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founded, whose tendency is to form an order of intellect and a class of habits in accordance with the limited views of the leaders in this warfare on our salutary usages in religion, and on our ancient systems of education. On every side they seem to be intent on producing the impression, that they are the men," that wisdom began with them and will die with them, unless they shall be successful in preventing their young disciples from passing through the ancient systems of study, and from becoming familiar with those principles of religion, which they have laboured to bring into reproach.

In such circumstances we rejoice, that a biography of Mr. Haynes has been published. He is universally acknowledged to be A SELF-MADE MAN. And his Memoir shows, that he had expended much time and labour in furnishing his mind. It gives us to understand that "a self-made man" is made by patient and persevering study. The distinction between "a self-made man," and those who are made by others, does not consist in the fact, that he is ignorant, while they are learned; nor that he has gained knowledge without study, while they have been laborious students of books and of nature; but that he has acquired it without all the aid from instructors, which it is desirable to have, and which others enjoy. He who thus makes himself, suffers too much from the want of teachers ever to think them unnecessary. In acquiring alone a knowledge of the languages and of the other departments of a liberal education, he has had too many conflicts with difficulties, and sighed too often for the aid of competent teachers, ever to undervalue them. It is only they, who, though professing to have "made themselves," were never "made" at all in an intellectual respect, that are so ignorant of the ways in which men are thus made, as thus to speak of colleges and theological schools as useless institutions.

The testimony of Mr. Haynes is worthy of the consideration of all in modern times, who profess to have educated themselves. It was his affliction, that he had not in early life enjoyed the opportunity and the means of a public education. He used often to say, " if I were to live my life over again, I would devote myself to books." The prosperity of literary institutions often occupied his thoughts, awakened his interest, called forth his efforts and commanded his prayers. Though he rose to such distinction as a

theological scholar, that about twenty young men in those days when theology was taught almost exclusively by pastors, selected him as their teacher, yet he never ceased to express his regret, that the circumstances of his youth had compelled him to forego the literary privileges which others of his profession enjoyed. Hence he was always ready to promote the education of poor and pious youth for the ministry. In this respect a remarkable coincidence is found in all "self-educated men." They readily embark in every enterprize for the public education of others. If any who profess to have "made themselves" find in their own bosoms a disposition to contemn Colleges, and to regard their course of study as useless to the ministry, it is because they were never" made" at all. Had they been "made" they would have learned in the difficult and even tedious formation, that Colleges and professional schools are most desirable and useful Institutions.

But if it be still maintained, that they are really "made," we shall now be able to measure them by a standard, which will infallibly settle their claims. We shall bring forth the Memoir of Haynes; and having opened it, we shall first inquire whether their childhood was spent in acquiring useful knowledge;-whether the Bible, the Catechism, the Psalm book, and the other volumes, collected for family instruction and devotion had been diligently read and accurately remembered; whether in youth the volumes of history, of poetry, of the arts and sciences in the neighbourhood had been borrowed and read ;-whether by solitary efforts a style of writing had been formed, which might be honestly mistaken for that of Watts, Doddridge, or Whitefield;-whether by persevering study, either alone, or perhaps under the occasional tuition of a single teacher, the rudiments of two languages have been acquired, and sufficient of human science and of theology to cause all to feel and to suggest the propriety of admitting them to the office of public teachings; whether those amongst whom they spent their early years cheerfully acknowlege their superiority and readily place themselves under their care;-whether a view of their own deficiencies puts them continually at work to make new acquisitions in knowledge;-whether all around them have a higher estimation than themselves of their attainments in literature and science ;-whether they have an unwavering regard for Colleges and professional schools, and

desire that others may enjoy the literary privileges of which they in early life were deprived; and finally, whether they are willing to sustain the venerable Institutions and maintain the salutary usages of our fathers. These characteristics were found in the subject of this Memoir, and in all other men who have educated themselves". And no one, in whom they do not exist, should expect to receive from the community an acknowledgement, that he is a "self-made man."

ART. VIII.-REVIEW OF MISS MARTINEAU.

Society in America, by Harriet Martineau, author of "Illustrations of Political Economy." In 2 vols. New-York, Saunders & Otley, 1837.

