu motarum, is a good specimen of his system, which generally attached itself to particular points of a subject instead of the whole. G. Walch (see above) gives an extensive list of his other works on this topic. His controversy with Christian Wolff, the distinguished pupil of Leibnitz, is the most important. The school of the latter tacked in his Der philos. Religionsspötter im ersten Theile had produced the Bible of Wertheim, which Lange atd.Werthheimischen Bibelwerkes verkappt (1735; 2d edit. 1736). In that work he advanced his favorite theory, Wolff and others, that their philosophical system was which he further developed in his later writings against purely mechanical. This was followed by his Darstellung d. Grundsätze d. Wolffischen Philosophie (Lpz. 1736. 4to), and the 150 Fragen aus der neuen mechanischen Philosophie (Halle, 1734). He had already given some inklings of his views of this system in his Caussa Dei adversus Atheismum et Pseudophilosophiam, præsertim Stoicam, Spinoz. ad Wolfianam (2d ed. Halle, 1727, 8vo) (see H. Wuttke, Christian Wolff's eigene Lebensbeschreibung, Lpz. 1841, Preface). Some of Lange's exegetical works are yet in use; such are Comm. hist.-herm, de vita

Langbaine, GERARD, D.D., an English divine and philologist, was born at Bartonkirke, in Westmoreland, about 1608. He studied at Blencow, Cumberland, then became successively a servitor, scholar, and fellow of Queen's College, Oxford, and held the places of keeper of archives to the university and provost of his college for a good many years before his death, which happened trived to steer through the political storms of his time without giving serious offence to any party. He edited Longinus, and published several works of his own, chiefly on Church questions. The most important of them are, Episcopal Inheritance, etc. (Oxford, 1641, 4to) :-4 Review of the Covenant (Oxford, 1644; Lond. 1661, 4to): -Quæstiones pro more solemni in Vesperiis proposite ann, 1651 (Oxf. 1658, 4to). He also worked on Usher's Chronologia Sacra, transl. from the French into Eng-et epistolis Pauli (Halle, 1718, 4to) :-Mosaisches Licht lish an account of the Council of Trent (Oxford, 1638, fol.), and is considered the author of A View of the New Directory, and a Vindication of the ancient Liturgy of the Church of England (Oxford, 1645, 4to). He left also some unprinted collections, including several catalogues of MSS., which have often been referred to by Warton and others. See Wood, Athena Oxon. vol. ii; Chaufepié, Nouveau Dictionnaire Historique; English Cyclopedia; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gén. xxix, 384. (J. N. P.)

Langdon, SAMUEL, D.D., a Congregational minister, was born in 1722 in Boston. He graduated at Harvard College in 1740, and was ordained colleague pastor in Portsmouth, N. H., Feb. 4, 1747. In 1774 he was elected president of Harvard College, which position he resigned Aug. 30, 1780, and was ordained, Jan. 18, 1781, pastor at Hampton Falls. He died in the last-named place Nov. 29, 1797. Langdon published An impartial Examination of Mr. Robert Sandeman's Letters on The ron and Aspasio (1765):—A Summary of Christian Faith and Practice, drawn up principally in Scripture language (1768):-Dudleian Lecture in Harvard College (1775): -Observations on the Revelations of Jesus Christ to St. John (1791, 8vo):-Corrections of some grand Mistakes committed by Rev. John Cozens Ogden (1792):—Remarks on the leading Sentiments of Rev. Dr. Hopkins's System of Doctrines in a Letter to a Friend (1794); and several occasional sermons. He also published, in company with Col. J. Blanchard, a map of New Hampshire (1761). Sprague, Annals, i, 455.

u. Recht (Halle, 1782, fol.), a sort of commentary on all the books of the O.T. Also commentaries on various and collectively under title Biblia parenthetica (Leipzic, other books of Scripture, published at different times, 1743, 2 vols. fol.). Also Exegesis epp. Petri (Halle, 1712):

