Laborantès (laborers), a name sometimes given to the copiata or fossarii, on the assumption that the Greek word kоriáται is taken from кónoc, labor.-Farrar, Eccl. Dict. s. v. See COPIATE; FOSSARII.

tice of dipping the bread in the wine, so that both might | cultured olive-gardens, which produced fruit useful for be administered together. The Latin Church at length food, for anointing, and for medicine (Isa. xvii, 6; xxiv, withdrew the wine altogether; and the Greek Church, 13; Deut. xxiv, 20; Ezek. xxvii, 17; 1 Kings iv, 25; mingling both elements, administered them at once with Hos. xiv, 6, 7). Attention was also given to the culture a λaßic, or spoon.-Farrar, Eccl. Dict. See FISTULÆ, of the fig-tree (2 Kings xxi, 7; 1 Chron. xxvii, 28), as Labor (properly, abad', to work, Gr. ¿pyázoμat; 5; xx, 33; Deut. xxxiv, 3), and also of balsam (Gen. well as of the date-palm (Lev. xxiii, 40; Judg. i, 16; iv, also, amal', to toil, Gr. Komiάw; and other terms). xliii, 11; Ezek. xxvii, 17; xxxvii, 25; Jer. viii, 22).— From Gen. ii, 15 (where the same word is used, A. Kitto. See AGRICULTURE, V. "till"), we learn that man, even in a state of innocence, and surrounded by all the external sources of happiness, was not to pass his time in indolent repose. By the very constitution of his animal frame, exercise of some kind was absolutely essential to him (comp. Eccles. v, 12). In Gen. iii, 19, labor, in its more rigorous and exhausting forms, is set forth as a part of the primeval curse, "In the sweat of thy face thou shalt eat bread;" and doubtless there is a view of labor which exhibits it in reality as a heavy, sometimes a crushing burden (compare Gen. xxxv, 16). But labor is by no means exclusively an evil, nor is its prosecution a dishonor (comp. Psa. ciii, 23, 24). It is the prostration of strength, wherewith is also connected the temporary incapacity of sharing in the enjoyments of life, and not labor itself, which constitutes the curse pronounced on the fallen man. Hence we find that, in primitive times, manual labor was neither regarded as degrading nor confined to a certain class of society, but was more or less prosecuted by all. By the institution of the Sabbath, moreover, one seventh of man's brief life was res

louse in 1680, flourished at Paris under the patronage Laborde, VIDIEU, a French priest, born at Touof cardinal De Noailles. He died in 1748. His works are, A Treatise on the Essence:-Distinction and Limits of the Spiritual and Temporal Powers:-Familiar Conferences; and other religious works of value.

Labouderie, JEAN, a celebrated French theological writer, was born at Chalinargues, Auvergne, Feb. 13, 1776. He became vicar of Notre Dame, Paris, in 1815, and early distinguished himself more as a writer than a preacher. He was particularly conversant with the Hebrew language. He died as honorary grand vicar of Avignon at Paris, May 2, 1849. Among his works are Pensées théologiques (Clermont, 1801, 8vo): — Considérations addressées aux aspirants au ministère de l'église de Genève, faisant suite à celles de M. Empeycued from labor, and appropriated to rest of body and to taz sur la divinité de Jesus-Christ, avec une réponse à that improvement of the mind which tends to strength-quelques questions de M. Delloc, etc. (Paris, 1817, 8vo) :— en, invigorate, and sustain the entire man. See SABPrécis historique du Méthodisme (1818, 8vo):-Le Christianisme de Montaigne (1819, 8vo): -Vies des Saints (1820,3 vols. 24mo):-La Religion Chrétienne (1826,8vo): -Notice historique sur Zwingle (1828, 8vo); etc. Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Générale, xxviii, 395. Laboureur, LE JEAN, a French priest, born at Montmorency in 1623, became one of the almoners of He wrote several valuable the king, and died in 1675. works on the history of France.

BATH.

