of Laos is not just an intellectual concept. It is in keeping with the dictates of our country's geography and with the pacific traditions of our people. Beyond that framework lie only risk and territorial amputation or mutilation. That is the pathetic truth.

Since April 1963, Laos has become the scene of new disorders. The fighting which provides the background to this sad chapter has flared up again almost everywhere. The optimism in which the Laotian people had found solace is giving way to doubt and anxiety. Everything is being called in question once more even the foundations of our State. The implementation of the Geneva Agreements has been blocked by the obstructionism of some and the obstinacy of others. The International Commission for supervision and control, consisting of India, Canada and Poland, which was set up at Geneva in 1954 and made responsible for supervising the orderly implementation of those Agreements, has rarely been able to take any positive action, for lack of unanimity. On the domestic level properly speaking, the integration of the various forces into a unified national army, and the reunification of the administration, could not be accomplished according to plan. In practice, the country is still divided into occupation zones which overlap with one another, rendering impartial and honest verification of complaints and charges difficult and freedom of movement impossible.

Even within the Government over which I have the honour to preside, the reluctance of its members to collaborate with each other is jeopardizing the coalition. The spirit of co-operation is often submerged by bitter criticism. An attitude of suspicion is all too tempting. It is sought to make negotiation impossible by amassing prior conditions and false pretexts.

Attempts to divide and undermine the purely symbolic forces placed under my authority have been organized and carried out by persons hostile to Laotian neutrality, the internal consolidation of which might run counter to their political ambitions. They would like the kind of neutrality aimed at by us to be organized in their fashion, in keeping with their own ideas and interests.

On the external level, Laos, which since its birth has been the victim of foreign rivalry, greed and interference, can as a neutral nation no longer tolerate any infringement of its unity and sovereignty. We insist that an end be put to all interference, from whatever quarter, in our domestic affairs. We wish to live in friendship and peace so that the Laotian people, torn and weakened by over twenty years of war, may devote itself to specifically national tasks. We want to make a fresh start towards national reconciliation, in concord and unity. Lastly-and this is our dearest wish-we are anxious to preserve the Geneva Agreements, so that through coexistence we may achieve our uncompromising neutrality.

To this end I hereby proclaim from this rostrum that, despite the obstacles encountered on the road to reunification, I am ready-as I always have beento continue the dialogue, to break down the wall of suspicion and doubt, and to overcome the deliberate deafness of certain nations by speaking the language of frankness and sincerity.

In the interests of peace, I appeal to the great Powers, and especially the signatories of the Geneva Agreements, to respect both the letter and the spirit of the undertakings into which they have entered. If they agreed to follow such a course and to use their influence for the purpose of advocating moderation and concord, their efforts would be greeted with immense relief.

This is the way in which we wish to settle our difficulties. If our appeal is heard, if the nations which participated in the Geneva Conference heed the voice of Laos and their own consciences, then we shall gain the only victory that can do credit to the victors-the victory of peace.

The International Conference on the Settlement of the Laotian Question, held in Geneva, May 16, 1961-July 23, 1962; see American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1961, pp. 1003 ff., and ibid., 1962, pp. 1066 ff.

IX-79

UNAUTHORIZED INTRODUCTION OF MILITARY SUPPLIES BY NORTH VIET-NAM INTO LAOS: Statement and Reply Made by the Director of the Office of News (Phillips), Department of State, to a Question Asked at a Press and Radio News Briefing, October 29, 1963 **

The Geneva Agreements prohibit the introduction of armaments. munitions, and war materiel generally except as requested by the Lao Government for the national defense of Laos. Since the Lao Government has not requested such supplies from North Viet-Nam, the military supplies introduced from there are in violation of the agreement. The Prime Minister, Prince Souvanna Phouma, made this point in a letter to the Co-chairman dated June 20, 1963 TM

79

This has been brought to the attention of the ICC, and the ICC has attempted and is continuing to attempt to verify violations of the agreement wherever they may occur. However, the Pathet Lao have refused to allow ICC teams to conduct meaningful investigations in Pathet Lao-held territory.

