Miss MILLER. That was a 1-year appropriation, which was given in order to carry on two special studies which were to be completed out of that appropriation. There is no attempt to

Mr. TARVER. What were those studies?

Miss MILLER. One of these was the one to which I have made brief reference, the present occupations and the prospects of women in war employment.

The other one is concerned with the effects of the hour shifts which have come with war production on the health and well-being of women who are employed in industry.

Mr. TARVER. I am interested to know whether your proposed increase of $20,000 on the regular basis has some connection with the elimination of this national defense item, whether you are expecting to transfer personnel who have been engaged with the funds provided under the national defense item in carrying on the work of your regular division.

Miss MILLER. No, sir; those are, as I say, two specially organized studies, done from records of establishments and by way of interviews directly with women who come within the scope of the study, and we are in the process of winding up the field work, which will be analyzed and issued in report form when completed.

Mr. TARVER. I am not sure that you understand me.

Will all of those employees now engaged in that work be dropped. or will a part of them be transferred to your regular establishment under this proposed increase for your regular establishment of $20,000? Miss MILLER. We anticipate terminating-there may be a statistical clerk whom we might use to fill a vacancy-but we are anticipating terminating the study staff with the end of the study.

Mr. TARVER. This is not then an attempt to transfer a part of the personnel engaged under the national defense item into your regular establishment?

Miss MILLER. No, sir; except that, as you probably know, too, a clerical staff is hard to get, and if we were to have a statistical person who might be available for a vacancy, at that time, come out of thisbecause the turn-over is great-I would not like to have it in my statement interpreted as making such a person unavailable.

DATA ON MARITAL STATUS, ETC., OF EMPLOYED WOMEN

Mr. TARVER. I am interested in this chart you have placed before us, "Marital status of employed women in 1940." We cannot, of course, put the chart in the record of the hearing, but I would like you to put in the record of the hearings, what is shown by the chart. For example, under the heading "Total women" there are 11,138,178, and opposite that title you put the percentage "Single," percentage "Married" and percentage "Widowed, divorced," "Husband absent." You can prepare a table very easily showing those facts.

Mr. Chairman, if there is no objection I would like to have it inserted in the record.

Mr. HARE. I think it would be very valuable.

Mr. TARVER. Can you bring that table down to any more recent date than 1940?

Miss MILLER. We can give you some additional data from the 1944 analysis. We will be very glad to include that.

(The tables are as follows:)

Percent distribution by marital status of employed women, by occupation, for the United States, census 1940

Comparison of the number of women in the United States and the number employed, 14 years and over, by marital status, in 1940 and 1944

NOTE.-Because the data are not available, it is not possible to present a similar table for 1944 as for 1940, showing marital status according to occupational groups.

Distribution of employed women by occupational groups, 1940-44

! Includes farmers and farm managers; farm laborers and foremen; and unpaid family workers.

Mr. TARVER. I am interested in this chart. If I understand it correctly, it shows that a larger percentage of the women engaged as farmers and farm managers are widowed, divorced, or with husbands absent, as of 1940, than in the case of any other type of women's work.

Miss MILLER. Yes; I think that is a very impressive figure.
Mr. TARVER. 73 percent?

Miss MILLER. Yes.

Mr. TARVER. Whereas the percentage of total women employed coming in that category is only 20.1 percent and in some categories they range as low as 11.8 percent. Why is it that a much larger percentage of women engaged as farmers or farm managers are widowed, or with husbands absent than in the cases of other types of women workers?

Miss MILLER. I would like to check that and give you any further information that I can get, but I would like to suggest that at this point, when the census inquiry is made, probably, if the husband is living and present, he will be recorded as the employed person, and the woman will not. She will be recorded as a farm wife, in cases where they are not actually a man and wife hired on a farm. You see, there are almost 152,000 women there, which for the country as a whole, is not such a tremendous number. These are probably the situations where the husband, as an active farmer, has died and the woman is carrying on a family farm.

Mr. TARVER. In other words, a woman in the status widowed, divorced or with husband absent, is more likely to, if she lives on the farm, be a farmer or farm manager than if she lives on a farm and her husband is present, because if he is present, he would be the farmer instead of her.

Miss MILLER. I would think so.

Mr. TARVER. I think there is nothing further, Mr. Chairman.

Miss MILLER. This is the briefest form of the analysis of that census material I spoke of in making my statement, Mr. Chairman, gotten up in chart form. It shows the shift that has occurred since that earlier year of 1940, which table or graph you have been looking at. Mr. TARVER. You will also insert in the record, as I understand it, information from this chart in the form in which it may be inserted? Miss MILLER. Yes; in statistical form.

Mr. HARE. It may be inserted at this point.

Mr. HARE. You would not be willing to say, Miss Miller, that the difference of the percentage of women as farmers and farm managers classed as widowed or divorced, that it is safer for a woman on a farm than in any other occupation?

Miss MILLER. I would much rather ask them before I agree to that, because, if a man is a clerk, or is a factory operative, or a professional worker, there is no very pressing reason why his widow should continue doing those things. Very rarely will she have had an active part in his professional work or in his work as an employee of industry_or transportation, or whatever other type of work he is carrying on. Her household activities do not tie into that.