Labor was enjoined on all Israelites as a sacred duty in the fourth commandment (Exod. xx, 9; Deut. v, 13); and the Bible entertains so high a respect for the dili

See

gent and skilful laborer, that we are told in Prov. xxii, 29," Seest thou a man skilled in his work, he shall stand before kings" (comp. also ibid, x, 4; xii, 24, 27). Among the beautiful features which grace an excellent housewife, it is prominently set forth that "she worketh willingly with her own hands” (Prov. xxxi, 13). With such an honorable regard for labor, it is not to be wondered at that when Nebuchadnezzar carried the Jews away into captivity, he found among them a thousand craftsmen and smiths (2 Kings xxiv, 14-16; Jer. xxix, 2). The ancient rabbins, too, regarded manual labor as most honorable, and urged it upon every one as a duty, as may be seen from the following sayings in the Talmud: "He who does not teach his son a craft is, as it were, bringing him up to robbery" (Cholin, 105); “Labor is greatly to be prized, for it elevates the laborer, and maintains him" (Chagiga, 5; Nedarim, 49, b; Baba Ba-rador is identical with the Helluland (stone-land) which thra, 110, a). See HANDICRAFT.

The Hebrews, like other primitive nations, appear to have been herdsmen before they were agriculturists (Gen. iv, 2, 12, 17,22); and the practice of keeping flocks and herds continued in high esteem and constant observance as a regular employment and a social condition (Judg. i, 16; iv, 11; Amos vii, 14; Luke ii, 8). The culture of the soil came in course of time, introducing the discovery and exercise of the practical arts of life, which eventually led to those refinements, both as to processes and to applications, which precede, if they do not create, the fine arts (Gen. iv; xxvi, 12; xxxiii, 19). Agriculture, indeed, became the chief employment of the Hebrew race after their settlement in Canaan; it lay at the very basis of the constitution, both civil and religious, which Moses gave them, was held in great honor, and was carried on by the high as well as the humble in position (Judg. vi, 11; 1 Sam. xi, 5; 1 Kings xix, 19). No small care was bestowed on the culture of the vine, which grew luxuriously on the hills of Palestine (Isa. v, 2,5; Matt. xxi, 33; Numb. xiii, 24). The vintage was a season of jubilee (Judg. ix, 27; Jer. xxv, 30; Isa. xvi, 10). The hills of Palestine were also adorned with well

Labrador, a peninsula of north-eastern America, is bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Dominion of Canada and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the west by the Hudson Bay and James Bay, on the north by the Hudson Strait. Area about 500,000 sq. miles. The peninsula formerly was a part of the territory belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, and with the remainder of this territory was in 1869 sold to the government of the Dominion of Canada. The interior of the country is almost entirely unknown. The population, comprising Indians, Esquimaux, and a few Europeans, amounts to about 4000. It is believed that Lab

about the year 1000 was discovered by Leif, the son of Eric the Red. On June 24, 1497, it was again discovered by John and Sebastian Cabot. It was visited in 1500 by the Portuguese G. Cortereal, who called it Tierra del Labrador (land for labor), and in 1576 by the Englishman M. Frobisher. In 1618 Hudson explored a part of the coast. The country, which has a rugged coast, and is surrounded with many small islands, does not allow an extensive cultivation; for, although the vegetation is only in the northern part so limited as it is throughout Greenland, the winters are even more severe, and during the short summers the musquitoes are even more troublesome than in Greenland. The population of the interior, which consists of Red Indians, is very small; the Esquimaux, who inhabit the north-eastern and the western coast, are a little more numerous, and support themselves by fishing seals, etc. If these animals fail them a famine is brought on, or they are forced to penetrate farther into the interior, where they are apt to encounter the Red Indians, their irreconcilable enemies for centuries.

The first attempt to establish a mission on the coast of Labrador was made by the Moravians in 1752, when

lished a Recueil des Ouvrages de la célèbre Mlle. Labrousse (Bordeaux, 1797, 8vo). See Mahul, Annuaire nécrolog. 1822; Arnault, Jay, Jouy et Norvins, Biog. nouv. des Contemp.; Quérard, La France Littéraire.-Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Générale, xxviii, 418. (J. H.W.)

