: frequently fuperfede the more elegant fimple verbs, (many of which are now becoming obfolete) or fupply the want of those that do not occur uncompounded in this language; an obfervation applicable to the following Clafs alfo, which, as well as the prefent, is fo analogous to our own idiom, that the bare enumeration of a few fuch verbs will give the fiudent an accurate idea of all the reft. Fikr-kurna, (m)-dou řana,-band hna-rukhna, and-ana(n), to think, muse, cogitate, or to be thoughtful. Shadee work admit of) with the various fignifications they poffefs or affume in this mode of composition, to which, a Briton who knows any thing of his own language, can be no stranger: Kurna, to do, act, make, try, perform, execute, commit, excite, use, confider, whence, fuch-k, to believe. hona, ho-jana, &c. to be, become, grow, feem, prove, appear, turn; often alfo expressed by ana, ajana, ho-ana, &c. See Clafs, III.' in Division I. } jana, to be, continue, become, and in Clafs I, out, up, off. dena, to give, let, permit, grant, ditto, up, down, away, off, out. lena, to take, use, &c. ditto, by, up, off, out. dalna, to caft, throw, &c. ditto, away, off, out, up, &c. khana, to eat, take, get, fuffer, bear, ditto, uncertain. This word often feems to fupply the paffive; mar-khana, to get a beating, being in frequent use for mara-jana, to be beaten. rukhna, to have, hold, place, fet, lay, and in Class I. up, by, afide. chookna, to end, be done, ceafe, terminate, ditto, out, up. pana, to get, receive, find, obtain, ditto, of, about. muchana, } to make, excite, murna, to die; but here it means in vain, kuhmurna, to speak in vain. their neuters muchna, ruchna, are also used, which applies to the other verbs, and thows, that their caufal form is likewife generally adıniffible in this place; whence mar-khilana, to give a beating; qusum-dilana, to adminifier an oath. furmana, to order, has in polite discourse a variety of meanings, fuch as to obferve, mention, which practice will foon make familiar. lana, to bring, fetch, bear, make, yield, &c. From this fome of the verbs of Clafs V. are probably formed, and with these we may join but-lana, to fhew, and a few more. lugna, to be, feem, join, &c. with its active lugana, to apply, &c. bythna, to fit, give, &c. and in Class I. up, out. purna, to fall, happen, &c. ditto, down. chhorna to leave, quit, &c. ditto, over, up, off. octhna, to rife, mount, &c. ditto, cut, up. And to these may be added, ruhna, to stay, continue, be; bandhna, to tic, frame, plan, &c. buchna, to escape; girna, to fall; and octurna, to defcend; with hunkna, to drive; pokarna, to call; purhna, to read, &c. (m) Sukarna, to accept a bill, nukarna, to refufe one, too-karna, to thou, door-karna, to drive away, hool-karna, to set on, choom-karna, to coax, with a few more, may thus eafily be traced from too, thou; fuch, true; or foo, good, the negative nu, door, far, hoolo, a cry used in chase, &c. with kurná; unless Shadee or be ah to marry, make a kurna,-ruchana,-muchana, dena, lena, and bona marriage, give or bone marriage, give of take in marriage. Galee-dena,-dilana,-khilana,-khana, and-pana, to abufe, give and get abuse. Durd-kurna,-bona, ana, (v. n.) and-lana, (v. a.) to pain, to feel. Rokhfut-lena, hona, to take leave,-kurna-dena-furmana, to give leave, dismiss. Ghool or fhor -kurna,-muchana,-oofhana and-dalna, to make a noife. Khubur-dena,-kurna, puhoň chana-lana, &c. to inform, &c. Lužące-kurna-muchana-lena and luŸna, to fight, or make war, fight a battle, &c. Ghčtu-marna,-khana, v. n.-dena, v. a. to duck. Khet-ana,-ruhna, to fall in battle,-lena, to win,-puku rna, to take the field. Shurt-kurna,-bandhna,-lugana-budna-hona, &c. tọ wager, stipulate, &c. be afhaShurm-kurna,-rukhna,-lugna,-bona,-ana-kbano, dena,-k hilana med, to shame ana-kpang, dewa,-k bilana in or abafh. Shikar-kbelna, marna-kurna, lena, &c. to hunt, catch game, Fitrut-kurna,-lu rana,-bandhna,-guřhna, lugana, } to trick, lay fnares, use ftratagems. Mar-byť hna,-dena,-lena,-k bilana,-d burna,-chulana, to beat, to ask a bleffing, blefs, &c. unless they be derived like pich-karna, to squirt, kilkarna, to scream, from pich-karee, a squirt, kilkar, a fcream. See page 136. One or two verbs have a kind of defective reduplication that otherwise would have no meaning at all, bolna-chaina, to meddle with, beahna-burna, to marry, mangna-tangna, to borrow, pukuřna-dbukurna, to seize, &c. (n) This verb generally requires the dative or accufative figns, e, ko, mèñ, and pur. Oosko, (or oofe) fikr a.ee, he is penfive. In compofition, unless we attend to this inverfe mode of fpeech, this ana is liable to be confounded with the efficient form of verbs, like bhurna, děõk hna, durna, dekhna; bhur-ana, to overflow, dook,h-ana, to be painful, dur-ana, to get afraid, dek,h-ana, to feem, refembling, durana, &c. to frighten. It appears of use alfo in forming words, like luj-ana, from laj, fhame, which as thurm-ana, has both an active and paffive fenfe. See note (), in the next page. Nubz Nubz-dekhna, puhchanna,-maloom kurna, to feel the pulfe. likewife expreffed by lohoo lena, nikalna. Mol-lena, to buy,-dena, to fell,-kurna, huhrana,-choolana and-molana, to appraise. Sir-katna,-lena, -ootarna, qulum kurna, to behead. Tufhreef-lana,-lejana,-ruk bna-furmana-le, fidḥarna, used respectfully for, to come, go, stay, depart, &c. In this are exhibited the verbs formed by adjectives with kurna, and other fubfervient tranfitives, befides hona, hojana, ana, &c. the first of which in general form active, while the latter produce a numerous tribe of neuter, intranfitive, and inceptive verbs. Gurm-kurna, to heat,-hora, to be hot,-kojana or-ana(o) to grow or become hot. Shurmindu-k. to fhame,-b. to be afhamed,-bojana, to grow afhamed. Doogna-k. or-lugana, to double,-hona v. n. tigoona-k. lugana, to triple, v. a.b. v. n. Sčŏrkh-k.