country. There are also histories of towns, their inhabitants, estates, offices held, etc. In each of the three countries a calendar or yearly magazine is published, of which the library is the possessor.

The Svensk Person Historisk Tidskrift, and Sveriges Adels Kalendar, Norsk Personal Historisk Hidsskrift and Dansk Biografisk Lexikon are very valuable sets of books. The library has these publications from about 1856 to date. Denmark.

Record keeping in Denmark began about 1645. The records were kept by the priests and the school masters. Many churches have been burned, and many records lost. Since 1812, two copies of all records have been required, one held by the priest and the other by the school teacher. All these records are collected periodically and deposited in the archives. The enumerations of the population are also very important sources of information, since every name is written down and classified geographically. These enumerations have occurred in 1787 (first), 1801, 1834 and since then every five or ten years.

There is one Rigsarkiv, or general archive, at Copenhagen in which all records of country-wide nature are deposited, and three lands arkiver, or district archives, located at Copenhagen, Odense and Viborg, and each containing records pertaining to its respective district. These archives are open to every respectable person.

Sweden

All records remain in possession of the churches until they are 100 years old, when they are deposited in the archives. This collection occurs every ten years. Records may be transferred earlier but only by special permission.

The records, as in Denmark, are deposited as follows: Those of local character in one of the four lands arkiver in Uppsala, Gothenburg, Vadsten, Lund.

Norway.

In Norway, church records go back to about 1700 or some few years before. All records not burned or other

wise destroyed, prior to 1814 are in the archives. Church records since that time are in the hands of the clergy and need not be deposited in the archives. Riksarkivet in Christiania contains all records of a country-wide nature; four stiftsarkiver corresponding to the lands arkiver in Denmark and Sweden, are district depositaries. The four stiftsarkiver are located in Christiania (1st Jan., 1925, Christiania was changed to ancient name of Oslo), Hamar, Bergen, Trondhjem.

A very important aid in genealogy in Norway is the record of census enumerations. The first occurred in 1664; then one in 1801 and another in 1865. Every name is written down and arranged according to geographical location, including the names of every person living on any of the farms of Norway.

A most remarkable genealogical help in Norway is the genealogical collection by one Lassen. This man, a bachelor, lived to be over ninety years of age, and devoted practically all of his long life to the collection of genealogical information concerning Norwegian families. The records are in his own handwriting, exquisitely done, and numbering several score volumes. There has been genealogical activity in Norway for many years. Moe's Optegnelser, a magazine devoted to Norwegian genealogy, was begun about 1840 and continued for some 10 or 15 years. The full set is very scarce and the Genealogical Society is arranging for the purchase of a set. There are very many family genealogies covering nearly all the more prominent families. Since nobility has been forbidden in Norway since 1814, there is little literature on heraldry and the like. Some years ago a wave of interest in behalf of Bygdehistorier, which may be translated, county histories, swept over Norway. As a result practically every part of Norway either has a published history or has one in preparation. The majority of these contain many excellent genealogies and genealogical references.

The land of Norway is divided into Gaards or estates, each of which has a name. On each estate several families may dwell. These Bydgehistorier take up the story of each

estate, including the human generations which have dwelt in it. For this reason, these histories will be of great help in Scandinavian genealogy.

French Books.

In the French Language we have about 150 books, among the most important being, "Galiffe-Familles de Geneve," nine volumes; "Recueil Genealogique Suisse," two volumes; "Indicateur Genealogique Heraldique and Biographicale" (Belgium), two volumes; "Rex," nobles of France, seven volumes. "Dictionaire Genealogique des Familles Canadiennes" (Canadian) seven volumes.

Dutch (Holland) Books.

The Dutch department of the library comprises more than 50 volumes, mostly very valuable works. About 20 of these are genealogies of prominent Dutch families with their marriage connections. In this division are also to be found several bulky Flemish volumes, giving tombstone inscriptions of the provinces of Antwerp and East Flanders. Here, too, one finds a number of volumes pertaining to the Dutch colonists of South Africa, the sturdy Boers. The "Genealogical Register of the Old Capetown Families," giving genealogical information about the first Dutch and German settlers of the Colony of Capetown, and their descendants, is a splendid work. An exchange periodical from "The Hague" enriches the collection annually with an elaborate volume.

CHAPTER 13

AMERICAN RESEARCH WORK

Like the resident, or visitor, in European countries the American searcher should follow a well mapped out plan of action, and, like them, he must provide himself with suitable note books and other tools. He should communicate with this library as his first step.

The American should begin his search with a study of his own family first; and second, of the state and locality from which they emigrated, or where he and his ancestors may now live, and did live.

The American pioneer settler has not confined himself, with rare exceptions, to the state, locality or town where he began his life. One or two generations, perhaps three, may have occupied the same homestead. In New England, it is true, there are a few descendants of old pilgrims still on the home places. However, it is out of New England that the west migrations have come, reaching clear across from ocean to ocean and leaving their descendants all along the lines between Vermont and California.

The American searchers' knowledge of state and local history, therefore, is his first requisite for his genealogical equipment. He inay find a certain town settled by his forefathers, and then trail them across several states before their death and burial.

Libraries.

Go

The first inquiry should be made from books. to the state library. If a genealogical library is near, visit that first. The Boston Public and Genealogical libraries, of course, are the great centers for New England genealogy; New York Genealogical library for the early Dutch and the middle Atlantic states. Washington, D. C., is the great depository of all, for it is concerned with all the states in the Union and does not confine itself to any locality. Chicago "west" of New York and Pennsylvania, we do not know

.

centralizes in middle western history. The Philadelphia library has the Pennsylvania Dutch books featured.

The Utah Genealogical Society, as is well known, is patterned after the Washington library in that it covers all branches of the country and reaches into Europe.

Other Records.

After studying state and local history the next places to visit are:

State Archives.

State land records.

State probate courts.

City churches and cemeteries.

City land and probate records.

Old residents, friends and relatives.

War records and government pension lists.

(The war records are filed in Washington and copies

are easily acquired by visit or through correspondence.)

In any and all of these places excellent index files will be found so that the searcher may hunt up at least the surname he is after and then later determine, if he may, which are his ancestors and what material he desires to record.

In any and all researches made in libraries, city and county buildings, churches, cemeteries, war record office files, etc., the searcher should provide himself with ample note books and fountain pen (as pencil writing is too uncertain.)

He should likewise give, for every piece of separate information, the source where he obtained it. It is not enough to say that he found material in such and such a library, or in such and such a state or government office; he must particularize each book, will, deed, pension roll, church item, gravestone tablet, city directory, tradition, name, of friends or relatives, old Bibles, etc. Each separate item must be labeled and ticketed or his work will be only one-half done, and that one-half badly done.

He may well wait for time and opportunity to classify, index and properly record his material, but this will be impossible unless he has made an exact notation of the source of information from which each item is gleaned.