That the reader may not tire with too many examples here, I fhall refer him for more to the following chapters, which will there answer a double purpose, and become every day more evident and inftructive, in proportion to our progress; let us, therefore, in compliance with cuftom, now proceed to the Pronouns. CHAPTER III. SECTION I. OF PRONOUNS (1) PERSONAL AND DEMONSTRATIVE. THE HE firft and fecond perfonals in this, as in other languages, are inflected irregularly; but, like nouns, have their cafes formed by the poftpofitions enumerated in the faft chapter. Ra, re, ree, are anomalously substituted here for the poffeffive, inffective, genetive fign ka, ke, kee, of or 's, confequently neither it nor ko is ever affixed to thofe cafes, though more or lefs compatible with the other inflections, or with the nominative plural: confidered as the oblique. Befides the poftpofitions common to both nouns and pronouns, there is one peculiar to the latter only, viz. e, in the fingular, and en, in the plural number, equivalent to ko, either as the dative or accufative fign; mõõjhe, toŏjhe, humen, (m) tõŏŏmhen, being the fame as mõõjh-ko, tõŏj,h-ko, hum-ko, toom-ko, when fimply me, thee, us, you, or to me, &c. Hum, we, toom, you, are like nos, vos, ufed indifferently as the agents or objects of verbs; and ur this refpect resemble those subftantives also, whose nominative and oblique are either interchangeable or origi nally the fame. Many of the natives, from ignorance, indolence, or false pride, fpeak in the plural, and thereby have in a manner very abfurdly discarded the fingular 3 4 (1) h. nambachuk, a pronoun; 1ft person, usmud, 2d jõskþmud, 3d furbud; v. self, and every thing relative to pronouns in the Dictionary. (m). The aspirate here is accounted for by the old nominative toŏmh, whence toomhara, and as humbeñ, Bumbon, are sometimes met with, it is probable enough that bum was auciently humb; fince woh, yib, preferve the b, in their plural inflections oonhoh, inbon. fingular of the first person though retained in their poetical works, and, among polite people who know how to humiliate themselves, while they address, as we do, the fecond perfon with the pronoun, and verb in the plural number, referving with us, too, thou, for expreffions of folemnity, familiarity, or contempt (n). The third perfon when spoken of respectfully, is generally put in the plural also, and as the poets are obliged often to take advantage of a latitude common to the perfonal pronouns, it will of course happen that the English fingular muft occafionally represent the Hindooftanee plural,-and our nominative will frequently fupply their oblique in fuch inverfe expreffions as moojbe fhouq nuheen hy non eft mihi cupido, I have no defire; for reasons too obvious to require any explanation here. (0) The third perfonals below, are likewise a kind of articles, which may be termed the remote and proximate demonstratives; whence they are more definite than our pronoun he; woh, meaning also that perfon; yih, he or this perfon. The nominative plural of the third person proximate, yeh, they, thefe; often drops the b, and is pronounced eee or ye. After what has been premised, it may not be improper to give the declenfion of the perfonal pronouns, with fuch examples and remarks, as they may refpectively require.— They are as follow: هي مجھی مشوق نهین مجدي Myn (2) The third is not unfrequently introduced for both the first and second perfon, when the former wishes to appear very fubmiffive, civil, or friendly to the latter. On fuch occafions, bundu, gholam, das, kinkur, ‚a flave, servant; fidwee, *jannisar, devoted; ajiz, uhqur, khakfar, fuqeer, humble, lowly, beggar; mõkhlis, deft dar, doulut kha, khyrkha, khyrundesh, friend, well-wisher; occurring for I. And ap, khood bu doulut felf, aufpicious felf; Sahib, rouran, peermoorfbid, khawind, khoda wund, khoda wund ne amut, mabap, bundepurwur, lord, master, patron, protector; huzrut, giblu, worship; furkar, boozoor, government, prefence; junabi alee, muha raj, dhurum-moorut, highnefs, idol; for you, in this manner.