-h. a. and n. to redden, sõõrkh-ana, rubefcere, fometimes rubefacere. Ek-k. b. v. a. and n. to unite; maqool-k. to convince, maqool-b. to be convinced. Such-k. janna, boojhna, &c. to believe : ufed in this way. Thefe and fimilar verbs are often Nek-janna, to esteem, yuqeen-k. fumujhna, &c to believe. But fuch combinations are or foon will be fo eafy and familiar to every English fcholar, as to render a larger number of them perfectly useless; we shall therefore close this subject of the Verbs, and now pay due attention to their fubordinates, the Adverbs. (0) And as flated before, in page 152, to heat, gurmana, having the power of caiere, calefcere, and calefacere; which allo takes place in n.rm-ana, fhurm-ana, &c. CHAP CHAPTER VI. OF INDECLINABLE WORDS, OR PARTICLES. SECTION I. OF ADVERBS. THE HE nature of Adverbs is fo much alike in all languages, as to require very little on this fubject here, except a bare enumeration of the whole; for which the scholar can at leifure confult the Dictionary, under where, now, once, then, thirdly, &c. the author not being confcious of having omitted any that are very material. Many, as in English, are both adjectives and adverbs, according to their position or relation to other parts of a sentence, and the greater number of ours in ly, are expressed by an adjective only, or a noun with the postposition Je (p); dono burabur hyň, both are equal; dono burabur rukho, place both equally; dono buree hikmut fe rukhe gye, both are placed very skilfully, i. e. with great art. The compounds kif-turuh, quo modo; kis foorut fe, quem ad modum; kahe ko, quare; kis wafte ko, quamobrem, as in Latin, will be easily traced when the student perufes page 79 with fome attention; and the Remarks oppofite page 58 must at once give him a perfect idea of kuhaň-fe, unde; wuhaň -se, inde; eehan-fe, hinc. See, whence, there, here, hence, &c. in the Dictionary. The reduplicated inflected participle feems often to fupply the place of an adverb; thus, hote hote, gradually; puřhte puĭhte, by constantly reading; kuhte kuhte, by continually faying: And one curious inftance deferves notice, girte purte, difficultly. Upnee kitab ko myň ne girte purte tumam keca hy. کتاب کو اپني I have soith difically finihed my book, or rubbed through گرتی پر تی تمام کیا ہی it the best way I could. Thofe adverbs which end in e, are probably inflected adjectives or nouns, like pyble, doofre, teefre, thirdly, &c. from pyhla, first, (1) The fe, is nevertheless frequently omitted, whence juldee, fhitabee, speed, are used for speedily. Tt doofra, ro≈, doofra, fecond, and so on. We have low, neecha; below, neeche ; fide, kinaru; aside, kinare; flow, ahiftu, dheema; flowly, dheeme, ahiste, whence afte. They are often repeated, probably to give them the force of fuperlatives; boule houle, very gently; chhipe chhipe, very privately. Nouns alfo by reduplication (4) form adverbs; ghuree ghuree, hourly; baree baree, viciffim ; 102 ros, daily; and bu, a, often intervene; fal bu fal, yearly; jhup a jhup, quickly; ek a-ek, fuddenly; but ek ek, means figillatim, one by one; admee admee, man by man. Anu, fa, un (r), are affixes that somewhat refemble our ly; buba door anu, buba door fa, bravely; qufdun, purposely: This may likewise be rendered by the preterperfect participle; boojhke, confiderately; jan boojh kur, defignedly; foch kurke, deliberately. The particles ufed interrogatively for the moft part begin with(s), while their relatives have j, i, ee, w, oo, t; but on this fubject the reader will do well to confult pages 77, 78 and 79. The diurnal denominations of past and future time, are in this language fo indefinite, as to require the verb's affiftance before it can be known for certain, which of the two is intended, and although in common difcourfe no great inconveniency be felt from fuch defect, ftill I have feen confiderable perplexity when talking of yesterday's pay, work, leffon, &c. which most other languages have in great meafufe obviated, as in the fcheme below: (9) Which happens oftener to adverbs perhaps than to any other parts of fpeech; boule boule, bulge hulge, ahifle ahiste, dheeme dheeme, gute gute, all mean foftly, gently; in which they greatly resemble the repetitions noted in page 86. q. v. and obferved in the text above. (r) These are alfo adjective adjuncts, of which hereafter in Chap vii. on the Composition and Derivation of Words. Ka, at times precedes the fa, hywankafa, brutally.. (s) And ch, in fome words from the Perfian. |