"as Indiana directs that the shades shall be of some neutral color, blue, gray, slate, buff, or green." In Vermont they are to be gray or buff, two for each window, hung in the center, so that either the lower or the upper half may be shaded. Minnesota has nothing on color, but has declared that translucent rather than opaque shades shall be used. Indiana takes ground for a neutral color for walls and ceilings also, such as "gray, slate, buff, or green." Vermont requires light gray, buff, or greenish walls. Miscellaneous.-Among the miscellaneous provisions there are some interesting clauses from the Ohio statutes on exposure and artificial lighting. No room containing windows for lighting any schoolroom shall be nearer than 30 feet to any opposite building, structure, or property line, nor may windows used for lighting schoolrooms open on courts, unless the wall of the court opposite such windows is at a distance equal to the height from the lowest window sill to the top of the wall of the building. This insures that direct light may come from an angle not over 45° from the horizontal. A similar condition is secured as to areaways for lighting basement windows, by requiring that the width of the area shall be equal to the height from the lowest window sill to the adjoining grade line. In Indiana, whenever any external object interferes with the proper lighting of a schoolroom, prism glass is to be used for the proper projection and diffusion of the light. New Jersey and South Dakota have tried to guard against cross shadows by directing that windows be as close together as possible. Indiana confines ceilings within the limits of 12 to 14 feet, and does not permit rooms over 25 feet wide. The window sash shall not have over four lights, and the tops of all windows shall be square. If gas is used in Ohio schools there shall be a minimum of one 3-foot burner Per 15 square feet floor area in auditoriums and gymnasiums. Per 12 square feet floor area in class and recitation rooms. Burners shall be placed 7 feet above the floor line and on fixtures that do not move or swing. If electricity is used there shall be a minimum of 1 candlepower Per 24 square feet floor area in auditoriums and gymnasiums. Per 4 square feet floor area in halls and stairways. Per 2 square feet floor area in class and recitation rooms. Indiana is less precise, but calls for fixtures for artificial lighting to be placed near the ceiling and the rays to be deflected upward by proper shades. 4 5 VIII. HEATING. In this section the apparatus employed for heating will be ignored as far as possible, that the subject of ventilation may be left for consideration at its proper place. The consequence is that provisions affecting heating will be found unusually homogeneous. The primary concern is the temperature of the various rooms. This is to be kept at 70° F. in all sorts of weather in Delaware,1 Idaho, Indiana,3 Massachusetts, Montana, New Jersey, New York,' Pennsylvania, South Dakota," and Vermont.10 The statutes of two of these States speak of the "average" temperature as 70°, but the meaning of "average" is doubtful. Possibly it means at some reasonable height above the floor. The required temperature in Montana applies only to schools in towns with over 1,000 population. In Massachusetts it applies to corridors as well as rooms. Ohio makes a differentiation between rooms." The heating system there must be able to maintain in all corridors, hallways, playrooms, toilet rooms, recreation rooms, assembly rooms, gymnasiums, and manual training rooms a uniform temperature of 65° in zero weather; but all other parts of the building must be kept up to 70°. An exception is made, however, in favor of rooms with one or more open sides, used for open-air schools. Indiana covers emergencies for which no one may be responsible by providing that if the temperature falls to 60° or below without immediate prospect of 70° F. being attained, the school shall be dismissed.12 The North Dakota law merely reads that the fresh air shall be warmed to 70° F.13 The jacketed stove. The abuses that arose a generation ago from seating pupils adjacent to a direct source of heat have largely been abolished; they went with the unjacketed stove. This insanitary contrivance has been disposed of in many States by modern requirements regarding ventilation which the unjacketed stove can not meet. But in a few cases actual prohibitory legislation or ruling has been judged necessary. Indiana demands a jacket of two sheets not less than three-fourths of 1 inch apart.14 The outer sheet is to 1 Rule State Bd. of Health, Sixteenth Bien. Rep. State Bd. of Health, p. 72. 2 Rule XXXIX of State Bd. of Health. School Law, p. 135. 4 Rules of inspector of factories and public buildings. Regulation 26, State Bd. of Health. State Building Code. 7 Ruling of Commis. of Ed., Circ. Letter of Aug. 1, 1912. 8 School Code, p. 43. 9 School Laws, p. 74. 10 Regulations of State Bd. of Health, issued May 1, 1911. 11 State Building Code, Part 2, title 3, sec. 21. 12 School Law, p. 136. 13 General School Laws, p. 103. 