CHAP. 313. Geographical Sketch-Ancient and Modern-

Founding of the Grecian States-Early Historical Incidents,.. 676

CHAP. 314. Poetical and Traditionary History of Greece—

Inachus-Cecrops, &c.,.....

Modern Italy.

CHAP. 344. THE GOTHIC AND LOMBARD KINGDOMS OF ITALY.

-Condition of Italy at the Downfall of the Western Empire-

Odoacer Theodoric - Belisarius- The Lombards-Albion-

Astulphus-The Franks-Overthrow of the Lombard Kingdom, 770

CHAP. 345. THE LOMBARDO-VENETIAN KINGDOM.-Lombar-

dy-Milan-Frederick Barbarossa-The Lombard League-

Republics of the Middle Ages-The Dukes of Milan-The

Austrian Dominions,.

772

679

CHAP. 346. VENICE.-Commerce of the Middle Ages-Pros-

perity of the Venetian Republic-Changes in the Government

-Rivalry with Genoa-Decline and Fall of the Republic,.... 774

CHAP. 347. PARMA.-MODENA.-MASSA.-Lucca,

CHAP. 348. THE KINGDOM OF SARDINIA. - Origin of the

House of Savoy-Sardinia-Genoa-Modern Revolutions,

CHAP. 349. CORSICA.-Ancient Corsica-The Carthaginians

-The Romans-The Byzantines-The Saracens-The Pisans

--The Genoese-King Theodore-Conquest by the British-

Annexation of Corsica to France,..

776

777

της

698

CHAP. 350. THE ROMAN STATES.-Origin of the Papal Power

-The Forged Donation of Constantine-Hildebrand's Usurpa-

tions-The Crusades--The Jubilee-The Residence at Avig-

non-Picture of Rome in the Middle Ages,

CHAP. 351. Rienzi-The Bannerets-The Schism-Capture

of Rome by the Constable of Bourbon-Paul IV.-Gregory XII.

-Spectacles at Rome-Deposition of the Pope by the French-

Restoration-Revolution of 1849.-The Roman Republic-Cap-

ture of Rome by General Oudinot,

CHAP. 352. TUSCANY. -Ancient Etruria-Charlemagne-

The Guelfs and Ghibellines-Popular Government of Florence

Famine of 1347-Great Plague-Boccaccio's Description,....

CHAP. 353. Rivalry of Pisa and Florence- The Medici-

The Pazzi-Decline of the Republic-Modern History of

Tuscany,...

779

781

784

786

CHAP. 354. NAPLES.-The Exarchate-The Saracens-The

Republics of Naples, Gaeta, and Amalfi-The Normans-The

House of Swabia-Charles of Anjou-Queen Joanna,.

CHAP. 355. The Spanish Dominion in Naples-Invasion of

Charles VIII. of France-Insurrection of Masaniello-The

Napoleon Dynasty-Modern Revolutions,..

CHAP. 356. SICILY.-Ancient Fables of Sicily-The Cyclops

-The Sicanians-The Siculi-The Greek Colonies-Syracuse

-Gelon - Dionysius the Tyrant-Agauocles-Pyrrhus-

Archimedes,..

787

789

791

Ancient Rome.

CHAP. 334. Early Legends-Eneas-Romulus and Remus
-The Seven Kings-Downfall of the Monarchy....

CHAP. 335. Manners and Customs of the Romans during the

Monarchy,

732

CHAP. 357. The Saracens in Sicily- The Normans -The

French-The Sicilian Vespers-The Spanish Dominion-Mod-

ern Revolution,

793

736

CHAP. 336. Attempts of Tarquin to recover the Throne-

Revolt of the Plebeians-Coriolanus-Cincinnatus-A Roman

Triumph,

737

CHAP. 361. The Gothic War-Invasion of Italy by Belisa-

rius-Capture of Rome-Siege of Rome by the Goths-Sale of

the Papacy by the Empress Theodora-Disgrace and Beggary

of Belisarius-Justinian's Laws-His Edifices--Building of the

Church of St. Sophia,.

CHAP. 362. Calamities of Justinian's Reign-Comets-Earth-

quake at Antioch and Berytus-Great Plague-Description of

Procopius-Origin and Progress of the Pestilence-Strange Phe-

nomena attending its Appearance-Sufferings of the Victims-

Mortality at Constantinople-Singular Mode of entombing the

Dead,.