-Ap &c. kub furma,enge gholam & ko, when will you order me? Sometimes zadu, is thus added to a few of the foregoing words; gholam zadu koochh Sahib se urz keea chahta, I (the son of your flave) wish to reprefent to master) you:Mokhlis fahib zade ko kul dekhega, (your friend) fhall fee your (master's) fon to-morrow.. Ko Indeed (o) Thefe admit of ko to, and ka of, after their inflections, oofka, iska, of him, bis, from he's. this genetive, like ours, fo much refembles an adjective, that I cannot help thinking the learned Wallis had fome reason for calling this form of the noun, one; to which at all events, it has as good a title, as the pronominal adjectives, thefe being in this language no other than this very poffeffive genetive, and as fuch, they agree in gender, case, and number with their respective nouns. Even we generally prefer my, thy, to of -me, thee, &c. therefore cannot be surprised at their ambiguous nature in the Hindooftanee, particularly when there is a fimilar, coincidence in the Latin, quis, cujus, & cujus, a, um; mei, tui, fui: fee Lowth, page 36 to 44. The Perfian izafut (i) alone, forms the poffeffive pronoun, fur io, being either the head of him, or his head. Confult the Grammar of that language pages 17 and 28. A gentleman, whose name has escaped me, very ingeniously derives the Turkish word janizary from the above. I fhall hereafter point out how the perfonals are often purposely avoided, when a fuperior orders an inferior by using verbs imperfonally, as a dignified mode of dictation. thefe, & they. (p) Although hum, tčom, admit of ko, pur, &c. myň, too, rarely, perhaps never do. It may be here observed, that the plural oblique in on above, is more immediately expreffive of that number; human, us, being feldom ufed for mojh, me; and toomhon, you, is not for th, thee; but you (people, folk) actually plural. Humaron, toonharon, now and then are met with for those plurals. From the prepofterous affumption of the first perfon plural, for the fingular, it is easy to account for the introduction of log, as the fign of plurality in this inftance; but were thofe who call hum, I, and hum log, we, for a moment to advert to the foleciím I people, we Britons would hear no more of such plurals, or might with equal reason contend, that you is not the plural of thou, because that is used respectfully for this, with a verb in the plural also, though relating to only one (viz. the second) perfon. Britons, above, is in fact as much the plural of I, as log, is the plural affix of chakur, muzdoor, &c. We ourselves have fervant-men, maids, without being deprived of the regular plural fervants, which the word chakur, with a numeral adjective or verb in the plural, can fully exprefs, to fay nothing of it's oblique, and vocative chakroň, chakro. It is probable enough that our ignorance of these circumstances, confirmed by the known indifference of the natives, may contribute much to the introduction of fuch inelegant barren plurals as log, fub; for the nouns in general, are by no means fo defective in this respect, as those who mifconceive, mutilate, and abuse them. The diverfity of idiom may lead us aftray, but this even can foon be reconciled, by rendering fahib log, gentle folk; chakur log, fervant men; muzdoor lg, labouring people. The abuse of fub, all, as the real plural form, is beneath notice or animadverfion; as fuch, I have never met with it among the people, though it may appertain to the jargon of their baboons, but this I have not yet found leisure to acquire or attend to. (q) When ap, means your-his-worship, .t has no inflection, unless at times apoň in the plural; therefore, ap-ka,-ko,-fe, &c. exprefs of youhim, or your-his worship, to-from-your-his worship, and so on.. Khood in the pl. obl, may have khoodoň, as ap has apoň. Mamurdööm, huma Looma, いし Apoos, apoŏfoň, upnoň, apoй, occur with ka, ko, &c. of-to-your-ourtheir-felves, one another, their worships, &c. Aphee, aphee ap, apse, uz-khood, khood-bu-khood, burae khood, may all be