DE.

La Brune, François de. See LA BRUNE, JEAN

La Brune, Jean de, a French Protestant minisflourished in the second half of the 17th and the early part of the 18th century. After the revocation of the edict of Nantes he went as pastor to Basle; later he became minister at Schoonoven, in Holland. He is particularly celebrated as a writer, but many of the works which have generally been attributed to him are now believed to be the production of François de la Brune, also a Protestant French pastor, who flourished about the same time; went to Amsterdam in 1685, and, on account of heterodox opinions, was suspended from the ministry in 1691. We have under the name of La Brune, among other works, Morale de Confucius (Amst. 1688, 8vo):-Calvin's Traité de la Justification (ibid, 1693, 8vo; 1705, 12mo):-Hist. du Vieux et du Nouveau Test. en vers (1731, 8vo).—Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Générale, xxviii, 423.

J. C. Erhardt was killed by the Esquimaux. In 1771 | the Moravians succeeded in establishing the station of Nain, to which in the course of the following ten years the stations of Okak and Hoffenthal (Hopedale) were added. The mission met here with the same difficulties as in Greenland. Thirty-four years after the establishment of the first mission an extensive revival took place, in consequence of which the Esquimaux connected with these stations were gained to Christianity. For the Esquimaux living more to the north, Hebron was found-ter, ed in 1830. In 1864 the station of Zoar was established for the tract of land lying between Nain and Hoffenthal. All the Esquimaux in this part of Labrador are now Christians. Only north of Hebron a few pagans are still living, for the conversion of whom in 1871 the station of Rama, situated on the Bay of Nullatorusek (a little north of lat. 59° N.) was founded. Famine and epidemics have greatly reduced the number of the Esquimaux in Labrador. In 1870 the station of Nain numbered 239, Okak 339, Hoffenthal 250, Hebron 219, and Zoar 109 souls, while the number of missionaries and attendants was 45. The acquaintance of the natives with European necessities forced the missionaries to charge themselves with the importation of some of these articles. Subsequently this trade was transferred to special agents. In the mean while, commercial interests have caused a number of Europeans to settle on the coast of Labrador, and a number of trading-posts to be established. Besides the Moravians, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel has begun missionary efforts on the southern coast, and the Roman Catholic Church has endeavored to gain an influence upon the Red Indians of the interior. See Newcomb, Cyclopædia of Missions; Grundeman, Missionsatlas; Römer, Geschichte der Lab-wire" (Exod. xxxix, 3), the chain for attaching a cover rador-Mission (Gnadau, 1871). (A. J. S.)

Lacarry, GILES, a French Jesuit, who was born at Castres in 1605, and died in 1684, is noted as the author of several works on the history of his country. See General Biographical Dictionary, s. v.

Lace (b, pathil', from being twisted), the blue cord with which the high-priest's breastplate was attached to the ephod (Exod. xxviii, 28, 37; xxxix, 21, 31; rendered "riband" Numb. xv, 38); spoken of gold

to its vessel ("bound," Numb. xix, 15); a strong "thread" of tow (Judg. xvi, 9), or measuring-"line" of flax (Ezek. xl, 3); also of the string by which the signet-ring was suspended in the bosom ("bracelet," Gen. xxxviii, 18, 35); finally (λwoμa, a spun thread, like pathil above, for which it stands in Numb. xv, 36), a cord (Ecclus. vi, 30).

elsewhere Exaprárns), an inhabitant of Lacedæmon or Lacedæmo'nian (Aaкedaμóvios, 2 Macc. v, 9; Sparta, in Greece, with whom the Jews at one time claimed kindred (1 Macc. xii, 2, 5, 6, 20, 21; xiv, 20, 23; XV, 23). See SPARTA.

