in one place, may advantageoufly obtrude itself on the reader's notice in another. It is now time to conclude this chapter on the elements, and the changes to which they are expofed, by obferving that these generally depend on the speaker's inability, averfion, perverfeness, or affectation to articulate certain founds. The Hin. doos have neither fe, & ghyn, ¿ khe, gqaf, ; xe, xhe, nor in one sense have they sheen; neceffity therefore obliges them to substitute the letters most congenial with the above, phu or pugui khu and kuju♬ and fu Among the old Perfians there were no fuch letters as the, 2 bhe, thal, s ص fwad, thwad, btwo, bthwoe, & aen, & quaf, and their defcendants, though long ago converted to the faith, ftill exprefs these letters as, or by, o 色 b, دس S gaf, have When the zt, j≈, and ¿ gh: The Arabs having no pe, & che, i xhe, recourfe to be — or fe, feen, jeem, and probably Skaf. & Moofulmans found they had neither the Hinduwee afpirates, nor harsh ď, Ĭ, t, the expedient of the auxiliary b, as obferved before, was adopted with success; while arbitrary marks ferved to distinguish the others from their own soft d, r, t, which are also found in the Naguree system; but fince they now learn the true pronunciation of d, I, I, from their infancy, no difficulty on that fcore can ever occur to any native of Hindooftan. The notes on b, n, and r, plainly prove the fecond cause of corruption, and the third will be no less apparent from j and z.The low Moofulmans, affecting to speak like their educated brethren, often occafion the deviation noted under g, k, kh, which even the better people themselves fometimes give into; and from a fimilar wish we probably have Shanskrit among the Hindoos for Sunskrit, it's actual pronunciation. Before clofing the prefent chapter, I fhall take this opportunity of giving the verbal translation, and paraphrafe, promifed in page 5, q. v. Where are thy kind innocent expreffions now, that having captivated my heart, thou talkest to me thus ?-All thy words are gibes, and every fentence is raillery. Not a moment without farcafm, and each breath has become a taunting joke. Admiration hath not yet allowed the mirror to fleep, that opened it's eyes on thy countenance. The capfule of the flower doth not burst with such charms, as when the garment of the fair gives way. Who hath been walking in the garden, that now the zephyrs come over-loaded with the perfumes of blandishment. Come Come quickly, my beloved, for without thee the clouds are not discharging hail, but, bullets. Why shouldst thou die the tips of thy fingers with bina, while they can be dipped in the blood of victims (to thy love). The damfels of India have become as cold as ice, and are rivalled in affection by the maids of Kabool. The treffes of my love were not in concord with Souda, till the comb interposing unravelled their (prejudices) contortions. * The liguftrm indicum, or eastern privet, called in this country men hdee, and much used for staining the nails, hands, and feet, of the women, at marriage feasts, of a red colour. The natives truft greatly to it in the Fluor Albus, as an internal medicine; and use it externally for fcalds, burns, and blifters from walking: And my friend, Dr. John Peter Wade, I think, mentioned to me, that he had feen an infufion of it used with success against old gleets. + The nightingale is reprefented by the Moofulmans, as being enamoured of the fragrance and colour of flowers; while the Hindoos celebrate the bee, for its attachment to their actual fweets, with more truth, perhaps, though with lefs refinement. As our poets talk of snowy bosoms, alluding to colour only, I have ventured to preserve this, and at the same time add two other qualities no less acceptable by a metaphor, which in a mere paraphrase I am not very folicitous to render oriental; being more anxious to imitate what Souda would have written, had he been a Briton, than to preferve what he now tells his country V. When Aurora from Phoebus comes tripping it by, Are fo much my dear nymph's, I diftractedly cry, VI. Though yon clouds burft with peals we have nothing to fear, Since the fkies will relenting avert, While fuch innocence, beauty, and goodness, are near, Each fhaft but thy own from my heart. VII. If kind nature, not art, lilies, rofes, can grace,. With pencil and colours divine, Shall 'paint facrilegioufly beauties deface? Each bloom fees with envy in thine. VIII. How ye damfels of Hind prove more frigid and cool! As our genial warm plains, while the maids of Kabool, IX. Are thofe locks not intended to rivet thy chain! Fly Souda inchantment is there! What comb hath the power to release thee again? country-men, whofe ideas on love differ widely indeed from ours. Verbal translations even frequently require a veil inconfiftent with their title, but neceffary to reconcile the fubject thereof to us.-The notions of the Hindoos are much more confiftent, though they generally represent the female sex as the lovers, and the male beloved.