1. Heraldry-Plate 7, taken from the "Encyclopedia This Shield may be Blazoned Quarterly, of Nine Coats Butler, or, a chief indented azure. 2. Fleetwood, party per pale nebuly, azure and or, six martlets counter charged. 5. 6. Boyle, party per bend embattled, argent and gules. Trevone, party per bend sinister, ermine and ermines, a lion rampant or. 7. Lawrence, argent, a cross raguly gules. 8. 4. .......or, a chevron, invected 9. azure. Bottletourt, or, a saltier engrailed sable. ....... party per fess dove tailed or and sable. See page 213 for further explanation The above books are in the Utah Genealogical Society library. Other important books consulted are the 796-7. Mallory's "Mort d' Arthur." Vol. V pp. 322-7 and EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7 Unfortunately the beautiful colors of this shield cannot be indicated in this print. It should be noted that red and gold take almost as dark a shade as black; and that blue and silver are only a few shades lighter. "Blazoned quarterly of nine coats," means that the knight carrying this Coat-of-Arms is descended from nine separate and distinct families who were entitled to carry the various shields here represented in miniature. Beginning at the upper left corner of the shield, the dexter chief point, Butler, is the name of the family to whom the first section of the shield belongs. This section is or (gold), with the chief or upper part azure (blue), the dividing line being indented (in sharp points). The surname for the second section is Fleetwood. "Party per pale" means that the coloring of the shield is divided through the center from top to bottom. "Nebuly" indicates that the dividing line is looped back and forth; the colors are azure and or (blue and gold). "Six martletts, counter charged," meaning three on opposite sides, those on gold are colored blue and those on the blue side colored gold. Vavasour, is the name for the third division, in the sinister chief (upper right) corner. The shield is or (gold), with "a fess," which is a wide band through the center from left to right, of sable (black), the dividing lines being dancette (in deep sharp points). The surname for the fourth section has been lost. The shield is or (gold), with a chevron of azure (blue) the lines being invected (small curves ending in points). The fifth section is Boyle, "party per bend" means that the coloring of the shield is divided diagonally from the dexter chief (the upper left corner) to sinister base (lower right corner) the colors are argent (silver) and gules (red), the dividing line is "embattled" (shaped like battlements on the top of castle walls). Six is for the Trevone surname section. "Party per bend sinister" is the opposite of "party per bend," as in No. 5, the dividing line begins at the sinister chief (upper right corner) and goes to the dexter base (lower left corner); as no direction follows for the shape of the line it is drawn straight. This shield is neither metal nor color, but is supposed to be covered with fur; ermine on the upper dexter (black spots on white), and ermines on the lower sinister side (white spots on black). "A lion rampant or" (gold), is mounted across the center of the field. The shield of the Lawrence family, number seven, is argent (silver); with "a cross raguly," meaning the sharp points or barbs on the cross, and the cross is gules (red). Number eight, Bottetourt, is or (gold); and a sable (black) saltier, which is a diagonal cross with the lines engrailed (meaning small curves with the points downward). Number nine like four, has no name to represent this coat of arms. "Pary per fess," indicates that the dividing line runs through the center horizontally and its form is dovetailed just as wooden joints are put together, or and sable (gold and black) are the colors. CHAPTER 15 WORD-SYMBOLS AND SURNAMES Sign Language. Think how impossible it would be to tell any one what was in our minds if we had no words with which to communicate with each other. Let your imagination dwell for a moment on the condition of a family who were born and brought up with no names by which to call each other. They would have to motion to each other, or call each other "Say,' and scarcely a day could be lived out in such confusion and chaos. At once the man would find a name for the woman and the woman would choose something by which to call her children. Primitive peoples, like children, made and still make signs to each other; this sign language is still used by some savage races, as well as being used in a small degree by semi-civilized people. In the army nowadays, and especially on warships, they make signs with little flags from one point to another, which they call "wig-wagging." Our Father Named Adam and Eve. God himself gave Adam and Eve names, as you will find in the Pearl of Great Price.* He not only did that, but he also instructed Adam to name the beasts of the field and the fowls of the air.† Surnames. Definition. A surname is a permanent family name. When families emerge into society, personal names are insufficient for identification. Personal names were usually first combined into sire-names. A nickname was often added, and if it became permanent and was handed down the nickname then became a surname. *Pearl of Great Price, Book of Moses ch. 6 verse 9. When families increased and finally settled in large cities it was impossible for people to find enough different personal names with which to distinguish themselves, and so they began to add either a tribal name, a sire-name, or a nickname, or named themselves from an office, a place of residence or a trade, followed by the first name; this added name became the surname. Hebrew Name Customs. Hebrews also used surnames to some extent. Simon Barjonah was Simon the son of Jonah. Like the personal name, or Christian name, a surname is a means of identification for the individual. It is a family symbol, as it were. Simon may be one of ten thousand Hebrews; Simon Barjonah is one who belongs to the family of Jonah, and thus the added, or surname, constitutes another means of identification, both for legal and social purposes. Roman Names. The Romans had three forms of names: First, the personal name, which they called praenomen; second, the tribal name or nomen; and third, the surname or cognomen. Chinese Name System. The Chinese kingdom adopted surnames nearly two centuries before Christ, and each family or tribe carefully trained a genealogist to memorize and record all vital data of the family to the utmost ramification. Twelve hundred years before Christ a Chinese king issued an edict which compelled all his subjects then living to make a verse and to take one word of the verse for each generation surname. These facts have been discovered recently concerning the Chinese people. Teutonic Name System. All Anglo-Saxon countries have followed more or less closely the usual surname evolution, which we will discover as we follow along in our lessons. The events following the Norman conquest of England introduced surnames into that kingdom, and we take up in some detail the various surname forms of England, as they illustrate the same habits and customs adopted by other Anglo-Saxon countries. Nearly every civilized country, the United States being the last, has framed laws to govern and control the formation of names and their legal adoption and of changes in surnames made by individuals. English Surnames. Surnames were not used in the modern sense anywhere in Europe until the Crusades. At the time of William the Conqueror, who came over to England with his horde of Norman adventurers and barons in 1066, and conquered the Anglo-Saxon-Danish population, which had taken possession centuries before of the British Isles, William roughly seized the lands and properties of the AngloSaxons, and quartered his nobles all over the land. Finding it necessary to secure these lands to their new owners by some sure means of identification, as well as to discover just how much landed property could be assessed in his new kingdom, William caused an extensive and minute survey of the kingdom to be made through appointed heralds of his court or tax-agents, as we would call them, which he sent out for that purpose. These heralds recorded their findings in what is known as the Domesday Book. The result of their records in this book constitutes the very foundation of surname history for the English speaking people. "After the coronation of William no man could hold an acre by an ante-Norman title. All were obliged to obtain a deed from the king, and it was exceptional that a Saxon, the freeman of the time of King Edward, should retain his possessions under King William. Dispossessed, he must sink to be tenant-farmer or a villein. The free holder of his allodial land had become extinct, and a net-work of officials was cast over England, holding the people involved in its toils."* The various owners of the manors and estates, both Saxon and Norman, found it necessary to designate *Family Names and their Story, Baring-Gould. |