son on the next line, and repeat all information about him. His wife's name, Margaret Gregory, follows his, and she is No. 11. She was of Edinburgh, and the record says that she died before her husband.

The next cross is opposite No. 6, Henrietta Laura Alison; her husband's name (William Pinkerton) is written first, as that is the rule; the man is the head of the family, and his name comes first. This couple may have had children, but it is considered best not to search for the Pinkerton records to secure this information, as it would probably break into a pedigree. The same holds good for No. 7, Dorothea Montague Alison, and her husband, Lieut. Col. John Gerard.

No. 8, Archibald Alison, the third of that name in this pedigree and the first Baronet, comes next. As the page is filled, his name appears on the top line of the second page. Then follows his wife, who is No. 14, and their children, with all information that can be obtained compiled opposite each name.

No. 9, Elizabeth Alison, died unmarried, as so stated in the pedigree, and that information is placed in the death column as additional identification, and abbreviated to d. unmd.

In following down the row of crosses, No. 10, Margaret Ann Forbes Alison, is the next name to be repeated. Her husband, William Burge, whose title, (Q. C.) means Queen's Chamberlain, is written after Sir Archibald's family group. There are no dates for him, and the approximate date is two years earlier than that for his wife. This finishes the third generation in this pedigree.

The next cross is opposite the name of the second Baron Alison, No. 15. His family group follows his repeated name. This couple had six children, five of whom were married, as shown by the crosses placed by their names. The information for each name is made as complete as possible, from the data in the pedigree.

No. 16, Ella Frances Catherine Alison, was married twice. Her name is placed below the name of her first husband. The name of the second husband is

written on the line below, with a note in parenthesis "(2nd husband of above woman)" placed underneath his name. All such notes, instructions, etc., in parenthesis, which help to identify the individual in the private family record, should not be placed on the Temple Sheets. This ends the fourth generation as given in this pedigree.

It is considered unnecessary to continue this instruction further, or to represent the carrying out of the fifth generation, as sufficient is given to illustrate the lesson. The form is continued from generation to geneartion, and numbered consecutively.

Approximate Dates.

Dates should not be approximated until every means has been exhausted to obtain the real dates. In many records there are very few dates, nevertheless, the individuals must be identified as exactly as possible in time as well as place. To do this, the fixed, known dates must serve as a basis for approximating other dates.

Genealogists have, by a series of long experiments, established a rule that works out very well. They have discovered that on the average children were born in a family about two years apart; and that the husband was approximately twenty-two, and the wife twenty years old, at the birth of the first child.

Therefore, when the christening of a child is the only date given, the birth of the father and mother may be estimated from this date, by counting back twenty years for the mother, and twenty-two years for the father; and the words lived about, abbreviated to liv. abt., are written in the "Born" columns of Day and Month, and the estimated or approximated birth dates for the parents are written in the year column.

Whenever these abbreviations are used, liv. abt. indicates that no real dates are known, but that the time of birth for these people is calculated as nearly as it is possible to do.

In estimating dates for pedigrees from the early

Visitations of England it has been found necessary to extend the time between father and son; instead of allowing twenty-two years as in the ordinary records, there should be an allowance of about thirty-five years, or in other words, allow three generations to a hundred years. It often happened that the first son died young or that daughters were born first in a family, so that the heir to the title and estates would be sometimes even forty years younger than his father. These facts have to be taken into consideration when approximating dates for long pedigrees.

Sometimes the only dates that can be found for names in the records will be as witnesses to marriages, deeds or wills. The name is written in the proper column, with the place of residence in its column, and the date referred to above is written in the "Died" column, with the word since in front of the date; meaning that the person was alive at that time, and died since that date. If desired, the word (witness) or (adult) may be written in the birth column.

Associated Names.

When names. are combined in family groups of parents and children, and husbands and wives, it helps greatly in identifying the individuals; especially is this so with the names of husbands and wives; these are called the associated families. There are no methods of checking up on families and individuals so simple and so clear as through the associated families.

Rule: The genealogical heir is the eldest male who was baptized in the Church, whether he be living or dead. For the purpose of more clearly identifying each individual for whom temple work is done, it is required that there be a blank provided in some prominent space in the record, usually at the top of each page, for the name of the genealogical heir from which relationship is established to each name in the record. This name once placed in the record as the heir should not be changed unless a mistake has been made, in which case the error should be corrected as soon as discovered and the change so noted in the Family Temple Record with the date of the change. It should remain, even after the individual dies, for it should be remembered that this name is used in our temple book largely for the purpose of having a fixed point in a record from which to establish a relationship between the heir and all other names in the record. It will readily be seen that if this individual called the heir be changed, the central "point" is disturbed and the relationships are thrown out of order. It is therefore strongly advised that when once the heir in a record is established that he be retained for all future time. This retaining of one name as the heir, "at whose instance the temple work is done," is also of value to the recorders in the temples, for then all the work of a certain family may be indexed under the one surname head, that of "the heir." The genealogical heir is not, therefore, always the patriarchal heir, as the oldest living male in the family is looked upon as the patriarchal heir.

To illustrate these points from our sample pedigree. In this record John Alison is the ficticious heir because he is supposed to be the eldest male representative of the family in the Church. Relationships are estab

lished from him to every name in the record. Now, if when John dies the heir should be changed to his son and relationships calculated from him, the relationships established from the father will not agree with those, from the son. There would be, therefore, two points from which relationships would be established, which would lead to confusion and lack of unity in the record. If now, in course of time, the heir should again be changed, more confusion and disunity would arise. Also, the records in the Temple would be indexed under two or three names and it would be next to impossible to secure transcripts of work done there. Temple heirship is one of the means of identifying the dead through relationship to the living.

Female Heirship.

In the event that there is no male representative of a family in the Church, it becomes the duty of the eldest female representative to have temple work done for her kindred dead; and her name should be entered in the record as the heir or the individual at whose instance such work is done, and her name should continue even after her death, If, however, this female representative of a family has a son (he should be old enough—14 or over and should be worthy), this son may be the heir to his mother's work, and his name may be so placed in the record of her family.

The Living Representatives.

Some confusion and misunderstanding occasionally arises over the "heir" of the records and the person who has the right and whose duty it is to continue the work for the dead begun by this first representative. As a rule, the eldest living male representative of the family, if he is a member of the Church, is the recognized person to supervise and carry on the temple work, although such a one's name may not appear as the heir in the temple records because he may not have been the first one to join the Church. It is important that there be order in this so that there may be no