measures in the next several months to give the United Nations the financial support which is absolutely essential to its survival.

"The United Nations," said U Thant in his recent Johns Hopkins lecture, "does not represent a vague ideal of universal peace and brotherhood which has its appeal only to starry-eyed idealists and moralists. Far from it. It is hardheaded, enlightened self-interest, the stake that all humanity has in peace and progress and, most important of all, survival that dictates the need for the United Nations as a practical, institutional embodiment of the needs of nations on a shrinking planet, as a potent and dynamic instrument at the service of all nations, east and west, north as well as south." 37

If this statement of the Secretary-General is correct-and we most definitely believe that it is-then it is time to face the financial consequences.

The present financial crisis of the United Nations involves the survival of the organization itself, for no institution can long survive if it cannot pay its debts and if its members are not willing to supply it with the funds necessary to continue its operations.

The "menu" of the U.N. is substantial and important. The "check" is no less so. Countries cannot expect to take the benefits of membership in the U.N. without the burdens.

II-18

"WHILE THE SOVIET REPRESENTATIVE PRETENDS TO BE ATTACKING SO-CALLED COLONIALISTS AND SOCALLED FOREIGN MONOPOLIES, IN ACTUAL FACT HE HAS BEEN ATTACKING THE SECURITY COUNCIL AND THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY": Statement Made by the U.S. Representative (Plimpton) in Committee V of the U.N. General Assembly, May 22, 1963 (Excerpts) 38

Mr. Chairman, although I have no intention of discussing Soviet arguments that have long since been disposed of by the Court opinion and its acceptance by the General Assembly, I cannot help but point out one thing to the 106 members of the United Nations who are not permanent members of the Security Council. Despite the fact that article 17, paragraph 2, of the charter provides "the expenses of the Organization shall be borne by the Members as apportioned by the General Assembly," in spite of that clear language the Soviet Union would have peacekeeping expenses apportioned, if you please, by the Security Council. What a result, Mr. Chairman! The 11 members

39

"Address given as the George Huntington Williams Memorial Lecture, Dec. 2, 1962. Text in U Thant, Toward World Peace: Addresses and Public Statements, 1957-1963 [New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1964), pp. 114-128.

38 U.S.-U.N. press release 4210 (text as printed in the Department of State Bulletin, July 29, 1963, pp. 178–181).

3 Text in American Foreign Policy, 1950–1955: Basic Documents, vol. I, pp. 134-161.

of the Security Council determining how the other 100 members of the United Nations shall pay for a peacekeeping operation as to which, according to the Soviet Union, they have no say whatsoever. Fortunately, Mr. Chairman, for those 100 members, such a result is not only on its face contrary to the express wording of the charter; it has been authoritatively and conclusively rejected by the Court and the General Assembly.

Mr. Chairman, I see no need to comment in detail on the stale accusations of the Soviet representative concerning the United Nations operations in the Congo. It was the Security Council itself, with the Soviets voting yes, and the General Assembly itself that authorized and repeatedly reaffirmed the principles and procedures in accordance with which the ONUC operation has been carried out.40 The two Secretary-Generals of the United Nations who were charged with the direction of their operation by the Security Council were careful and have been careful to consult the Congo Advisory Committee on the major issues arising in the Congo. The Government of the Congo itself has repeatedly expressed its strong desire to have the U.N. operations continue. And in a recent letter to the SecretaryGeneral it refuted the Soviet contentions about the operation and specifically rejected the Soviet demand that the United Nations forever get out of the Congo.41

Thus, Mr. Chairman, while the Soviet representative pretends to be attacking so-called colonialists and so-called foreign monopolies, in actual fact he has been attacking the Security Council and the General Assembly, . . . .

Mr. Chairman, no Soviet smokescreen of slanted and slanderous misrepresentation as to the effort of the United Nations to achieve peace and stability in the Congo can conceal the fact that that operation is succeeding, or the fact that the Soviet Union has consistently opposed it, or that the United States has wholeheartedly supported that operation from the very beginning.

Mr. Chairman, I hope that you will let me remind the committee that the United States has contributed by way of assessments and voluntary payments $114 million to the ONUC operation and that the Soviet Union has not only contributed nothing but that it is $32 million in arrears in the assessments that have been lawfully imposed on it.

Mr. Chairman, in the Congo, apart from these military operations, the United States has contributed or pledged $31 million to the Congo Fund. The Soviet Union has contributed not one kopek.

Through the United Nations, Mr. Chairman, the United States has contributed another $70 million for the Congo import-export program. The Soviet Union has contributed not one kopek.

*See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1960, pp. 524 ff. "See post, doc. VIII-30.

Mr. Chairman, the United States has contributed in food under the Food-for-Peace Program in arrangement with the United Nations $40 million for the Congo. The Soviet Union has contributed not one kopek.

II-19

"I AM CONCERNED AT THIS FINANCIAL CRISIS... BECAUSE I SEE . . . NO ACCEPTABLE ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF KEEPING PEACE IN THE WORLD TO THE STEADY AND SOUND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEACEKEEPING FUNCTIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS": Address by the U.N. Secretary-General (Thant) Before the Harvard Alumni Association, Cambridge, Mass., June 13, 1963 42

II-20

"THE WORLD HAS ONCE AGAIN MET A SEVERE TEST OF ITS CONFIDENCE IN THIS GREAT EXPERIMENT IN COLLECTIVE SECURITY-AND THE UNITED NATIONS HAS EMERGED STRONGER THAN BEFORE": Statement Made by the U.S. Representative (Stevenson) in Committee V of the U.N. General Assembly, June 21, 1963 43

What I shall have to say this morning will not take very long.

