To accommodate those who have not patience to go regularly through the alphabet, and to affift the memory of others, I have, in imitation of the Afiatics, inferted a short profpectus of the whole; in which each letter (e mute excepted) occurs in my scheme, with the power it actually poffeffes here; and this will at once refolve fuch doubts as may at times exift, relative to the found of any vowel or confonant that can prefent itself in the course of our Work.

Hall jug ya, jhu ghu ghu, beet bhu yu,
Ere my ye, iu Ĭhu zhe, feud ooze yoo,

Shöök wo yo, khu khu qu, pin phu yi,
vouch chhu you.

thu tu thu. dhu ďu dhu.

fong and hu.

The note (b) in page 3, muft now be reperufed with particular attention; obferving here, that b is our afpirate before broad a, / is evident, j the foft g, u is short, g hard, as above in hall, jug. The aspirated ju, (notjhoo, &c.) ghu, khu, can hardly prove ambiguous, ghu is the guttural gh or Northumberland r in Rhine; khu the guttural & or x of the Greeks, and ch or gh of the Scots : qu, the harfh Palatine k, or Hebrew p. Inherent u (not oo) in bhu, tu, &c. correfponds with e in our letters be, tee, &c. being merely to give utterance to confonants, which muft otherwise remain for ever mute. K is always for the hard, and S for the foft, C.

Whoever hath comprehended me fo far, will be at no loss to read the following Ode from Souda, in the Roman character; to which, for obvious reasons, I have prefixed the Perfian, and fhall infert a literal translation, with a paraphrase in verfe, at the end of this chapter.

با تین که هرگئین وه تیري بهولی بهولیان دل لی کی بولتا ہی جو تو اب یہ بولیان

Bateň kid,hur gu een we teree b,holee b,holee,aň

Dil leke bolta hy jo too ub ye boleejaй“.

کنایه و هر دم تههولیان ہر بات ہی لطیفه و هر یک سخن می رمز بهر آن

ہی

ہی

Hur bat hy luteefu o hur yek fookhun hy rumz- Hur an hy kina,eu o hur dum hut,holee,aй“

آنکه همان جس آرسي في تسري مونه په کهولیان حيرت في اسکو نیند نگر ني دي پهر بهو* آنکهان

Hyrut ne oofko neend nu kurne dee phir kub,hoo- Unk,hee,aй jis arfee ne tere mooň h pu kholee aйTM.

اندام گل پر ہو نہ قبا اس مزه سی چاک جیون خوشه ونکي تن به مسکتی ہیں چولیان په

خوشهبونكي

Undam i gool pu ho nu quba is muze se chak

گن کی کیا خرام چمن مین کہ اب صبا" لا تي بي بدي ناز سي بهر بهر کي جهوليان نی

Latee hy boje naz se b,hur b,hur ke j,holee,an

Kin ne kee a khiram chumun meň ki ub fuba

ساقی پہونچ شتاب که مجتہد بن اس ابرسی" پر تی نہین نگرگ برستی ہیں

Puřte nubeeň tugurg buruftee hyn golee,aň.

گولیان

Saqee puhonch fhitab ke tooj h bin is ubr fe

کیا چا ہیں، تجھی سر انگشت پر چنا جس بي گندگي خون مین چاہین ڈبو ليان

Kea chahu,ee tooj he fur i ungoofht pur hina-

Jis be gonuh ke khoon men chaheň doobɔlceaй*

جیدن برف ہو گی مهین خنک اب بستان هند نسبت انہونگی گر مہین گاباں کی لولیان

Je on burf hogue hyň khoonuk ub bootani hind

Nisbut oonhoй ke gurm hyй kabool kee loleean.

مودا کی دل سی صاف نہ ہتی تهی زلف یار شانه نی بینچ پر کی گرمین اوسکی کہو ليان

Souda ke dil fe faf nu ruhtee thee zoŏlfi yar —

Shane ne beech puř ke girheň oofke kholee a й.

To affift the scholar ftill further in reading the above, I fhall analyse the first four words in it, agreeably to the principles on which their pronunciation is founded; and leave him to do the rest at his leifure. Baten, b of beet in the prospectus, a of hall, t of beet, e of ere, French nasal; kidhur, k in shook, i in pin, db the d of feud afpirated, u in jug, r of ere; gueen, g in jug, u as before, ee of beet, й nafal; we, w in wo, e of ere, and so on. More would be required for children only, and less might have answered the purpose of teaching men how to profecute what the authour has begun.

