gredient is stated in terms of percentage or proportionate composition plus a correct statement of the net content in terms of weight, measure, or number if the gross weight is over 2 ounces.

Where inner and outer labels are used on a package of food, all label declarations should appear on both the inner and outer labels except that the statement of contents need not appear on the inner label.

The above labeling requirements do not apply to a. food packaged from bulk on the premises where the food is retailed but where any such package of food bears any statement, mark, or device with reference to the ingredients or the substances contained therein, in addition to the name of the food, the name and address of the retailer, and the net contents, it must be labeled according to these regulations.

Where a standard for a food is provided in the Food and Drugs Regulations, only those ingredients named in the standard are to be used in the food. Where the contents of a package of food are expressed in terms of minimum weight, measure, or number, the contents of the package may not be less than the minimum expressed.

Labels for drug products.—The label for any drug product sold under the act must signify the proper name of the drug (or the common name if there is no proper name), the name and address of the manufacturer, the net content, the complete list of ingredients, the dosage for potent drugs, and adequate directions for use. Where a package of a drug has only one label it must contain all the information required to be shown on both the inner and outer labels. Samples of new drugs together with details concerning the ingredients and method of manufacture, a report of tests, and a sample label must be filed in advance of sale with the Minister of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

While the act requires a list of medical ingredients on the label of a package it is possible, in certain cases, for manufacturers to protect the secrecy of their formulas by registering the preparation under the Proprietary or Patent Medicine Act. Thus, instead of a complete list of medicinal ingredients, the proprietary or patent medicine registration number must appear on the label. Nevertheless, the names and amounts of certain patent drugs must still be declared.

Vitamins may not be mentioned on labels or in advertisements unless the food or drug to which they refer provides a specific amount in a reasonable daily intake of them.

Labels for cosmetics. To be sold in Canada, cosmetics must be labeled in accordance with requirements of the Food and Drugs Act, and any statement appearing on such labels must be legibly and conspicuously displayed. The name, if any, of the cosmetic and the description of the cosmetic, if necessary for its identification, shall appear on both the inner and outer labels. Also both labels should carry the name and address of the manufacturer or distributor. When either has more than one place of business, the address shall be that of the head office or principal place of business. The address of any branch place of business may be permitted on the label in type no larger than that used for printing the address of the head office. The outer label must carry a declaration of the net content expressed in terms of weight for solids, fluid measure for liquids, or weight for semisolids. Fluid measure

may be used if in accordance with established commercial practice and if accurate in respect of the net content combined with numerical count if the content is subdivided.

Net weight is not required on the label of a package of perfume, toilet water, or the like if the net content does not exceed 4 fluid ounces nor on a package of solid or liquid cosmetic the net content of which does not exceed 1 ounce.

The inner label on cosmetics must carry adequate directions for safe use where a hazard exists and any warning, caution, or special direction required by regulation to be placed thereon. Coal tar color is restricted to specified quantity.

Where only one label is used it should contain all the information required to be shown on both the inner and outer labels. Cosmetic labels are not permitted

to carry any symbol to denote that the cosmetic had been compounded in accordance with a prescription. Special labeling is required when a preparation contains any sex hormone.

Hair dyes containing coal tar dye base or coal tar dye intermediate may not be sold unless the special labeling requirements on both the inner and outer label are fulfilled.

Canned Fruits and Vegetables

Under the regulations of the Meat and Canned Foods Act of Canada, the containers of canned fruits and vegetables must show thereon the true name and address of the manufacturer or of the first dealer. The description of the contents must be true and correct and conform to the requirements of those regulations.

Precious Metals

Articles containing precious metals need not bear a quality mark. But if they are so marked, the marking must conform with the regulations under the Precious Metals Marking Act. Further, the act requires that any gold, silver, platinum, or palladium article that has applied to it a quality mark shall also have applied a trademark registered under the Unfair Competition Act or registered under the Trade Marks Act, or a trademark in respect of which application for registration has been made under either of the said acts, and, where the quality mark is stamped, branded, engraved or imprinted upon the article, such trademark shall also be stamped, branded, engraved, or imprinted upon the article.

Trademark registration in Canada is governed by the Trade Marks Act. Although advisable, registration is not compulsory except for wares containing precious metals. Trademarks which are not registrable include those using such symbols as the national flag, arms, or crest of Canada or any foreign state; the name or surname of an individual; deceptive marks or those which are clearly descriptive of the character of the wares or their place of origin; marks which are confusing with trademarks already registered.

Further information regarding Canadian trademark law may be had from the U. S. Department of Commerce, World Trade Information Service report, Part 2, No. 56-74, Patent and Trademark Regulations of Canada, for sale by the Superintendent of Documents,

U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C., and by U. S. Department of Commerce Field Offices at 10 cents. Application forms for registration of trademarks may be obtained from the Registrar of Trade Marks, Secretary of State Department, Canadian Building, Ottawa, Ontario.

Textiles

The regulations are designed to protect consumers against deception as to the components of certain textile materials whether manufactured in Canada or imported.

Labeling of textile materials is optional under regulations of the National Trade Marks and True Labeling Act, which became effective January 1, 1956, but when labels are used they must be clearly and legibly marked and not designed in any manner that is calculated or likely to mislead or deceive.