-The Moofulmans tell you that their love is much more exalted and refined than ours, or the Hindoos, which they alledge must ever be felfish and fenfual; while the faithful, on the contrary, pretend to enjoy the rapturous admiration of beauty, in a form that cannot communicate any other gratification: And if we attend to what has been obferved in the first part of this note, there certainly appears a coincidence in the fimiles of both nations, with what the Moofulmans say for themselves here. This defence will however, be found much better calculated for theory than practice, and like other delufive expedients of palliating vice by the femblance of virtue; I fhall, therefore, fo far depart from the word verbal, in all such tranflations, as to make them at least decent, if I fail of rendering them agreable; and while paraphrafing, I mean to pay more attention to the general tenour and drift of a poem, than the words, or even ideas and conceits, of the fame; though I have now given, in Italicks, a few (not in the original) on purp fe to fhew the nature of the quibbles, that the Afiaticks still continue to admire, and which formerly among us, had charms enough to attract the inimitable Shakespear himself, from the towering height of his elevated genius, to the puddles frequented by every conceited scribbler. v. notes on the perfonal pronouns. L CHAPTER II. CHAPTER II. OF THE NOUN. T HE Hindooftanee, like the Latin (a), has neither an indefinite, nor the definite article; unless the numeral ek one, adjunct hee and the pronouns yih this, wob that, may fometimes be confidered as fuch (b). وه ہی Το means the definite, and burf i turkeer معرفه or marif u حرف تعریف a) Hurf i tareef) .the indefinite article ناره or nukiru حرف تنگیر Such grammatical terms as are omitted in the Dictionary, will be found inferted progreffively in the Notes here, that the fcholar may become acquainted with the whole, by a reference to that work, and an attentive perufal of the prefent. Hee, above, is now and then ee, yih-ee wŏh-ee وہی the fame; or by omitting the b in the hurry of speaking, thus. Return it to the owner, malik ee ko phero کو : properly malik-bee مالک مرو مي But this ee is very different from e mentioned below, as the natives never pronounce it ee, though the Moghuls, who are the beft judges, moft probably do. (b) See Dictionary pages 1 and 917, alfo Perfian Grammar, page 21, where e G occurs as the only indefinite; whereas the following examples feem to indicate that this e is also used definitely, and that both articles are often found in the Perfian (as well as Hindooftanee) fimple noun. To illuftrate this, and every other part of the Grammar, I shall endeavour, by following the footsteps of many judicious writers, to enliven a path naturally dreary and disgusting, with fuch flowers and fruits as have been culled from time to time in my interrupted excurfions; nor fhall the flowing bowl and chryftal fountain be omitted, when they fall in my way,-that we may, if poffible, reconcile the drynefs of the fubject to the palate of every reader; who must not, however, expect all the fragrance, bloom, and flavour, to be met with in the Perfian Grammar; but content himself, if the folidity of his present entertainment compenfate, in fome meafure, for it's want of elegance and fplendour. The words in Italics, particularized alfo by figures, point out what is more immediately examplified in every quotation; which shall be rendered as literal as may be consistent with a due regard to the language, sense, and perfpicuity of the version; it being better, even here, to deviate from the rigidity of verbal tranflation, than to introduce expreffions foreign to our idiom and ideas. اي پياري بابل کبد و نه بولي جیون غنچہ تو چمن میں بند قبا جو کهولی پر گل سي اي پياري 2 Jeon ghconchu too chumun meй bund i quba jo k hole - Phir gool fe ae peare boollool kubhoo nu bole کش کو آونگا وہ چمن میں ترکی ہی می Shubnum se kuh de bŏŏlbool pee,ale goŏloň kedhole باغ جهان مین آگر کچھ ہم نی پہل نپایا ایک دل ملا کہ جس من بین سیگرون مالی لی 10 Baghi juhan men akur koochh hum ne phul nu paca Ek dil mila ki jis meň hyn fykřoń mulole. If thou rend thy veil, like the rife bud in the garden, the nightingale will not, O! my beloved, again address a flower. 6 She will come with the dawn to a banquet on the green; bid the dew, O! philomel, wash the flower cups for her: Since my arrival in this orchard, I have not found a fruit; but a heart in which are many sorrows. The remainder of this Ode, from Souda, will be hereafter inferted, with a paraphrafe of the whole in verfe. سودا And again هزار خوطه بخوردم دري بكف نرسید سراي بخت من اين است گاه دریا چیست I 3 Huzar ghotu bi khoordum deore bu kuf nu rufeed- Suza,e bukhti mun een ust gonahi duree a cheest. 2 A thousand plunges have I tried, but not a pearl hath fallen in my way; and while fortune rewards me thus ! 3 How can the ocean be culpable? |