Lacey, WILLIAM B., D.D., a clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born about 1781. He entered the ministry in 1813 as missionary of Chenango County, N. Y.; in 1818 he became rector of St. Peter's Church, Albany. He labored there upwards of twenty years, his ministration being crowned with great success. Subsequently he became professor in the University of Pennsylvania, and president of a college at Laceyville, Pa. He died October 31, 1866. Dr. Lacey wrote a number of text-books for schools and colleges which were deservedly popular in their day, particularly his Rhetoric and Moral Philosophy. During the last ten years of his life he employed his leisure hours in revising a History of the English Church prior to the Time of the Monk Augustin, and some of his choicest sermons and other MSS., with a view to publication.

Labrousse, CLOTILDE SUZAN COURCELLES DE, a French religious enthusiast, was born at Vauxain, Perigord, May 8, 1747. While quite young she adopted exaggerated mystical notions, thought herself called to become a saint, and was so anxious to leave this world for a better one that she made an attempt at suicide when but nine years old. Her ascetic practices were very severe, and became still more so as she grew up, yet did not seem to have any injurious effect on her health. At the age of nineteen she became a nun of the third order of St. Francis, and soon after declared that she had received a mission to travel through the world to convert sinners, but was detained in the convent by her superior. She then wrote a history of her life, which she addressed to M. de Flamarens, bishop of Perigueux, without effect. The MS., however, attracted the attention of Dom Gerle, prior of the Chartreuse of Vanclaire, who entered into correspondence with the authoress in 1769, and she afterwards declared, when he was elected a member of the National Assembly, that she had predicted it to him. When the Revolution broke out, M. Pontard, constitutional bishop of Dordogue, attracted her to Paris, where she prophesied against the court of Rome, and in favor of the civil constitution of the clergy. She subsequently returned to Perigord, and left there to go to Rome, thinking to convert the pope, cardinals, etc., to her views, and to induce them to renounce temporal power. On her way she addressed the people wherever an opportunity offered. In La Chaise or La Chaize d'Aix, FRANÇOIS de, August, 1792, she arrived at Bologna, whence she was Père, a celebrated French Jesuit and noted confessor of driven by the legate. At Viterbo she was arrested and Louis XIV, was born of a noble family at the castle of taken to the castle of San Angelo. In 1796 the French Aix Aug. 25, 1624. He was educated at the College of Directory interfered to obtain her liberation, but she Roanne, became a Jesuit, and afterwards went to compreferred remaining, as she had been very kindly treat-plete his studies at Lyons, where he subsequently taught ed; but when the French took Rome in 1798 she left the prison and returned to Paris, where she died in 1821. She persisted to the last in believing herself inspired, and actually succeeded in gathering a small circle of adherents. Labrousse wrote Propheties concernant la Révolution Française, suivies d'une Prédiction qui annonce la fin du monde (for 1899) (Paris, 1790, 8vo):-Lettre de Mlle. de Labrousse (Paris, 1790, 8vo). Pontard pub

philosophy with great success. Having been appointed professor of theology, he was soon called away from Lyons to direct the establishment of his order at Grenoble, but almost immediately returned with the office of provincial. Finally, on the death of father Ferrier, he succeeded him as confessor of the king in 1675. Madame de Montespan was then at the height of her favor, and all the efforts of father Ferrier, Bourdaloue, Bossuet, and

Mascaron had proved ineffective against her. La Chaise proceeded more cautiously than his predecessors, and proved more successful. Never directly contradicting his royal penitent, he knew how to gain him to his views by slow but steady advances. Whenever he saw the king disposed to throw off his easy yoke, he would feign sickness and send some priest of strict and uncompromising principles to the king, who, being positively refused absolution once by father Deschamps, would, after such experiments, submit the more readily to the wily Jesuit. The latter, moreover, was an agreeable companion as well as an easy confessor. Madame de Montespan, weary of the contest with La Chaise and Madame de Maintenon, retired finally into a convent. The queen dying a few years afterwards, La Chaise is said to have given the king the idea of a morganatic marriage, and even to have performed the ceremony. Yet, in spite of all he had done for her, Madame de Maintenon (q. v.) does not appear to have ever been very friendly towards the Jesuit; perhaps because he prevented a public recognition of her marriage; perhaps also because she knew that in helping her he had worked only for himself. When Madame de Maintenon founded the institution of St. Cyr, La Chaise, Racine, and Boileau were commissioned to revise its rules. The former opposed the rule that teachers should be required to take anything more than the simple vows, and carried his point, though subsequently this was changed, and they became subject to the rule of St. Augustine. After the death of the queen and of Colbert, the actions of the king were entirely governed by La Chaise and Madame de Maintenon. Both agreed against the Protestants, and their joint efforts brought on the revocation | of the Edict of Nantes. The Jesuit, indeed, tried to conciliate the king and the pope when the difficulties arose about the declaration of the clergy in 1682, and the famous four propositions, and even appeared more inclined to side with the temporal than with the spiritual monarch; but he again balanced the account by advocating the dragonnades as a sure means of reclaiming erring consciences. He died Jan. 20, 1709. In the famous

