premises is proved, especially by osteological relics. M. Liais enters into the glacial theory at great length, but I must refer my readers to his book for a full consideration of the subject. He holds that so far from the equatorial region being less warm at any past epoch, the temperature must have been higher to permit the formation of the vast amount of vapour necessary to produce the snows and ice in the temperate zone, which brought about our glacial period. Besides which, no rotation of the earth's axis could make the equatorial region even temporarily polar. M. Liais also cites the existence of remains of animals in the caves covered by the same red clay which M. Agassiz considers to be drift. These animals must have lived prior to the supposed glacial epoch, yet they are identical with existing species now found in the same localities.

M. Liais also shows that the so-called erratic blocks are in close proximity to the virgin rock whence they have been derived. This is also the case with the angulated quartz pebbles described by Mr. Hartt as water-carried stones lying under the drift clay; dykes and veins of the same material are always in close proximity. M. Liais says, "When one is assured that these blocks come really from the region where they are met with; when one sees them sometimes still partially fixed in the decomposed gneiss with its primitive stratification" (as I have described on the Corcovado and Petropolis Railways); "when, finally, one observes the vast scale on which the decomposition of rocks by atmospheric action is carried on in Brazil;-these phenomena have a simple and natural explanation, excluding entirely the idea of transport." rounded forms which some of these blocks present is also attributable to atmospheric action. M. Agassiz even describes rocks in situ with the same peculiarities.

It is very difficult to estimate the thickness of the gneiss formation in Brazil. In the Corcovado range, M. Liais estimates it at a thousand metres. In the Organ Mountains and the Mantiquiera range, in the province of Rio de Janeiro and South Minas Geraes, at six thousand metres.

Explorations of the Highlands of Brazil, Captain Richard F. Burton, F.R.G.S., etc. (now Sir Richard F. Burton, K.C.M.G.)

Climats, Géologie, Faune, et Géographie Botanique du Brésil, Emmanuel Liais. Paris: 1872.

Hydrographie du haut San Francisco et du Rio das Velhas, Emmanuel Paris: 1865.

Lias.

The Naturalist on the River Amazon, H. W. Bates.

Travels in the Interior of Brazil, George Gardner, M.D., 1849.

Letters Home from. . . Brazil, Rev. Hamlet Clark, 1867.

A Voyage to South America, etc., G. J. and D. A. de Ulloa, 1758.
History of Brazil from 1808-1831, John Armitage.

Journal in Brazil, Louis Agassiz. Boston, U.S.A.: 1868.

The Naturalist in Nicaragua, Thomas Belt.

London: 1874.

Geology and Physical Geography of Brazil, C. F. Hartt.
Geographical Distribution of Animals, A. R. Wallace.

Geological Observations during Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, Charles Darwin.

Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, Charles Darwin.

Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of H.M.S. Adventure and Beagle, vol. iii.

Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. Narrative, vol. i. pt. 1., 1885.

Brazil, its Provinces and its chief Cities, etc., William Scully.

Wanderings in South America, Waterton.

Revista Brasileira, V.

Guia do Viajante no Rio de Janeiro. Rio: 1882.

Unity of Nature, Duke of Argyll.

Culture and Religion in some of their Relations, J. C. Shairp.

Magazin de Zoologie, Guérin, 1833.

Manual of Zoology, Dr. Alleyne Nicholson.

Arcana Entomologica, J. O. Westwood. London: 1845.

Homes without Hands, Rev. J. G. Wood.

Insects Abroad, Rev. J. G. Wood.

Insect World, Figuier.

Beiträge zur Naturgeschicte von Brasilien, Prince Maximilian.

Systematische Uebersicht der Thiere Brasiliens, Dr. H. Burmeister.

Exposé sommaire des théories transformistes, Dr. A. Vianna de Lima.

Paris: 1886.

The Descent of Man, Charles Darwin.

Le Monde Primitif, Oswald Heer.

Animal Parasites, Professor P. J. von Beneden..

Diccionario de medecina popular, P. L. N. Chernoviz. Paris: 1878.
Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium, P. L. Sclater and O. Salvin.
Conchilien Sammlung, Paetel.

Manual of Mollusca, H. and A. Adams, 1858.

430

LIST OF BOOKS, ETC., REFERRED TO.

Manual of the Mollusca, S. P. Woodward, 1880.

Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera, with Appendixes, W. F. Kirby.

Catalogue of W. C. Hewitson's Collection of Diurnal Lepidoptera, W. F. Kirby.

Exotic Butterflies, W. C. Hewitson.

Wiener Entomologisher Monatschrift, vii., Lederer.

List of the Lepidoptera Heterocera in the Collection British Museum, F. Walker.

Species général des Lepidoptères Hétéroères, Boisduval et Guénée.

Transactions, Linnean Society.

Proceedings, Entomological Society.

Tropical Nature, A. R. Wallace.

Genera des Coléoptères, etc., Th. Lacordaire. Paris: 1854.

Catalogus Coleopterorum, Dr. Gemminger and B. de Harold. Munich:

1869.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Blattaria Collection British Museum, F. Walker.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera saltatoria Collection British Museum, F. Walker.

Lists of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects Collection British Museum, F. Walker.

Insect World, Louis Figuier.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Hemiptera Collection British Museum, F. Walker.

Genera Plantarum, G. Bentham et J. D. Hooker.

Synopsis Filicum, Sir W. J. Hooker et J. G. Baker.

The Vegetable Kingdom, John Lindley, 1853.

Journal of Botany. June, 1885.

Diccionario de Botanica Brasileira. Joaquim de Almeida Pinto. Rio de Janeiro.

O orçamento do Imperio desde sua fundação, Senador Liberato de Castro Carreira. Rio de Janeiro: 1883.

Apontamentos para a geographia da Provincia de Minas Geraes, H. Laemmert and Cià. Rio de Janeiro: 1883.

Jornal de Commercio, Rio de Janeiro (daily paper).
Gazeta de Noticias, Rio de Janeiro (daily paper).

Gazeta de Tarde, Rio de Janeiro (evening paper).

O Brazil, Rio de Janeiro (daily paper).

Revista de Engenharia.

Le Brésil, Paris.

Rio News, Rio de Janeiro.

The Times, London.

The Morning Post, London.

The South American Journal, London.

The Entomologist, 1885.

Good Words, May 1885.

The Statist.

INDEX.