WHEN it was first announced that Miss Martineau was about to visit this country, we confess that we were amongst those who looked forward to the meeting with some degree of interest. The lady was already well known on this side of the Atlantic, as the author of certain clever stories, written for the purpose of illustrating some of the plainer principles of political economy. She was equally known as a wellcommitted partizan of that school of English politics, whose chief glory appears to consist in a desire to destroy whatever fabric time and experience may seem to have consecrated, careless alike of the beauty and expensiveness of the structure, and of the laborious toil which its creation may have

But whatever radical notions might have possessed her bosom, (and certainly, Heaven and earth are not more asunder, than they ought to be, from every female mind), however little we sympathized with her, in some of her philosophical speculations, "falsely so called," or agreed with her in the propriety of discussing in detail some of those more abstruse Malthusian theories, which, in our view, no delicate and modest female would permit to be alluded to in her presence, we were still disposed, in the spirit

of just magnanimity, to allow her no little credit for much ingenuity in the management of her stories, and for very considerable liveliness of general description.

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We were aware, also, that Miss Martineau, in the shape of "Philosophical Essays," had indulged in still sublimer speculations upon topics kindred with those illustrated in her political tales. But having learned our notions, for instance, with regard to the holy state of matrimony, in that school of which Bishop Jeremy Taylor was a disciple, (whose "Marriage Ring," we earnestly commend to all, and particularly to those who are so anxious to oppose a❝ check" to the overflowings of human population), or rather, having learned it at the feet of the holy apostle himself, who declares "marriage honourable in all," we had no such fears as those entertained by Miss Martineau upon the subject of an overburthened earth; especially in a world, where, besides the ordinary current of mortality, many agents of destruction have made the human family their unceasing victims-where famine, the elements, the sword and the pestilence of God's wrath, have so many times swept in a moment to the dust, such myriads of the sinful creatures of his power. Having also imbibed our few and simple opinions respecting the true character of man, at a source which teaches humility and self-abasement as amongst the first and most constant elements of human duty, our minds have never yet been brought up to the state of those loftier theories with regard to the dignity of human nature, whose object would seem to be to render the entire population of a world, in fact, somewhat variously constituted and composed,-men, women and children, barbarian and Scythian, bond and free," selfdependent, self possessed, disenthralled," and in various other ways, bejuggled out of their common sense, and the rightful possession of their reasonable faculties !

Nevertheless, we well knew that these vagaries are often like those phantasmagoria, which deceive our senses under certain aspects, while the illusion fades as soon as the medium disappears; and we had generously hoped, that, whenever she set foot upon our shores, no longer deluded by the false optics of her own coterie, she would regard things as they usually are every where this side Utopia, and would form some rational views respecting the condition and prospects of society. We were, in fine, ready to believe, that, having in some measure dismissed those vapourish fancies,

which might naturally be generated in those gloomy alleys with which she seems to have been conversant, amidst the magnificent works, by which Nature, in her deep solitudes, utters her own unceasing praises, her mind might catch something of the spirit of the scene, and become enlarged to a just contemplation of that advancement which time and the current of events impart to the institutions of man. In all this, however, we have found ourselves exceedingly disappointed; for whatever erroneous views and prejudices Miss Martineau brought with her, we are sorry to say, appear to have become very much increased and exaggerated in the course of her peregrinations.

One of the earliest remarks which would suggest itself to the reader of these volumes, is, that a large proportion of their contents have no very apparent connexion with the subject of which they propose to treat; or, at any rate, the connexion is maintained by a thread of so very slender fibre, as to be scarcely discernible by ordinary perceptions. It is really astonishing, how much of the book consists of vague speculations upon very general topics. Another remark is, that in attempting to make the book what she is. pleased to style "a compound of philosophy and fact," she has been led into the fatal errour of deriving philosophical conclusions from insulated facts, which are themselves often and obviously derived from the most objectionable sources. And notwithstanding her extensive intercourse with people. of all classes in the United States, her acquaintance amongst whom, she informs us, would include " nearly every eminent man in politics, science, and literature, and almost every distinguished woman," it is very evident, that it is not from these sources principally, she has derived her information respecting our manners and character. For, in addition to the irresistible evidence afforded in her pages, of the shallowness of her knowledge, as well as of a strong infusion of party sentiment and party prejudice, it should not be forgotten, that the chief companion of her travels, upon whose judgement she places the highest reliance, was a gentleman not a great while resident in this country, and whose opinions on these subjects cannot, therefore, be entitled to that weight which might otherwise be awarded them. Besides we are almost ashamed to avow our convictions, that even people "eminent in politics, science and literature," are sometimes apt to mislead the credulous and the unwary; and