14 Bull., 1913, No. 52, U. S. Bu. of Ed., p. 12. consist of heavy galvanized iron, or other equally durable material, and to be lined with sheet asbestos; the inner jacket shall be of tin or some "equally efficient" metal. The jacket is to extend to the floor and be not less than 3 inches from the stove. Pennsylvania demands merely some sort of a jacket.1 Delaware permits the alternative of jacketing the stove or seating pupils at least 6 feet away from it. In South Dakota no plans will be approved by the State superintendent unless stoves have a metal jacket extending 1 foot or 2 feet above the stove, with arches around the bottom extending 8 or 10 inches from the floor. All ventilating stoves in Ohio schools (and ventilation is required in every school) must have a jacket of galvanized or black iron, extending from a point 4 inches above the stove to the cast-iron tray on which the stove stands. This tray must be 3 inches high and of the same size as the inclosing jacket. North Dakota trics to abolish the unjacketed stove by State aid. Minnesota uses the same force to secure a shield of Russia iron or copper-plated steel, with a lining of asbestos and an inside lining of tin, with an ample air space between. Such a shield must stand 6 inches away from the stove and the lower edge must be not less than 12 inches above the floor.5 Miscellaneous.-Pupils are to be protected from drafts, too, according to a few provisions. Vermont and Massachusetts forbid drafts which result in differences of over 3° in temperature between any points on the breathing zone of the room. All sources of heat must be so jacketed in buildings hereafter constructed in Texas that desks near the source of heat shall not be more than 5° hotter than those on the distant side of the room, and systems of heating either classrooms or study halls shall be equipped with a regulator which will automatically control the temperature of the room to within 2° of any set standard. If windows are relied upon for ventilation in Pennsylvania, they must be equipped with some device to protect pupils from currents of cold air. The Indiana law prohibits direct radiation in study rooms, but it may be used in halls, offices, laboratories, and manual training rooms. The Vermont Board of Health has advised that if the building is of wood, it can be made warm by using heavy building paper or filling in between the sheathing and lath with clean, dry sawdust. Pennsylvania requires a thermometer in every schoolroom or recitation room. 1 School Code, p. 42. 2 Bien. Rep. Supt. Pub. Instr., 1910-12, p. 159. * State Building Code, Part 3, title 10, sec. 1, 3. State Aid to Consolidated, Graded, and Rural Schools. Bull. No. 40, Dept. of Pub. Instr. 6 Law effective July 1, 1913. IX. VENTILATION. With less than half the States saying a word on ventilation, and about half of these using their power only through approval of plans for new buildings, conditions are far from what they should be. Table 5 shows the general status of the subject of ventilation to date. Aug. 1, 1912. North Gen. School Laws, LXAma LXAma LXAma XAeb... XAeb... Dakota. p. 103; State Aid XAeb. to Consolidated, Graded, and Rural Schools. Ohio..... State Bldg. Code, Lma.... Lma.... Lma.... Lma.... Lm part 2, title 3; Ibid., part 3, title 10; School Laws, Lma. Floor space. The figures given are probably not supposed to apply to assembly rooms, but to study and recitation rooms. This is stated plainly in some of the laws. Ohio is the only State which has varied the amount according to the age of the students. The minima in square feet per pupil are as follows: Sq. ft. 12-North Dakota. 15-Montana, New York, Pennsylvania, Utah, Virginia. 16-Ohio (primary grades). 18-Minnesota, New Jersey, Ohio (grammar grades), South Dakota1, Vermont. 20-Ohio (high schools). 35-Minnesota (rooms for manual training or domestic science). Air space. Minima in air space per pupil may be fixed either in gross or by specifying the floor space per pupil and also the height of ceiling. Where the two methods have been combined, it sometimes happens that the air space required is greater than the product of minimal floor space and height of ceiling; hence at least one of the minima must be exceeded. Where this is the case the figures in parentheses are given to indicate the legal minima in floor space and ceiling height. The numerals at the beginning of each line below is the minimum cubic feet of air space per pupil. Cu. ft. 200-Louisiana, Montana, New York, North Dakota (12 by 12) Ohio (primary grades), Pennsylvania, Utah, Vermont, Virginia (12 by 15). 216-Minnesota, New Jersey, South Dakota. 225-Indiana, Ohio (grammar grades), Oklahoma. Ohio has also a varying arrangement for ceilings, significant for lighting as well as for ventilation. The minimum height for toilet, play, and recreation rooms is 8 feet; for all other rooms not less than half the average width of the room, and in no case less than 10 feet. Rate of air change. Nothing in school hygiene is more conventionalized than the amount of fresh air per pupil per minute. Thirty cubic feet is the standard in all the States listed in this column of Table 5, with the exception of Ohio. The requirement is not unconditional, however, in each case. In Pennsylvania it does not affect even the new buildings which are only one story high and cost less than $4,000. The possibility of the use of windows is suggested by three States that say nothing on windows in their legislative or admininstrative requirements; Massachusetts holds for 30 cubic feet of fresh air if the outside air is below 30° F.; Minnesota maintains the 30 cubic feet only when outside and inside temperatures differ by over 30° F.; Texas waives the minimum except in cold weather. There is also a rule of the Texas State Board of Health that 50 cubic 1 State Bd, of Health, Bull., July, 1913, p. 37, par. 103, |