to retire to England, where he was received by his grandfather, pastor of the Walloon Church at London. In 1694 he was ordained, and soon afterwards sent to Ireland. Subsequently he became successively pastor of Wandsworth, in the neighborhood of London, in 1696; of the chapel of the French artillery in that town in 1711; and finally pastor of the Walloon Church of the Hague in 1725. He died August 6, 1746. La Chapelle wrote Réflexions au sujet d'un système prétendu nouveau sur le mystère de la Trinité (Amst. 1729, 8vo):—Examen de la manière de prêcher des Protestants Français, etc. (Amsterd. 1730, 8vo):-Réponse à Mr. Mainard, ancien chanoine de St. Sernin de Toulouse, au sujet d'une conference sur la religion, etc. (La Haye, 1730, 4to) :-Entretien au sujet de la Lettre d'un Théologien sur le mystère de la Trinité (La Haye, 1730, 8vo):-Lettre d'un théologien Réformé à un gentilhomme Luthérien (Amst. 1736, 2 vols. 12mo); it is also known under the title Lettres sur l'ouvrage de controverse du P. Schaffmacher:—Mémoires de Pologne, etc. (Lond. 1739, 12mo):-Description des cérémonies observées à Rome depuis la mort de Clément XII jusqu'au couronnement de Benoit XIV, son successeur, etc. (Paris, 1741, 12mo):-De la Nécessité du culte public parmi les Chrétiens (La Haye, 1746, 8vo; Frankfort, 1747, 2 vols. 12mo; transl. into Dutch, Amst. 1748, 8vo; into German, Breslau, 1749, 8vo; Lpz. 1769, 8vo). It is a defence of the course of the French Protestants in holding their assemblies du désert in spite of the edicts of the king:-Vie de Beausobre (in Beausobre's Remarques sur le Nouveau Testament, vol. ii). He wrote also in La Bibliothèque Anglaise, ou histoire littéraire de la GrandeBretagne (Amst. 1717-27, 15 vols. 12mo) :-Bibliothèque raisonnée des Ouvrages des Savants de l'Europe (Amst. 1728-53, 52 vols. 12mo) :-Nouvelle Bibliothèque, ou histoire littéraire des principaux ecrits qui se publient (La Haye, 1738 sq., 19 vols. 12mo). He also translated into French some works of Dition, Steele, Bentley, and Burnet. See Quérard, La France Littéraire; Haag, La France Protestante; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Génér. xxviii, 507. (J. N. P.)