Joannis (1713, 4to). Among his historical works we notice Gestalt d. Kreuzreichs Christi in seiner Unschuld. (Halle, 1713, 8vo):—Erläuterung d. neuesten Historie d. evang. Kirche v. 1689 bis 1719 (Halle, 1719,8vo). Among his doctrinal works the most important is his Economia salutis evangelicæ (2d edition, Halle, 1730, 8vo; German translation 1738, often reprinted), against predestination; which met with great success. Finally he published also a Latin Grammar, which was for a long time very popular, and went through a great many editions; and an Autobiographie, to which is appended a list of his works (Halle and Lpz. 1744). See Herzog, Real-Encyklop. viii, 194; Döring, Gelehrte Theol. Deutschlands, ii, 251 sq.; Rotermund, Gelehrten Lexikon, s. v.; Dorner, Doctrine and Person of Christ, II, ii, 369, 376. (J. H. W.)

Lange, Johann Michael, a German Protestant theologian and philologist, was born at Etzelwangen, near Sulzbach, March 9, 1664. He became successively pastor of Hohenstrauss, Halle, Altdorf, and Prenzlow, where he died Jan. 10, 1731. He wrote fifty-six different works (see the list in Rotermund, Lex. iii, 1227), of which the principal are Aphorismi Theologici (Altdorf, 1687):-De Fabulis Mohamedicis (Altdorf, 1697, 4to) :— Exercitatio Philologica de differentia linguæ Græcorum veteris et novæ seu barbaro-Græcæ (2d edit. Altd. 1702):

-Decas I disputatt. theolog. exegeticarum cum positivo | 1335 he entered the convent of St. Peter, Westminpolemicarum numero sacro (Altd. 1703, 4to):-De Alco- ster, of which he became abbot in 1349, and showed rani prima inter Europæos editione Arabica per Pagani- great zeal in the reformation of monastic abuses. As a num Brixiensem, sed jussu Pontif. Rom. abolita (Altdorf, reward for his talents Edward III appointed him lord 1703):-De Alcorano Arabico et variis speciminibus atque treasurer in 1360, and chancellor in 1364. In the mean novissimis successibus doctorum quorumdam virorum in time (1361) he had been appointed bishop of Ely. In edendo Alcorano Arabico (Altdorf, 1704)-De Alcorani 1366 he was transferred to the see of Canterbury. The versionibus variis, tam oriental. quam occidental, impres- principal act of his administration was the deposing of sis et ávekdóσrç (Altdorf, 1705) :—Octo Dissertationes de the celebrated Wycliffe (whom his predecessor had apVersione N. T. barbaro-Græca (Altd.1705):----Institutiones pointed head of Canterbury Hall, Oxford) on the plea Pastorales (Nuremb. 1707):-Philologia barbaro-Græca, that a secular priest was not suitable for the position. etc. (Nuremb. 1707-8, 2 parts, 4to). See Zeltner, Vita This injustice perhaps first suggested to Wycliffe an inTheolog. (Altd.), p. 468-488; Will, Lexicon, ii, 394–405; quiry into papal abuses. His proceedings on that occaRotermund, Suppl. z. Jöcher; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Géné sion gave great offence to Edward III, and when the rule, xxix, 391. (J. N. P.) pope, as a reward, created Langham cardinal of St. Six-tus, the king seized on his temporalities, as, by the law, the see of Canterbury had become vacant by the promotion. Langham now went to join the pope, who loaded him with favors. He continued to take a part in the political affairs of England, vainly trying to reconcile that country to France. During the last years of his life Gregory XI intrusted him with the care of the papal affairs at Avignon, where he died July 22, 1376. His body was taken back to England, and buried at Westminster. See Wharton, Anglia Sacra; Moser, Life of Simon of Langham, in the European Magazine, 1797; Th. Tanner, Biblioth. Britannica; Baluze, Vita Pap. Aven. vol. i; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Générale, xxix, 409; Collier, Eccles. Hist. (see Index in vol. viii); Neander, Church Hist. v, 136.