A farm wife does get tied into that activity. It is a joint enterprise to a far greater degree. It is a family home that is involved, as well, in many cases. The reasons for carrying on are pretty urgent and pretty immediate.

Mr. HARE. Of course, the percentages do not always tell the whole story.

Miss MILLER. Oh, no.

Mr. HARE. You must have the numbers.

Miss MILLER. That is right, and it is a much smaller number. Mr. HARE. There is a smaller number of farmers and farm managers than there are clerical, sales, and other types of workers? Miss MILLER. That is right.

Mr. HARE. But without taking that into consideration, you might conclude that it is more hazardous for men, from one standpoint. That is, they may die faster, or else they may get divorced a good deal quicker. Of course, it is an established fact that 75 men die to 1 woman, if I remember the statistics.

Miss MILLER. In certain age groups. That is, women have a longer life expectancy.

CAUSE FOR INCREASE IN NUMBER OF DIVORCES

Mr. HARE. I would like to ask you another question. There is a good deal of concern in some of our communities about the growing increase of divorces in this country. Would your Women's Bureau make any investigations or any studies, or make any suggestions as to the increase in divorces, as to how it fits the economic status of the nation?

Miss MILLER. I have not read the authority which the Congress has given us for the establishment of standards and policies as including any studies of the civil status of women and their marital status. Mr. HARE. But you have authority to inquire into employment and working conditions?

Miss MILLER. That is right.

Mr. HARE. In view of the resourcefulness of the chiefs of other bureaus, would you not think that you could quite easily construe that this enormous increase in separations would have some effect on the working conditions of women?

Miss MILLER. We have, as you see, divided married from widowed, divorced or separated, because it is pretty clear that unless there are unearned sources of income, a woman in the position of taking care of her children with the chief breadwinner absent, does have necessity of working.

REASONS FOR WOMEN GOING INTO EMPLOYMENT

Mr. HARE. Do you want to inquire, throughout the country, State by State, for the reasons of women having to go into employment? Miss MILLER. The Women's Bureau has in the past made studies both by localities and otherwise, and followed through, for the whole country, the situation in given industries where women's employment is high, and has ascertained to what extent the women themselves report that their martial status has been a reason for their seeking employment. But this is the point I wanted to distinguish: The Bureau has, however, made no recommendations as to what might be done with relations to change women's marital status.

Mr. TARVER. Mr. Chairman, may I ask one other question?
Mr. HARE. Surely.

WOMEN'S BUREAU PUBLICATIONS

Mr. TARVER. Do you have a list of your publications?

Miss MILLER. Yes, sir.

Mr. TARVER. Are they publications that have to be bought or are they available for free distribution?

Miss MILLER. They are available for distribution through the Bureau.

Mr. HARE. I think the judge has in mind a printed list of publications available from your Bureau.

Miss LARRABEE. I do not have that with me, but I can send it. I have the bulletins themselves.

Mr. TARVER. You can insert in the record those lists of publications with indications as to whether they are available upon request or whether they have to be bought.

Miss LARRABEE. We have a limited number that are available without charge upon request to the Women's Bureau.

Mr. TARVER. Will you please indicate that in your list, those that can be obtained without charge and those for which there is a charge. Miss LARRABEE. The Printing Office always puts a price on them and has them for sale. Of course, we cannot sell them ourselves. Mr. TARVER. I understand that, but you have that information in the record at this point.

(The information referred to is as follows:)

PRINTED PUBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN'S BUREAU

(For publications on women in war industries, see pp. 4-6)

Bulletins may be ordered from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., at prices listed. A discount of 25 percent on orders of 100 or more copies is allowed. Single copies of the bulletins or several copies for special educational purposes may be secured through the Women's Bureau without charge as long as the free supply lasts.

Bulletins out of print are not listed. They are chiefly of historical interest and may be consulted in important libraries.

No. 43. Standard and Scheduled Hours of Work for Women in Industry. 68 pp. 1925. 15 cents.

1

No. 47. Women in Fruit-Growing and Canning Industries in the State of Washington. 224 pp. 1926. 40 cents.

No. 50. Effects of Applied Research Upon the Employment Opportunities of American Women. 54 pp. 1926. 10 cents.

No. 52. Lost Time and Labor Turn-over in Cotton Mills. 203 pp. 1926. 35 cents.

No. 53. The Status of Women in the Government Service in 1925. 1926. 15 cents.

103 pp.

No. 57. Women Workers and Industrial Poisons. 5 pp. 1926. 5 cents. No. 60. Industrial Accidents to Women in New Jersey, Ohio, and Wisconsin. 1927. 45 cents.

316 pp.

No. 61. The Development of Minimum-Wage Laws in the United States, 1912 to 1927. 635 pp. 1928. 90 cents.

No. 62. Women's Employment in Vegetable Canneries in Delaware. 47 pp. 1927. 10 cents.

No. 66-I. History of Labor Legislation for Women in Three States. 137 pp. 1932. 15 cents.

No. 66-II. Chronological Development of Labor Legislation for Women in the United States. (Revised 1932. 176 pp.) 15 cents.

No. 67. Women Workers in Flint, Mich. 80 pp. 1929. 15 cents.

No. 68. Summary: The Effects of Labor Legislation on the Employment Opportunities of Women. (Reprint of Chapter II of Bulletin 65.) 22 pp. 1928.

10 cents.