rendered, of-by-myself, thyfelf, hisfelf, &c. The two first mean both folum and ponte; the reft properly mea-tua-&c. fponte only. Ap alfo means, on particular occafions, I, thou, &c. The ne, above is the expletive mentioned in the Remarks on general declenfion, which follows the nominative or oblique agent to active preterite verbs, and will be further illuftrated by the fubfequent quotations, particularly in page 70. حج nij خود Khood ہی and the affix bee or ee also express our emphatic reciprocal pronoun, felf, felves, own, when joined to the perfonals, exactly as in English: myn ap, myn khood, myn nij, myn hee, myself, I myself; but the last only feems to accompany these pronouns in their inflections, mooj hee, myself, točj hee, thyself, oos bee, his felf, feldom if ever, moojh ap, toojb khood: It may even be affixed thus, ap-bee or apee, khoodhee, nijhee, to exprefs Shooma, hum toom, are used in conversation for we, us, fuch people as we, us; and examples 15, 18, in page 68, fhew two inverfe cafes, where the oblique is fimilar to our nominative. The 20th, means this very eircumftance, even this truth, &c. The ancient form of the pronouns may prove acceptable and useful to the fcholar, who will find them, in the Brij Bhak,ha, and many Hinduwee fongs, to this day. They are accordingly inferted here: houn, I; to, to on, thou; tor, of thee; thee; hum, we. us; Sour's. mor, of me; humar, ya, ta, mora, my; waka his, ог it's, okra J&c. Ι Houй or hoon, is ftill preferved as the pronominal adjunct of verbs in the first perfon. The cases in r, resemble the old fign of the genetive; whence the modern mera, tera. know not the derivation of moojh, toojh, unless from fome fuch Sunfkrit words as mooyu, tooyu, fince we have an instance somewhat parallel in fooruj, jumna, from fooryu, yumna. See Halhed's accurate Bengal Grammar, pages 78 and 81 in particular, and from 52 to 90 in general.— The prefent we, they, appears to be a regular plural from wa, and this in the pl. bl. ought to be won, not oon, tora, thyl; fometimes tohra, as toombar is which is eafily deduced from o. Tis, still in use, I presume alfo tobar. comes from this ta, he, and fhall be noticed as a relative hereafter. As mo-he, to-he, me, thee, to-me, thee, occur in old authors, both datively and accusatively, it is not easy to determine whether this be, is an inflection of the pronoun, or as I have claffed e, (and its plural eň) a poftpofition. express, own-very-or real felf, felves. This particle moreover forms wohee, yihee, oofee, fee, which fignify, the-that-this-very-felf-fame perfon or thing. Myn upne ap, I my own felf, too upne ap, thou thy own felf, &c. are used here as we do; nor is it unusual to find myn hee ap, toobee ap, myň apbee, too apbee, and fo forth, for my very felf, &c. hee or ee, being the most pliant adjunct to be met with in any tongue, and admiffible as an affix to moft words in the language. Whoever is in the least acquainted with the declenfion of our own nouns, or has paid the fmalleft attention to the laft chapter, can be at no lofs with the above pronouns; as their obliques, like ours, with the poftpofitions, form every cafe that can be required, and may be perceived in the various examples below; in which the concrete objective fign, e, en, to, is also included. The adjective, or poffeffive form of the preceding pronouns, is exactly the fame as their genetive, and like it has a, for the mafculine, e, for the inflected and plural state, with ee, for the feminine, in all cafes and numbers. I fhall exhibit it here, in order to ferve as a model in future for all pronominal adjectives terminating in a, and which will be referred to this when occafion requires: poftpofition. My reafon for fo doing is, that every real inflection admits of fome poftpofition or other after it; whereas moojhe, toŏjhe, oose, ife, (to) me, thee, him; humen, toom heň, oonhen inheň, (to) us, you, them, never do. It is, however, fingular enough, that if a poftpofition, it fhould be entirely reftricted to pronouns. See the work now quoted, pages 55 and 56. MASC. |