Mr. Martin was attempting to explain that that is not the way for democracy to flourish.

So I think we did the best we could. It may be possible to always do better, but we did the best we could, and we are going to continue to do so.

III-74

BOLIVIAN-UNITED STATES DISCUSSION "OF IMPORTANT TOPICS REFERRING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONS BETWEEN OUR TWO COUNTRIES AND OUR RESPONSIBILITY FOR INTERNATIONAL ACTION": Joint Communiqué Issued at Washington by the President of the United States (Kennedy) and the President of Bolivia (Paz Estenssoro), October 23, 1963 59

For two days, we have been engaged in a frank exchange of our points of view on a number of important topics referring to the development of relations between our two countries and our responsibility for international action at both the inter-American and the world level. Our conversations have been extremely useful and have reaffirmed the traditional friendship between Bolivia and the United States.

We agreed that the limited nuclear test ban treaty 60 is a first step toward reducing the threat of total disaster for all nations and that the proposal by the Presidents of Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Mexico for Latin American de-nuclearized zone 61 is a concrete indication of the sponsoring nations' deep interest in problems of arms control, a matter in which the United States is also deeply interested.

We reaffirmed our adherence to the United Nations and our firm decision to continue collaborating with the efforts of that organization to maintain peace and promote understanding among the peoples of the world.

We expressed our grave concern at setbacks to democratic government in Latin America and we have agreed upon the need to contribute to the preservation and strengthening of democratic institutions.

The hope was expressed that territorial problems in Latin America might be resolved within the framework of international solidarity which should inspire all the nations of the hemisphere with the same spirit of harmony which inspired the Chamizal agreement 62 between the Presidents of the United States and Mexico.

In our talks, we have examined the Alliance for Progress, the vast multilateral effort in which all of the free American nations have joined since the meeting at Punta del Este in August 1961.63 At the

White House press release dated Oct. 23, 1963 (text as printed in the Department of State Bulletin, Nov. 18, 1963, pp. 787-788).

See post, doc, X-69.

81 See post, doc. X-75.

Ante, doc. III-50.

See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1961, pp. 395-409.

Doc. III-74

end of this second year of the Alliance, we have noted on the one hand the significant and tangible progress which has been achieved, but we have also observed that we must still travel great distances to reach our objectives.

We have agreed that Bolivia-in common with many countries which are seeking to develop a more diverse and stronger economydoes not possess sufficient resources to proceed immediately with all the desired and necessary tasks. The available foreign public capital is limited. There is, thus, both the need to set priorities for the use of scarce resources and to seek to augment the available supply of external capital by offering inducements which will attract additional private capital.

We have noted with satisfaction that the problem of scarce resources is being attacked in Bolivia through efforts to make more efficient use of available resources. We agree that it is necessary to sustain the responsible effort which the Government of Bolivia is now making— through the COMIBOL-6 to restore more efficient production of Bolivia's principal export, tin. We are also agreed on the need of continuing the steps which are being taken toward diversification of the Bolivian economy through the reform and expansion of agricultural production, as well as of selected industrial development.

We renewed our determination to strengthen relations between Bolivia and the United States on the basis of the democratic ideals of freedom and social justice which our nations share and which have inspired their domestic and international conduct as sovereign nations. We noted the responsibility we have to determine that conduct independently in keeping with the reality and special circumstances of each of our nations.

The President of the United States reiterated his admiration for the efforts of the Bolivian people to make profound changes in their national life in conformity with the ideals and needs of the people themselves through the peaceful and democratic means contemplated in the Charter of the Alliance for Progress.

The President of Bolivia reiterated his appreciation for the cooperation rendered to Bolivia by the United States within the general Alliance effort.

We agreed that Bolivian prosperity depends in great part on a stable market for Bolivian minerals and, therefore, on the need to assure their export on the best possible terms. In this regard, we agreed upon the importance of research on improved methods of treating Bolivian ores, in which we are now cooperating, to provide a basis for determining the feasibility of operating in Bolivia a smelter designed for Bolivian ores.

The United States and Bolivia are playing a key role at this time in the history of the Americas. We shall not cease in our efforts until hunger, poverty, ignorance, social injustice and the threat to our free institutions have been eradicated. We consider that programs based on the will of the people are the best means of bringing prosperity and

well-being to our peoples. Our complete understanding on the occasion of this meeting has confirmed our faith and will to work together for the good of the Americas and the free world in the future.

III-75

SECOND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE INTER-AMERICAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL AT THE EXPERT LEVEL, HELD IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL, FROM OCTOBER 29 TO NOVEMBER 9, 1963: Final Report 65

III-76

CONVOCATION OF A MEETING OF CONSULTATION OF MINISTERS OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS "TO CONSIDER THE PROBLEM OF STRENGTHENING REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY IN THE HEMISPHERE": Resolution Approved by the Council of the OAS, November 12, 1963 66

WHEREAS:

Article 5.d of the Charter of the Organization of American States 67 establishes the effective exercise of representative democracy by the member states as one of the fundamental principles of the Organization;

68

The Declaration of Santiago 8 maintains that "harmony among the American republics can be effective only insofar as human rights and fundamental freedoms and the exercise of representative democracy are a reality within each one of them, since experience has demonstrated that the lack of respect for such principles is a source of widespread disturbance and gives rise to emigrations that cause frequent and grave political tensions between the state that they leave and the states that receive them;"

The Declaration to the Peoples of America " that accompanies the Charter of Punta del Este states that the Alliance for Progress "is established on the basic principle that free men working through the institution of representative democracy can best satisfy man's aspirations, including those for work, home and land, health and schools," and it therefore establishes, as the first goal of the signatory states, that they "improve and strengthen democratic institutions through application of the principle of self-determination by the people;"

In accordance with the principles set forth in the aforementioned instruments and reiterated in many inter-American declarations, and in

OAS doc. OEA/Ser.H/XII.5.