Under the act, label includes any advertisement, poster, display card, ticket, tag, sticker, mark, label, invoice, receipt, or other form of description, marking, or advertising, whether it is stamped, sewn, printed, written or otherwise applied and whether or not it is attached to the textile material that describes the material content of a textile material. It does not include a "display poster" which is described as any poster or directional sign used only for the purpose of identifying any groups of textile materials.

Labels must bear the correct names of all component fibers by naming each in order of its predominance by weight and where percentages are used they must show to the nearest 5 percent the percentage of each textile fiber. Labels are not required to note the name of any textile fiber that constitutes less than 5 percent of the total moisture-free material content unless it is incorporated in order to reinforce particular parts of the textile material to provide significantly increased wearing quality, and the description of the textile fiber in such label also discloses that it is incorporated for that purpose and indicates the parts of the textile material in which it is so used.

The word "new" or any other word or words that convey a similar meaning may not be used in reference to material content where the textile material or part thereof has previously formed part of another textile material other than unused yarn, fiber, thread, or fabric.

Labels for textile materials may carry the registered name of a dealer or a registered trademark only.

If hosiery is marked with a description of its content the description must be in accordance with the hosiery marking regulations. False or misleading descriptions may not be used. The same applies to any labels on hosiery should they be used. The marking of the material content on hosiery must be on at least one of each pair of hose, and its mate must correspond in every respect. Descriptive terms for hosiery, including "botany," "lisle," "mercerized," "crepe," and "chiffon," may not be used in a mark or label except in combination with the description of a fiber, such as "botany wool," "lisle cotton," "mercerized cotton," "rayon crepe," and "silk chiffon." The word "label" includes any advertising, poster, display card, invoice, receipt, ticket, tag, sticker, or mark that has reference to any hosiery.

Turpentine

A label for any liquid may not be marked "turpentine" unless the liquid is one of the kinds of turpentine as defined in the regulations under the National Trade Mark and True Labeling Act or is a mixture containing solely two or more of such kinds, but such a mixture may not be described as any particular kind of turpentine. A liquid may not be described on a label as "gum spirits of turpentine" or "steam distilled wood turpentine" or "sulphate wood turpentine" or "destructively distilled wood turpentine" or contain any words conveying a similar meaning, unless the liquid consists solely of that kind of turpentine without any other contents.

No label may describe any liquid as turpentine unless it is clear and free from visible water and suspended matter; the color may not be darker than No. 1 by the Union Colorimeter as determined in accordance with the procedure entitled "Tentative Method of Test for Color of Lubricating Oil and Petroleum by Means of A. S. T. M. Union Colorimeter" as published from time to time by the American Society for Testing Materials; the odor should be characteristic of the kind of turpentine described in the label; and turpentine must fulfill specified physical requirements.

The label for a mixture of turpentine may not carry the word "turpentine" unless preceded or followed by the word "substitute" in letters of the same size as in the word "turpentine." Each material other than turpentine contained in the liquid must be stated on the label with the proportion of turpentine (which may not be less than 50 percent of volume) and each other material shown by percentage of volume. Further, every label which describes the liquid in a container as turpentine or a kind of turpentine or a mixture of or substitute for turpentine shall bear the name or registered trademark of the manufacturer or wholesale distributor or retail distributor of the liquid. Turpentine in the form of gum prior to its processing into liquid is not affected by these regulations.

Other Commodities

Bedding and upholstery. Bedding and upholstery shipped to the Province of Ontario must bear labels approved in advance by the Ontario Department of Health, Toronto, Canada.

Eggs.-Shell eggs and frozen eggs imported into Canada for domestic consumption in containers not marked on both ends with the words "Produce of . . .” followed by the name of the country of origin in letters at least 1 inch high must be so marked by the importer. In addition, the container must be marked on at least one end with the grade of the eggs, in accordance with the Canadian egg standards, specified under the authority of the Live Stock and Live Stock Products Act.

Explosives and other dangerous products.-Explosives, petroleum, naphtha, compressed and liquified gases, and other dangerous products which are marked and labeled in the United States in accordance with U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission regulations are acceptable for shipment to Canada.

Furs. To protect the consumer from misrepresentation, dealers in furs are required to describe on all labels, invoices, or receipts, and any advertisements,

posters, or display cards the kind of fur, its true origin, and whether it is new or secondhand, and whether it has been treated by dyeing, tipping, or blending. While the dealer is not compelled to actually label his furs should he attach any label, tag, or ticket, beyond the label bearing his name, address, and the size of the garment, then such a label, tag, or ticket must supply the above information. Should any fur garment be unmarked, the dealer must correctly advise the retail purchaser as to its true origin when requested.

January 1957.

Oil filter elements.-Oil filter elements imprinted with the words "For tractor use only" are accorded original duty-free entry. If not so imprinted, such imports are subject to duty but a refund is allowed upon proof of their use on tractors. No such marking is required when oil filter elements are imported by either a tractor operator or a tractor manufacture.

Paint. Containers of paint must carry the net weight on the label and certain Canadian Provinces require that labels for paints which contain lead should be marked accordingly.

Prepared for publication by Jane Finley, British Commonwealth Division, Office of Economic Affairs.