Langeais, RAOUL DE, a French prelate, was born in the beginning of the 11th century. He was brother of Fulchredus, abbot of Charroux. Raoul became successively dean of the Church of Tours and bishop of that diocese in 1072. His election, however, caused great disturbances. His enemies having accused him of incest before Alexander II, the latter deposed and excommunicated him. Raoul immediately set out for Rome, justified himself, and was restored to his bishopric. When Gregory VII succeeded Alexander II the accusation was taken up again, but with like result. Still the whole Church of France was at the time in a state of complete anarchy, and the bishop of Tours was treated with the utmost disrespect by his clergy, and especially by the monks, in spite of the evident favor of the pope. In 1078 he was accused of simony before the Council of Poitiers, and unable, it is said, to clear himself otherwise, he broke up the council by main force (compare Labbe, Concil. x, 366; Landon, Manual of Councils, p. 497). Still Gregory VII merely appointed a committee to inquire into the case. How this committee decided is not known, but all trouble was at an end in 1079, for we then find Gregory writing to Raoul inviting him to recognise Gebuin, archbishop of Lyons, whom he had appointed primate of Gaul, and about the same time Raoul was invited to the Council of Badeaux by the legate Amat, who calls him "religionis ecclesiasticæ caput honorabilius." Shortly afterwards he excommunicated Foulques Rechin, count of Anjou, and Gebuin approved his proceedings; but king Philip, angered at Langeais for siding with Gregory VII on the question of investiture, took the part of the count. Langeais was driven from his see, and excommunicated by the canons of St. Martin; the pope, in return, excommunicated the count of Anjou and all his partisans, while Hughes and Amat, legates of the council of Poitiers, excommunicated the canons of St. Martin. It is difficult to form a correct judgment of these events. It is likely, however, that all the trouble resulted from the fact that Langeais had entered zealously into the plans of reformation of Gregory VII, and therefore, while praised by this pope and his adherents, became necessarily, as a leader of his party in France, an object of hatred to the opposite faction. Documents show that he was governing his diocese again in 1084 and 1086. The exact time of his death is not ascertained, but he must have died previous to the year 1093. See J. Maan, Sacr. et Metr. eccl. Turon.; Gallia Christ. vol. xiv, col. 63; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Gén, xxix, 394 sq.

Langeland (LANGLAND or LONGLAND), JOHN, a distinguished prelate of the Church of England, was born at Henley, England, in 1473, and was fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, and principal of Magdalen Hall in 1507. In 1520 he became bishop of Lincoln, and confessor to Henry VIII, whom he counseled to divorce queen Catharine. He died in 1547. He published a number of sermons and theological treatises from 1517 to 1540.-Allibone, Dict. of Brit. and Amer. Authors, ii, 1057; Thomas, Biographical Dictionary, p. 1452.

Langham, SIMON OF, an English prelate, was born about 1310, probably at Langham, in Rutlandshire. In

Langhorne, John, a minister of the Church of England, was born in Westmoreland, England, in 1735; obtained a curacy in London in 1764; in 1767 he was appointed to the living of Blagden, Somersetshire, in 1777 became prebendary of Wells, and died in 1779. Langhorne published several works both in prose and poetry; also a volume of his Sermons, preached before the honorable Society of Lincoln's Inn (3d ed. Lond. 1773, 2 vols. small 8vo). "His sermons are short, florid, and superficial." His most famous work was his translation of Plutarch's Lives, on which his brother assisted. See Darling, Cyclop. Bibliog. ii, 1765; Allibone, Dictionary of British and American Authors, ii, 1057.

Langhorne, William, M.A., an English divine, was born in 1721. He was presented to the rectory of Hakinge, and received the perpetual curacy of Folkestone in 1754. He died in 1772. He assisted his brother, John Langhorne, D.D., in the translation of a popular version of Plutarch's Lives, and wrote himself Sermons on practical Subjects, and the most useful Points of Divinity (2d edition, Lond. 1778, 2 vols. 12mo):-Job, a poem; and a paraphrase in verse of a part of Isaiah. See Thomas, Biog. Dict. (Phila. 1871, 8vo), p. 1368.