6 OAS doc. OEA/Ser.G/III/C-sa-520. The vote was 18-1 (Guatemala). 67 Text in A Decade of American Foreign Policy: Basic Documents, 1941-1949, pp. 427-445.

Text in American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1959, pp. 361–363. "Text ibid., 1961, pp. 393-395.

order to achieve the aims of the inter-American system, it is necessary to preserve in the hemisphere the principles and practices of representative democracy, whose strengthening is a matter of common concern to all the American states; and

Even though the subject of representative democracy will be considered by the Eleventh Inter-American Conference, which is to be held in Quito in 1964, its importance justifies the convocation of a Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs,

THE COUNCIL OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES

RESOLVES:

1. To convoke a Meeting of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, in accordance with Article 39 of the Charter of the Organization of American States, to consider the problem of strengthening representative democracy in the hemisphere.

2. To authorize the Chairman of the Council to appoint a committee to make recommendations on the date, place, and agenda of the Meeting.70

III-77

"WHAT IS NEEDED NOW... IS A GREATER MULTILATERALIZATION OF EFFORT AND STRENGTHENED POLITICAL LEADERSHIP": Statement Made by the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Harriman) at the Second Annual Meeting of the Inter-American Economic and Social Council at the Ministerial Level, São Paulo, Brazil, November 13, 1963 (Excerpt)"1

Last year the IA-ECOSOC recognized that Latin American member countries were "faced with a transitional period of varying characteristics." 72 The Council saw the first year as one of considerable and promising accomplishments but one also beset by many difficulties. They recommended that a number of specific steps be taken by member governments, and they resolved to request two outstanding Latin American statesmen to review the structure and activities of interAmerican organizations and to suggest changes to give the Alliance for Progress the efficiency and dynamic qualities called for by the charter.

In a 10-year program the first 2 years are still a brief span. They are long enough, however, to permit us to reappraise our common objectives, to examine objectively the strengths and weaknesses of the

To The Chairman appointed the Representatives of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the United States, and Venezuela as members of the committee referred to in paragraph 2 of the operative part of the foregoing resolution. [Footnote in source text.]

"Text as printed in the Department of State Bulletin, Dec. 16, 1963, pp. 937-945. The second annual meeting of the IA-ECOSOC at the ministerial level was held from Nov. 11-16. See post, doc. III-80.

72 See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1962, pp. 512–519.

operating machinery, to judge whether we are well launched toward the accomplishment of our goals, and to decide whether those goals should be altered or the ways and means of accomplishing them modified.

Are any of our governments or peoples wholly satisfied with the way the Alliance for Progress is going? Certainly we in the United States are not. We are, to be sure, by no means wholly dissatisfied. The documents before this meeting demonstrate that much more has been done in these first years than is often recognized by the public opinion of our countries. But we are far from having achieved either the necessary singleness of purpose or the necessary efficiency in methods of cooperation.

In their noteworthy analyses of the Alliance for Progress, both Presidents Alberto Lleras Camargo and Juscelino Kubitschek 73 stated their clear conviction that the objectives of the Charter of Punta del Este were and are sound. What is required, they tell us, is not a revision of the objectives but a new look at the ways and means, both national and international, to secure the timely and effective fulfillment of those objectives. With this conclusion my Government is in full accord. If the charter were to be redrafted today, we believe that all its basic principles would still be recognized as indispensable to our common aims.

What is needed now, however, is a greater multilateralization of effort and strengthened political leadership. This is a matter for all of us acting collectively. We for our part are ready to give the fullest support toward a major new impetus to the Alliance for Progress at this meeting. It is the firm conviction of President Kennedy-and on this point he speaks with the full support of the people and the Congress of the United States-that the success of the Alliance for Progress is of cardinal importance for the peace and prosperity of this hemisphere, for the peace and prosperity of the world, and therefore for the most fundamental objectives of the national policy of my Government.

President Lleras has wisely said that "It is a mistake to believe that policies can be changed through organizations; organization does whatever the governments want it to do." If governments have the will to act, however, the adequacy of the institutional arrangements can make a great difference to the success of their efforts. If I may be forgiven a reference to personal experience, I saw at first hand 15 years ago how the Organization for European Economic Cooperation 75 was developed into a strong intergovernmental institution and thus helped to shape and to give concrete substance to the political will for economic recovery which existed at that time in Europe.

President Kubitschek has rightly identified as essential to the success of the alliance a corresponding political will for economic and social

73 OAS docs. OEA/Ser.G/V/c-d-1102 and OEA/Ser.G/V/c-d-1103. See post, doc. III-79.

"Text in American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1961, pp. 395–409. " American Foreign Policy, 1950-1955: Basic Documents, vol. I, pp. 992–1000.