MALAYSIA

IX-80

THE ANZUS COUNCIL "WELCOMED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MALAYSIA": Final Communiqué Issued at Wellington by the Ministerial Session of the ANZUS Council, June 6, 1963 i

77 Department of State files.

7 Texts in American Foreign Policy, 1950–1955: Basic Documents, vol. I. pp. 775-785, and American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1962, pp. 1075–1083. See ante, doc. IX-77.

"International Commission for Supervision and Control in Laos, sometimes referred to as the International Control Commission; see ante, doc. IX-71.

For text, see ante, doc. IX-5. Concerning the establishment of Malaysia, see American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1962, pp. 1086–1087; also post, title IX-82.

IX-81

INDONESIAN-MALAYAN-PHILIPPINE “AGREEMENT ON HOW TO RESOLVE PROBLEMS OF COMMON CONCERN ARISING OUT OF THE PROPOSAL TO ESTABLISH A FEDERATION OF MALAYSIA": Communiqué Issued at Manila by the Indonesian Deputy First Minister (Subandrio), the Malayan Deputy Prime Minister (Razak), and the Philippine Vice President (Palaez), June 11, 1963 82

The Governments of the Federation of Malaya, the Republic of Indonesia and the Republic of the Philippines, prompted by their keen and common desire to have a general exchange of views on current problems concerning the stability, security, economic development and social progress of the three countries and of their region, for the purpose of achieving common understanding and close cooperation, and upon the initiative of President Diosdado Macapagal, agreed that a Conference of Ministers of the Ministers of the three countries be held in Manila on 7 June 1963. Accordingly, Tun Abdul Razak, Deputy Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya; Dr. Subandrio, Deputy First Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia; and the Honorable Emmanuel Pelaez, Vice-President and concurrently Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of the Philippines, met in Manila from 7 to 11 June 1963. The deliberations were held in a frank manner and in a most cordial atmosphere in keeping with the spirit of accord reached among President Sukarno of the Republic of Indonesia, Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra of the Federation of Malaya, and President Macapagal of the Republic of the Philippines. This Ministerial conference was a manifestation of the determination of the nations in this region to achieve closer cooperation in their endeavour to chart a common future.

The three Ministers examined the Philippine proposal embodying President Macapagal's idea for the establishment of a Confederation of nations of Malay origin and agreed on the acceptance of the idea as a means of bringing together their countries into the closest association. Initial steps were agreed upon by the Ministers in order to implement the proposal. For this purpose, they agreed to recommend to the forthcoming meeting of Heads of Government the establishment of a machinery for regular consultations among their governments at all levels on problems of common concern, such as security, stability, and economic, social and cultural development.

The Ministers were of one mind that the three countries share a primary responsibility for the maintenance of the stability and security of the area from subversion in any form or manifestation in order to preserve their respective national identities, and to ensure the peaceful development of their respective countries and of their religion, in accordance with the ideals of their peoples. The three Ministers, in the context of their close and brotherly association, succeeded in reaching common understanding and complete agreement on how to resolve problems of common concern arising out of the proposal to establish a Federation of Malaysia.

In the same brotherly spirit the three Ministers discussed the Philippine claim to North Borneo and arrived at a common understanding and agreement on how this problem should be resolved justly and expeditiously.

The three Ministers have prepared a number of documents embodying their recommendations resulting from their deliberation and approval.

The Ministers recommended that a meeting of their Heads of Government be held in Manila not later than the end of July 1963.85

The Ministers expressed satisfaction over the atmosphere of brotherliness and cordiality which pervaded their meeting and considered it as a confirmation of 82 Philippine Embassy (Washington) press release ser. IX, No. 1.

83 See footnote 21 to doc. IX-1, ante.

54 Not printed here.

This meeting took place at Manila, July 30-Aug. 5, 1963; see post, doc. IX-83.