The time for contention and debate-for negotiation and maneuver-on the subject at hand is now behind us. Heaven knows that time was long enough!

But we meet today in an atmosphere of general relief, in a mood of sober confidence. We meet in an environment of renewed faith in the capacity of men of good will to resolve their common problems-faith in the responsibility of the vast majority of the membership of this body and thus in the future of this organization. More specifically, we can see ahead of us a way back toward financial health for the United Nations-a trip that may not be entirely smooth but one for which we at least now have a road map.

Let me contrast this atmosphere briefly with the almost desperate outlook of 1 year ago, when financial disorder threatened to give way to financial chaos.**

Let me contrast this with the general feeling of pessimism which pre

"U.N. press release SG/1520, June 12, 1963; text printed in U Thant, Toward World Peace: Addresses and Public Statements, 1957-1963 [New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1964], pp. 272–285.

U.S.-U.N. press release 4224 (text as printed in the Department of State Bulletin, July 29, 1963, pp. 181–182).

+ See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1962, pp. 78 ff.

vailed-without warrant, I always believed-when the Committee of 21 concluded its work a few months ago.45

And let me contrast the mood of today with that of the early meetings of this committee, when bitter and unfounded charges were made against my country, charges which I will ignore.

For more than a month now you have been going through the most exacting and most rewarding task of civilized man-the task of reconciling different points of view, of accommodating national positions, of producing a consensus. In the process we have all endured disappointment and frustration. There were times when the last drop of patience seemed to have drained away and the last drop of energy seemed to be expended.

But the members have been aware that much more was at stake than a fundraising formula. They have been conscious that political and constitutional issues underlay and outweighed the financial issue. They have been mindful of the integrity of the organization itself, and of the responsibility of the members for defending and preserving that integrity.

The result is that we have before us a group of resolutions which are not in the exact form in which they would have been written by any delegation here today. But the impressive list of sponsors is evidence enough of the broad consensus that has emerged from this long process. And it also is evidence of the large number of delegations which have worked so hard to find the key to a statesmanlike solution. For this they deserve the gratitude of us all.

Mr. Chairman, my delegation does not look upon the package of resolutions before us as ideal in all respects. For one thing, the reference to "special responsibilities of the permanent members of the Security Council for the maintenance of peace and security," which appears as the fourth principle in the draft resolution on general principles, strikes us as a misreading of the charter. The special responsibility for decisions about peace and security on behalf of the whole organization was allocated, under the charter, not to the 5 permanent members but to all 11 members of the Security Council. Moreover, the charter does not assign responsibility for financing peace and security decisions, or for financing any other kind of decision, to the members of the Security Council but to the General Assembly as a whole.

Also, while any of the permanent members can block Security Council action, they do not themselves, without the votes of nonpermanent members, have the power to initiate action. Furthermore,

Concerning the reestablishment and expansion of this group, see ibid., pp. 118-119. The report of the Committee, which met between Jan. 29 and Mar. 29, 1963, is contained in U.N. doc. A/5407. Its activities are summarized in Yearbook of the United Nations, 1963, p. 554. Due to its inability to reach any agreed recommendations on methods of financing peacekeeping operations, it was requested by the General Assembly to continue its studies; see Res. 1880 (S-IV), June 27, 1963, post, doc. II-25.

"Reference is to U.N. docs. A/C.5/L. 782-786. Two further resolutions, U.N. docs. A/C.5/L. 787 and L. 788, were introduced on June 24. For texts of the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly, see infra, docs. II-21 et seq.

any such principle would hardly be applicable to a peacekeeping operation such as UNEF, initiated by a recommendation of the General Assembly.

It is the General Assembly-and not the Security Council-to which the charter gives the responsibility for financing the U.N.'s activities. I cannot believe that any delegation, with a few obvious exceptions, believes that the trend toward the assumption of useful responsibilities by the Assembly should now be terminated and the right to finance peacekeeping operations reserved for settlement in some small room by a few great powers.

We also feel that the next principle, in paragraph (e), which refers to the possibility of special consideration for the victims of or those otherwise involved in events or actions leading to a peacekeeping operation, may raise serious practical problems when we come to deal with the unpredictable events of the future. Nevertheless, the collective responsibility of all members is reaffirmed with pristine clarity as the first principle; and the possibility of special consideration for members covered by (e) is appropriately related to the special circumstances of each case, so that we will be free to deal realistically with each issue, as it arises, in the larger interest of peace itself.

At the same time we are well aware that the resolutions before us are not just the way any of the delegations would have preferred to see them; that accommodations to other views have been made by many of the members; that some have agreed to bear a greater share of the financial cost than they intended to a few weeks ago; and that the net result is a true consensus of the overwhelming majority reached by the democratic process of give and take.

The facts are that these draft resolutions among them establish a useful set of agreed general principles to guide us in the future; they provide an equitable basis for financing the United Nations peacekeeping operations in the Middle East and the Congo for the rest of this year; they establish a deadline for working out schedules for the payment of arrearages; and they extend to the end of the year the authority of the Secretary-General to sell the remaining part of the authorized bond issue.

In brief, they accomplish somewhat more than the minimum task we set ourselves: to resolve the immediate problem of financial support for keeping the peace in the Middle East and the Congo.

As evidence of our support, Mr. Chairman, the United States is prepared, subject to its governmental processes, to join other developed countries in making a voluntary contribution, in addition to its assessment, to help provide the funds required under the financing resolutions. It is gratifying to us that this year a number of other developed countries have also indicated their willingness to make such voluntary contributions. This is additional evidence of the general will to restore this organization to financial health.

Mr. Chairman, these resolutions testify to the underlying agreement of the great majority of the membership that the major and smaller powers share a common interest in the peace and security of the