La'chish (Heb. Lakish', ?, prob. impregnable, quarrel between Fénelon and Bossuet, La Chaise sided otherwise smitten; Sept. in Josh. and Kings Aaxic; in with the former, as far, at least, as he dared without of- Chron., Neh., and Jer. Aaxeis v. r. Aaxis; in Isa. Aaxeiç fending the king. He even affected great regard for v. r. Λαχίς or Λαχής ; in Mic. Λαχείς ; Josephus Λαχίς, Quesnel, though, when it is remembered that he caused Ant. viii, 10, 1; also Aáxeioa, Ant. ix, 9, 3), a Caananthe works of that writer to be condemned, the sincerity itish royal city (Josh. xii, 11) in the southern part of of his regard may be doubted; but it was his principle Palestine, whose king Japhia joined the Amoritish conto attack individuals, not parties, and he therefore found federacy against Joshua (Josh. x, 3, 5); but he was taken it convenient, as a true Jesuit, to praise men whom, on (Josh. xv, 25), and his city destroyed by the victorious account of their very principles, he secretly sought to Israelites, in spite of the re-enforcement of the king of destroy. See JANSENISM; JESUITS. He was a shrewd, Gezer (Josh. xv, 31-35, where its great strength is depersevering politician, and did much good to his order, noted by the two days' assault). See JOSHUA. From but père La Chaise cannot be lauded either as a great these last passages it appears to have been situated beman or as a good priest. The kindest comment ever tween Libnah and Eglon; but it is mentioned between made on his character is that by Voltaire, who speaks Joktheel and Bozkath, among the cities of the Philisof him as "a mild person, with whom the ways of con- tine valley or plain of Judah (Josh. xv, 39). It is menciliation were always open." He obtained the king's tioned in connection with Adoraim and Azekah as havprotection for the College of Clermont, since called Col-ing been rebuilt, or rather fortified, by Rehoboam against lége Louis-le-Grand, and received for his order a fine the Philistines (2 Chron. xi, 9), and seems after that estate to which his name was given, and which is now time to have been regarded as one of the strongest forthe cemetery of "Pere la Chaise" at Paris. He wrote tresses of the kingdom of Judah (for hither Amaziah Peripatetica quadruplicis philosophiæ Placita rationalis, was pursued and slain, 2 Kings xiv, 19; 2 Chron. xxv, etc. (Lyons, 1661, 2 vols. fol.):—Humana sapientiæ Pro- 27), having for a time braved the assaults of the Assyrpositiones propugnata Lugduni in collegio Soc. Jesu (Ly-ian army under Sennacherib on his way to Egypt (2 ons, 1662, fol.):-Réponse à quelques difficultés proposées Kings xviii, 14, 17; xix, 8; 2 Chron. xxxii, 9; Isa. xxxvi, à un théologien, etc. (Lyons, 1666, 4to); etc. See Saint- 2; xxxvii, 8); but was at length taken by NebuchadSimon, Mémoires; Madame de Maintenon, Correspond-nezzar, at the downfall of the kingdom of Judah (Jer. ance; Voltaire, Siecle de Louis XIV; Benoist, Hist. de l'Edit de Nantes; Jurieu, Politique du Clergé de France; Sismondi, Hist. des Français, vol. xxv, xxvi, and xxvii; Régis de Chantelauze, Le Père de la Chaise (Lyons, 1859, 8vo); Hoefer, Nouv. Biogr. Générale, xxviii, 483. See LOUIS XIV. (J.H.W.)

La Chapelle, ARMAND BOISBELEAU DE, a French Protestant writer, was born at Ozillac (Saintonge) in 1676. He was a student at the college of Bordeaux when the revocation of the Edict of Nantes obliged him

xxxiv, 7). It was reoccupied after the exile (Neh. xi, 30). The affright occasioned by these sudden attacks was predicted by the prophet Micah (i, 13), where this city, lying not very far from the frontiers of the kingdom of Israel, appears to have been the first to introduce the idolatry of that commonwealth into Judaism, A detailed representation of the siege of some large Jewish city by Sennacherib has been discovered on the recently disinterred monuments of Assyria, which is there called Lakhisha, and presumed to be Lachish (Layard's