Catholic priest, was born at Cashel, Ireland, in 1758, and Lanigan, JOHN, D.D., an eminent Irish Roman received his scientific and theological education at the Irish College in Rome, where he also took his orders. Soon after he was appointed to the chair of Hebrew, divinity, and the Scriptures in the University of Pavia. In 1796 he was elected to a similar position at Maynooth, Ireland, but declined it, and accepted an appointment in Dublin Castle, in connection with which he assumed in 1799 the duties of editor, librarian, and translator for the Dublin Society. In 1821, becoming insane, he was placed in an asylum at Finglas, near Dublin, where he died, July 7, 1828. Among his works are the following important ones: Institutionum Biblicarum pars prima (Paviæ, 1794, 8vo): - Protestant's Apology for the Roman Catholic Church (1809, 8vo):-Ecclesiastical History of Ireland to the 13th Century (Dublin, 1822, 4 vols. 8vo; 1829, 4 vols. 8vo), a work much valued for its extensive learning, deep research, and critical acumen. See New Amer. Cyclop. x, 304; Allibone, Dict. of British and American Authors, ii, 1058.

Langle, JEAN MAXIMILIAN DE, a French Protestant writer, was born at Evreux in 1590, and was made

pastor at Rouen in 1615. He died there in 1674. Besides a dissertation in defence of Charles I of England, he wrote Les joyes inenarrables et glorieuses de l'âme fidele, représentées en quinze Sermons sur le huitième chap. de l'Epitre de Saint Paul aux Romains (Saumur, 1669, 8vo); and Sermons sur divers textes de l'écriture. -Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Générale, xxix, 414.

Opp. ed. Sirm. i, 231). Its inefficiency was subsequently made evident in the proceedings of the Concilium Tullense 1 apud Saponarias. See Mansi, xv, 537; Hardouin, v, 481; Gieseler, Kirchengesch. 4th edit. ii, 1, 137; Gfrörer, K.-G. iii, 2, 881; Herzog, Real- Encyklop. viii, 196. (J.N. P.)

