exceptions, for the names of Lanzoni, Pierret, Lieblein, Piehl, Erman, Wiedemann, and others may be mentioned with them.

It is a sad fact, but many people believe what they wish, and we are afraid that the promoters of the Egypt Exploration Fund. are to be classed among the number who do so. It is, indeed, praiseworthy of the Fund to excavate in Egypt, but it is not right to draw money from people's pockets under the plea that they have found a Biblical city while the proofs are not forthcoming. We much regret that the name of so great a scholar as Naville is joined to so questionable a theory.

E.

The Cherubim.-It is very far from my wish to open a controversy in the EXPOSITOR on a point of Biblical archæology. If Mr. Budge's statement (which I implicitly trust so far as the British Museum cuneiform inscriptions are concerned), that the original of the word Cherub has not yet been found in the Assyrian and Babylonian tablets, should be verified, we shall have a striking proof of the necessity of testing the Assyriological statements of Lenormant. Up to this time, continental Assyriologists have been inclined, I think, to accept Lenormant's statement (Origines, i. 118), that kirubu occurs frequently in the talismans of M. de Clercq's collection as a name for the Babylonian steer-god. Se non è vero, è ben trovato; but I earnestly hope that it is true. M. Renouf's paper I have already referred to (Isaiah, vol. ii. pp. vi. 298). The cherefu which he has found in the Book of the Dead seems as nearly akin to the cherubim as the seref or lion-bird, pointed out by Mr. Tomkins, is to the seraph. But I decline entirely to accept any Egyptian etymology for either cherub or seraph. May I add, how much finer is the characteristically Old Testament or later Hebrew conception of the celestial beings, as humanity idealized, than those originating on their earthly side in nature-myths ? T. K. CHEYNE.

The word kirubu does occur in Assyrian, but does not appear to have the meaning or signification of Cherubim. The kirubu of a man is spoken of, and a kirubu of hearing. We shall, however, speak of this in a future paper. Unfortunately I have never seen M. le Clercq's collection, and therefore cannot say how far M Lenormant's statements need verification. It is much to be wished that M. le Clercq would publish copies of his gems, for then scholars could be certain about readings, etc., once and for all. E. A. W. Budge.

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