Nineveh and Babylon, p. 152), although it does not ap- | turn from his Egyptian campaign, or after he had paid pear from the Biblical account that this city yielded to a visit, to Nineveh, cannot now be determined. See his arms; indeed, some expressions would almost seem HEZEKIAH. It is specially mentioned that he laid siege to imply the reverse (see "thought to win them," 2 to it "with all his power" (2 Chron. xxxii, 9), and here Chron. xxxii, 1; "departed from Lachish," 2 Kings xix, "the great king" himself remained, while his officers 8; and especially Jer. xxxiv, 7). Col. Rawlinson even only were dispatched to Jerusalem (2 Chron. xxxii, 9; reads the name of the city in question on the monu- 2 Kings xviii, 17). See SENNACHERIB. This siege is ments as Lubana, i. e. Libnah (Layard, ut sup. p. 153, considered by Layard and Hincks to be depicted on the note). Rawlinson also thinks that on the first attack at slabs found by the former in one of the chambers of the least Sennacherib did not sack the city (Herodotus, i, palace at Kouyunjik, which bear the inscription "Sen481, note 6). At all events, it would seem that, after the nacherib, the mighty king, king of the country of Assubmission of Hezekiah, Sennacherib in some way re- syria, sitting on the throne of judgment before (or at duced Lachish, and marched in force against the Egyp- the entrance of) the city of Lachish (Lakhisha). I give tians (Joseph. Ant. x, 1, 1; comp. Isa. xx, 1-4). Raw- permission for its slaughter" (Layard, Nin. and Bab. p. linson maintains (Herodotus, i, 477) that Sennacherib at- 149-52, and 153, note). These slabs contain a view of tacked Lachish a second time, but whether on his re- a city which, if the inscription is correctly interpreted,

Attack of Lachish by the Assyrians. From the Monuments.

must be Lachish itself. The bas-reliefs depict the cap-| The country around is represented as hilly and wooded, ture of an extensive city defended by double walls, producing the fig and the vine. Immense preparations with battlements and towers, and by fortified outworks. had evidently been made for the siege, and in no other

ers, several of whom are depicted as already in the hands of the executioners, some being stretched naked on the ground in order to be flayed alive, while others were slain by the sword. (See Layard's Monuments of Nineveh, 2d series, plates 20-24.) See CAPTIVE.

sculptures were so many armed warriors drawn up in | ian king giving orders for the disposal of the prisonarray against a besieged city, which was defended with equal determination. The process of the assault and sack are given in the most minute and lively manner. The spoil and captives are exhibited in full, the latter distinguished by their Jewish physiognomy, and by the pillaged condition of their garments. On a throne in front of the city is represented the Assyr

Eusebius and Jerome (Onomast. s. v.) state that in their time Lachish was a village seven miles south

Jewish Captives from Lachish. From the Assyrian Sculptures at Kouyunjik.

("towards Darom") of Eleutheropolis. The only place | Hieronymian Latin versions, and the readings of Orithat has been found by travellers at all answering to gen, Irenæus, Cyprian, Hilary of Poitiers, Lucifer; and the scriptural notices is Um-Lakis, on the left of the for the Apocalypse, Primarius. Under the Greek text road between Gaza and Hebron, situated "upon a low the editor cites his authorities, and at the bottom of the round knoll, now covered confusedly with heaps of small page he gives the Vulgate version edited from two codround stones, with intervals between, among which are ices of the 6th century, the Fuldensis and the Amianseen two or three fragments of marble columns, wholly tinus, preserved in the Laurentian Library at Florence. overgrown with thistles; a well to the south-east, below... On its first appearance, his work and the principles the hill, now almost filled up, having also several col- on which it was based were subjected to much hostility, umns around it" (Robinson, Biblical Researches, ii, 388). but his great services to the cause of N.-T. criticism are This locality, notwithstanding it is somewhat more dis- now universally admitted. That he narrowed unreatant from Beit-Jibrin (Eleutheropolis) than the Ono- sonably the sphere of legitimate authority for the sacred masticon calls for, and likewise to the south-west, and text, that he was sometimes capricious in his selection notwithstanding the imperfect agreement in name (sev- of authorities, and that, while he did not always follow eral of the letters being different in the Heb. and Ara- his authorities, he at other times followed them even in bic, in addition to the prefix Um [which, however, may their manifest errors and blunders, may be admitted. only denote its importance as a mother-city]), Raumer But, after every deduction from the merits of his work and Grosse (in the Studien u. Krit. 1845, i, 243 sq.) in- is made which justice demands, there will still remain cline to identify with that of Lachish, on the ground of to Lachmann the high praise of having been the first to its proximity (see Josh. x, 31-36) to Eglon (Raumer, apply to the editing of the Greek N. T. those sound prinBeitrage zur biblischen Geographie, 1843, p. 23). With ciples of textual criticism which can alone secure a corthis conclusion Schwarz concurs (Palestine, p. 85), as also rect and trustworthy text. In this he followed, to a Van de Velde (Memoir, p. 329), and Thomson (Land and considerable extent, the counsel of the illustrious BentBook, ii, 356); but Ritter is undecided (Erdkunde, xvi, ley, uttered more than a century before (whence some, 131). By "Daroma," also, Eusebius may have intend- who sought to discredit his efforts, unworthily mocked ed, not the southern district, but a place of that name, him as 'Simia Bentleii'); but he owed nothing to Bentwhich is mentioned in the Talmud, and is placed by the ley beyond the suggestion of the principles he has folaccurate old traveller hap-Parchi as two hours south of lowed; and he possessed and has ably used materials Gaza (Zunz in Benj. of Tudela, by Asher, ii, 442). With which in Bentley's time were not to be had." (Comp. regard to the weakness of Um-Lakis, Mr. Porter has a Lachmann's exposition of his principles in Studien und good comparison between it and Ashdod (Handbook, p. Kritiken, 1830, p. 817-845; also a review of Scrivener's 261). [Collation of the Gospels, Cambr. 1853, 8vo] strictures on Lachmann's edition of the N.-T. writings in Kitto, Journ. Sac. Lit. 1853, July, p. 365 sq.) See Hertz, Lackmann; eine Biographie (Berlin, 1851, 8vo); Tregelles, Printed Text of the Greek N. T. p. 97 sq.; Hoefer, Nour. Biog. Générale, xxviii, 532; Pierer, Universal Lexikon, ix, 954. See CRITICISM, BIBLICAL