Langton, STEPHEN, one of the greatest prelates of Langres, SYNOD OF. From the acts of the Concil- the early English Church, celebrated alike in ecclesiasium Tullense of June, 859, it appears that another (Con- tical and secular history, was born in the earlier half of cilium Lingonense) had a short time before been held at the 12th century, according to one account in LincolnLangres by the bishops of Charles the Young, king of shire, according to another in Devonshire, and was eduProvence, nephew of Charles the Bald, and son of Located at the University of Paris, where he was the felthair I, to whom Langres belonged as part of Burgundy. low-student and associate of Innocent III. ImmediateWe find sixteen canones adopted at Langres still extant. ly after the completion of his studies he was appointed These were read again in the Synod of Toul (Savon- teacher in the university, and, by successive advances, nières), and incorporated in the acts of that synod's ses- finally rose to the office of its chancellor. On his visit sion held in the early part of June, 859. The canones to Rome about the year 1206, pope Innocent III honrefer partly to political and canonical points, partly to ored him with the purple by the title of Cardinal of St. dogmas. The assembled clergy availed themselves of Chrysogonus; and when, by the rejection for the archthe opportunity afforded them by the synod to obtain bishopric of Canterbury of the claims both of Reginald, from the princes Charles the Bald, Lothair II, and Charles the subprior of Christchurch, whom his brother monks, the Young the convocation of yearly provincial synods, without consultation of the king, had in the first inand two yearly general synods (can. 7). An attempt stance appointed to succeed the last archbishop, Hubert, was also made to take the election of bishops out of and of John de Gray, bishop of Norwich, whom they the hands of the laity, wherever these still retained this had afterwards substituted in deference to the comright, and to leave it exclusively with the clergy, under mands of king John, another choice had to be made, the plea that the metropolitan and bishops of the dio- Innocent III favored his old school-associate rather than cese were alone able to judge of the qualifications of the appointment of John de Gray, and Langton was candidates (can. 8). Great opposition was also mani- consequently elected by the English monks who were fested against the independence of convents from the then at Rome, and was consecrated by Innocent at Viepiscopacy, the interest of discipline requiring that such terbo June 27, 1207. John's determined resistance to institutions should be visited by the bishops (can. 9). this nomination gave rise to the contest between him They only maintained the right of the convents to ap- and the pontiff which had such important results. See point their superiors themselves (can. 9 and 12). Much INNOCENT III; JOHN, king of England. The consewas also done in regard to the building of churches, the quence, in so far as Langton was concerned, was, that he administration of Church property, etc. (can. 13); the was kept out of his see for about six years; till at last, establishing of schools (can. 10), and the restoration of after the negotiation concluded by the legate Pandulf, hospitalia, peregrinorum videlicet, et aliorum pro remedio John and the cardinal met at Winchester in July, 1213, animarum receptacula (can. 14). The intervention of and the latter was fully acknowledged as archbishop. the temporal power was invoked against raptores, adul- In the close union, however, that now followed between teri vel rapaces, which latter were to be also punished by John and Innocent, Langton, finding his own interests the Church with the full severity of her discipline. But and those of the clergy in general, in so far as they were the most important of the decrees adopted by this synod opposed to those of the king, disregarded by the pope, are those which refer to the dogma of predestination. joined the cause of the English barons, among whom It is in this Synod of Langres that the bishops of Prov- the eminence of his station and the ascendency of his ence appear to have prepared the whole matter, so as talents soon gave him a high influence, and in whose to have it ready to be submitted to the Synod of Toul councils he at once took a prominent part. At the meetfor the three Carolinian kingdoms (Neustria, Lorraine, ing of the heads of the revolters and the king at Runnyand Provence). King Charles was himself present, with mede he was present, and it was through his efforts that a view to prevent the proceedings becoming a basis the charter of Henry I was renewed. Among the subfor the decrees of the future Synod of Toul. In the scribing witnesses to the Magna Charta his name stands kingdom of Charles the Bald the semi-Pelagian views first; and from henceforth we find him devoted to the of Hincmar on that dogma were most generally held, cause of the national liberties, which he had just joined, whilst in the ancient provinces of Lothair I the Augus- without swerving throughout the rest of the contest, a tinian views were still officially retained. As the coming course by which he greatly offended the pope. Indeed, Synod of Toul was intended to settle all disputes between so sincerely devoted to the interests of his native counthe two kingdoms in regard to political and religious try was Stephen Langton that he hesitated not to act questions, the preparatory Synod of Langres had either not only in direct opposition to the wishes of his friend, to recall the Augustinian resolutions of the Synod of the Roman pontiff, but he even refused to comply with Valence, or to alter them in such a manner that they his demand to publish the document containing the anmight no longer give offence. They could not agree to nouncement of excommunication of the barons who had do the former, and the six canones of Valence were en- rebelled against the king, a punishment which Innocent dorsed; but the expressions against the Synod of Kiersy, sought to inflict in order to please John, whose warm which offended Hincmar and his followers (capitula partisan he had become after 1213. Langton did not quatuor quæ a concilio fratrum nostrorum minus pros-waver even when threatened with expulsion from the pecte suscepta sunt propter inutilitatem vel etiam noxietatem et errorem contrarium veritati [a pio auditu fidelium penitus explodimus ]) were omitted from the fourth canon. That this was but a half-way and inefficient measure had already been sufficiently established by Hincmar himself in his work on predestination, cap. 30: if the canons of Valence were retained, it should be done openly, and they should be courageously defended, and then the protestation against the four principles of Kiersy could not be considered omitted; but if these were omitted, then it would be consistent to drop the resolutions of the Council of Valence (comp. Hincmari

archiepiscopal see; he was suspended in 1215, but was restored in the year following (in February), and was in his place in 1218 on the accession of Henry III. From this time forward Langton busied himself chiefly with the affairs of the Church, instituted many reforms, caused the translation of Becket's relics into a magnificent shrine of gold, set with precious stones, and introduced into England the mendicant orders. He attended the Lateran Council convened at Rome in 1215. He died July 9, 1228.

Langton is generally considered one of the most illustrious men of the age in which he lived. Both as