ركابي

We may now proceed to the alphabetical table, attending at the fame time to the words inserted in the perpendicular lines; that each letter in rotation may be connected in this manner. A is pronounced as in ball, gall, hall, &c. thus bal J the hair, and generally represents the Perfian and Naguree is convertible with e, rikabee a dish, being occasionally written or pronounced rikebee. When every thing relative to a, its examples, and convertible letters, have been duly confidered, the next in order, viz. e muft be treated as above, and this continued fucceffively until the whole letters be finished. The most material parts only appear in the Synopfis, the more curious than immediately useful, being referved for the Notes, which when confulted, will, I truft, in general be found interesting enough, to merit infertion in this work; but if the reader's opinion coincide not with mine, he has it in his option to let them alone. The arbitrary

marks

چوہا

coach-hours

marks and abbreviations, are illustrated in fuch a way, as will most probably be fatis-
factory to the student; who will be so good as to recollect, that where a particular
vowel is examplified, no regard must be paid to the mute and fuperfluous letters of the
examples, and vice verfa-for instance. In the confonant column watch band, is the Coach-
best word I have yet found for exhibiting the chh in our language; t is left out as su-
perfluous; wa, is not farther required than to fhow, I mean the German, instead
of the Italian a in chhand a tether. Rogue, is used merely to preserve the
Iong o in rog —,, disease, though the discerning reader may if he choose deduce
therefrom, that g here, is hard, and filent ue, unknown. Array illustrates as well
as I can, the harsh in ara across, quafi aur au not with the vowels in the
example. To premife more would I believe prove unneceffary, and to have faid
lefs might have left the subject obscure. The figures before the Perfian and Na-
guree letters point out the rank of each, in these alphabets, that those who have
no Persian Grammar may if they please, reduce fuch letters to their proper order;
as 1st. Alif, 2d. Be, &c. printed in Italics to distinguish them from the Hinduwee
[36] kandoon, [23] bukar, in Roman letters. In the former, exclusive

of the three vowel points
latter we have, including the
fix though upon the whole the reader will find he has not, in fact, to attend to
more than thirty-fix founds, (thirty of which he is already acquainted with) fe-
veral of the characters being our confonants merely afpirated, and others common
to all the three languages that form the Hindoostanee; while a few of difficult
prolation, become monotonous with those that are easier. To the first class be-
long
with a number more; and to the last

e arab, there are thirty-two fymbols; but in the
matras or twelve vowels, no less than forty-

7

abyabb, d, ord, &c. to the fecond

thwad bthwoe, &c.

im As for

As forth and

&ch, S8,

Swad ≈ for ; thal

ABBREVIATIONS.

b

bandhna to tie.

bona by to be.

For their various ac-
ceptations while form-
ing compound verbs
confult Vol. I, but for
their fignification as
fimple verbs, fee Vol.
II. when published.

PREFIXED.

If the learner have arrived fo far, by regular stages, there can be little doubt of our understanding one another, in the subsequent parts of the Grammar, as well as through the whole of the Dictionary. On the contrary, should he anticipate the fubject by devious leaps, it will thereby be as much out of the authour's power to inftruct, as the reader's to criticife; because, on the one hand, if rules be laid down and not attended to, on the other, conjectures only can be hazarded, unworthy the name of criticism, and feldom entitled to the smallest reply, either from the writer of this effay, or from those scholars who may take the trouble to comprehend him. Should the latter become critics, it will be with judgement, and their animadverfions will be dignified with reason ;—fair argument with men of parts and application must ever be attended with

(c) The Notes in this Chapter will be regularly marked, for the conveniency of reference, by the letters in our alphabet, and inferted in the order they ought to be read after the student has very deliberately perufed the Orthographical Synopfis, which should be frequently inspected as he proceeds; not only to impress the subject at first on his memory, but also to preferve the connection between each part, and the remarks properly belonging thereto; which a little industry in the beginning will foon effectuate, and render perfectly familiar, in a few days, what may otherwife feem complicated and abstruse for several months. "Orthoëpea fonat rectè, orthographia fcribit." GRAM. BUSBEIANA.

(d) The a must always be pronounced broad, when neither final nor initial, full, and rather long; especially when the mud or grave mark accompanies it Authours have difcriminated this German a, (which the French have in bas, cheval, &c.) in the following various ways: à, á, â, ä, ä, aa, au, aw; though we have this very letter ourselves in fulfe, warm, water, and the examples in the text, multiplied in the hope of fixing the learner's attention to it's uniform broad found here; even in fuch words, as, an honour, as pronounced with the ore pleno et ample of our ancestours, preferved to this day among the Scots; who thus read, perhaps with Virgil himself, "arma virumque cano," as they have the fanction probably of every nation for so doing, but the English alone; who pronounce Latin in a tone that does not correspond with the idea I have of an old Roman; and may have been copied more from the squeak of emasculation, or the mince of a dancing-master, than from the actual pronunciation of modern Rome. Profodial and other figns, unless when unavoidable, ought in my opinion to be difpenfed with, that general instruction and utility may not be facrificed to too great accuracy and refinement. In fuch words as

~ hope, at the custard-apple, agfire,

aram

,a diamond الماس easy, almas آسان ret, afan آرام

I am not fenfible of any thing fo incompatible with our ideas of letters, as to induce me to mark them, àrám, ásân, ùlmäs, nor will the reader, when he recollects that my a is conftantly broad, and u invariably very short illustrated by jug in the Profpectus, which he will do right to copy, and fufpend along with note (b) in a convenient place to be confulted; having previously qualified himself for analysing the fame, by attending to the mode pointed out in page 6. The arbitrary marks will prove, I hope, as few and obvious as possible, confiftent with the nature and wants of a new fyftem; which a worthy military friend of

mine

D