Lacombe, PÈRE, a celebrated Roman Catholic monastic, a native of Savoy, flourished in the second half of the 17th century, first as the spiritual adviser and confessor of Madame Guyon, and afterwards as a zealous follower of the eminent French female Mystic. In 1687, when the Quietism of Molinos, which Lacombe ardently espoused, was condemned, père Lacombe was imprisoned, and he died in prison in 1699. During his imprisonment he became very much depressed in mind. and finally lost his reason. This gave rise to the statement made in our vol. iii, p. 1039, that "he died in a madhouse." His relation with Madame Guyon had been very intimate, and this was quite natural when we consider that the former confessor became an ardent follow

Lachmann, KARL, a distinguished German philologist, was born at Brunswick March 4, 1793. He studied at the universities of Leipzig and Göttingen, and in 1811 founded, together with Bunsen, Dissen, and Ern. Schulze, the Philological Society. In 1813 he entered the army as a volunteer, but, having left it at the conclusion of the war, he became professor at the University of Berlin in 1827, and member of the Academy of that city in 1830. He died at Berlin March 13, 1851. His philological works are distinguished for profound learning and able criticism. He confined himself mainly to editions of classical authors, but he also published an edition of the Greek New Testament (Berlin, 1831; 3d ed. 1846; in a larger form, 1846-50). In this edition of the New-Testament Scriptures in the original, "he aimed," says Dr. W. L. Alexander (Kitto, Bibl. Cyclop. ii, 769), at presenting, as far as possible, the text as it was in the authorized copies of the 4th century, his design being, not to compare various readings with the received text, but to supply a text derived from ancient authorities directly and exclusively. Relinquishing the possi-er of Madame, and no doubt the scandal to which their bility of ascertaining what was the exact text of the original as it appeared in the autographs of the authors, he set himself to determine the oldest attainable text by means of extant codices. For this purpose he made use of only a very few MSS., viz. A, B, C, P, Q, T, Z, for the Gospels; D, G, H, for the Epistles; the ante

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associations had given rise, as well as the imprisonment, made Lacombe a great sufferer in his last days. He wrote Analyse de l'oraison mentale, which in 1688 was forbidden. See GUYON. (J. H. W.)

Lacombe, Dominique, a French prelate of note, was born at Montrejean (Haute Garonne) July 25, 1749,