AGREEMENT RELATING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MALAYSIA, Signed at London by Representatives of the United Kingdom, the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore, July 9, 1963

IX-83

"THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OR HIS REPRESENTATIVE SHOULD ASCERTAIN, PRIOR TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FEDERATION OF MALAYSIA, THE WISHES OF THE PEOPLE OF SABAH (NORTH BORNEO) AND SARAWAK": Message From the Foreign Ministers of Indonesia (Subandrio), the Federation of Malaya (Tunku Abdul Rahman), and the Philippines (Lopez) to the U.N. Secretary-General (Thant), August 5, 1963 (Excerpt) *T

4... The Secretary-General or his representative should ascertain, prior to the establishment of the Federation of Malaysia, the wishes of the people of Sabah (North Borneo) and Sarawak within the context of General Assembly resolution 1541 (XV), Principle IX of the Annex," by a fresh approach, which in the opinion of the Secretary-General is necessary to ensure complete compliance with the principle of self-determination within the requirements embodied in Principle IX, taking into consideration: (1) The recent elections in Sabah (North Borneo) and Sarawak but nevertheless further examining, verifying and satisfying himself to whether: (a) Malaysia was a major issue if not the major issue; (b) electoral registers were properly compiled; (c) elections were free and there was no coercion; and (d) votes were properly polled and properly counted; and (2) the wishes of those who, being qualified to vote, would have

Malaysia. Agreement Concluded Between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak und Singapore. Cmnd. 2094 (London: HMSO, 1963), pp. 1-3.

Excerpt printed on p. 41 of Yearbook of the United Nations, 1963 (New York, Columbia University Press in cooperation with the United Nations, 1965), p. 41. This request was set out in par. 4 of a joint statement issued at Manila by President Sukarno of Indonesia, Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman of the Federation of Malaya, and President Macapagal of the Philippines, Aug. 5, 1963, as quoted by the Foreign Ministers of these countries in the above message to U.N. Secretary-General U Thant.

"Of Dec. 15, 1960; text in American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1960, pp. 116-118.

exercised their right of self-determination in the recent elections had it not been for their detention for political activities, imprisonment for political offences or absence from Sabah (North Borneo) or Sarawak.89

IX-84

"THE PEOPLES OF... [SABAH (NORTH BORNEO) AND SARAWAK] WISH TO ENGAGE WITH THE PEOPLES OF THE FEDERATION OF MALAYA AND SINGAPORE, IN AN ENLARGED FEDERATION OF MALAYSIA": Final Conclusions of the U.N. Secretary-General (Thant), Made Public September 14, 1963 (Excerpts) 90

In response to the request made by the Governments of the Federation of Malaya, the Republic of Indonesia, and the Republic of the Philippines, on 5 August 1963,"1 I agreed to ascertain, prior to the establishment of the Federation of Malaysia, the wishes of the people of Sabah (North Borneo), and Sarawak. As foreseen in my communication of 8 August 1963, a Mission was established, comprising two teams, one for Sarawak and the other for Sabah (North Borneo), working under the supervision of my personal representative. The Mission has now completed the inquiry assigned to it, and has reported to me.99

92

The basic assessment which I was asked to make has broader implications than the specific questions enumerated in the request addressed to me by the three Governments. As mentioned previously, I was asked to "ascertain, prior to the establishment of the Federation of Malaysia, the wishes of the people of Sabah (North Borneo) and Sarawak within the context of General Assembly resolution 1541 (XV), Principle IX of the Annex," by a fresh approach, which in the opinion of the Secretary-General is necessary to ensure complete compliance with the principle of self-determination within the requirements embodied in Principle IX".

Concerning the integration of a non-self-governing territory with an already independent state, Principle IX provides:

"Integration should have come about in the following circumstances:

"(a) The integrating territory should have attained an advanced stage of self-government with free political institutions, so that its peoples would have the capacity to make a responsible choice through informed and democratic processes;

"(b) The integration should be the result of the freely expressed wishes of the territory's peoples acting with full knowledge of the change in their status, their wishes having been expressed through informed and democratic processes, impartially conducted and based on universal adult suffrage. The United Nations could, when it deems it necessary, supervise these processes."

I have given consideration to the circumstances in which the proposals for the Federation of Malaysia have been developed and discussed, and the possibility that people progressing through the stages of self-government may be less able to consider in an entirely free context the implications of such changes in their status, than a society which has already experienced full self-government and the

U.N. Secretary-General U Thant gave his conditional assent to the above request in a reply of Aug. 8, 1963; see p. 41 of the source text and infra. 50 U.N. press release SG/1583, Sept. 13, for release Sept. 14, 1963. 91 Supra.

93 United Nations Malaysia Mission, Report to Secretary-General and Related Annexes.

93

Text in American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1960, pp. 116-118.