CHAP. 363. Reigns of Justin II., Tiberius, and Maurice-

Usurpation and Cruelties of Phocas-Calamitous Fate of Mau-

rice-Pope Gregory acknowledged Universal Bishop of Phocas

-Overthrow and Death of Phocas-Accession of Heraclius-

Persian War-Victories of Khosrou-Conquest of Jerusalem

and Asia Minor - Danger of Constantinople - Campaigns of

Heraclius--First Appearance of the Saracens,.

CHAP. 364. Character of the Byzantine History after the

Death of Heraclius-Sieges of Constantinople by the Saracens→

Invention of the Greek Fire-Rise of the Iconoclasts-Fortunes

of the Empress Irene-Reigns of the Basilian Emperors-

Wealth and Luxury of the Greek Empire-State of Europe-

Silk, .

CHAP. 365. Character of the Greeks during this period-The.

Empire new modelled-Loss of the Italian Provinces-Extent

of the Empire-Description of Constantinople-Theological

Disputes, &c.,

CHAP. 366. End of the Basilian Dynasty-Accession of the

Comneni-Reign of Alexius-State of Literature in Constanti-

nople-Anna Comnena-The Crusades-Extraordinary Adven-

tures of Andronicus-He ascends the Throne- His bloody

Reign-Insurrection at Constantinople-Overthrow and tragical

Death of Andronicus,...

CHAP. 367. Reign and Deposition of Isaac Angelus-The

Crusaders attack Constantinople-Description of the city and

its capture by the Venetians-Election of a Frank Emperor of

Constantinople-Division of the Byzantine Empire-The Princi-

palities of Lacia, Nice, and Trebizond-Calamities of Constanti-

nople-Great Fire-Decline and Extinction of the Latin

Empire,..

CHAP. 368. Decline of the Byzantine Empire-Progress of

the Turks, the Pisans, and the Genoese-Establishment of the

Turks in Europe-Degradation of the Greek Emperor-Apathy

of the Western christians-Accession of Mahomet II.-Prepara-

tions for attacking Constantinople-Condition of the city-The

Emperor Constantine Palæologus-His noble Declaration to

the Turkish Sultan,....

801

802

803

804

805

806

807

808

CHAP. 369. Mahomet II., Sultan of the Turks-Preparations

for the Siege of Constantinople-Firmness of the Emperor Con-

stantine Palæologus-Magnitude of the besieging Army and

Fleet-Weakness of the Greek Force-First Assault of the Turks, 809

CHAP. 370. Siege of Constantinople-Sultan Mahomet's Rail-

way-Last Preparation of the Emperor-General Attack of the

city-Death of the Emperor-Capture of Constantinople-Super-

stition of the Inhabitants-Fate of the Remnant of the Greek
Empire-Consequences of the Fall of Constantinople,

CHAP. 371. Government of the Byzantine Empire-Pomp of

the Emperor and his Officers-Description of Constantinople—

Manners, Customs, Education, Amusements, &c., of the Inhabi-

tants-Army and Navy-The Greek Ships-Fire-Signals,.... 811

Ragusa.

810

CHAP. 372. Foundation of Ragusa-The Republican Constitu-

tion-Attack of the Croations and Saracens-Acquisition of the

Tower-Change in the Government-Usurpation of Damiano—

Revolution and Establishment of Venetian Influence at Ragusa, 813

CHAP. 373. Overthrow of the Venetian Influence-Connection

of Ragusa with Hungary-Treaty with Orchan-Tribute to the

Turks-Neutrality of the Ragusans between the Turks and

Christians-Overthrow of the Republic, and Annexation to Aus-

tria-Government, Population, Manners, Customs, &c., of the

Ragusans, .

CHAP. 375. TURKEY IN EUROPE.-Effects of the Conquest of

Constantinople, in Europe-Huniades and Scanderbeg - Baja-

zet and Zizim-Reign of Selim the Cruel-Turkish Conquests--

Reign of Solyman the Magnificent-Conquest of Hungary—

Intrigues of the Harem,..

CHAP. 376. Selim II.-Battle of Lepanto-Amurath III.-

Treaty with England-Mahomet III.-Achmet I.-Mustapha I.

-Revolution at Constantinople-Amurath IV.-Ibrahim-

Mahomet IV.-Siege of Vienna-Solyman III.-Decline of the

Turkish Empire-War with France,...

CHAP. 377. European Discipline introduced into the Turkish

Army-Deposition of Selim-Reign of Mustapha IV. and Ma-

homet VI.-Massacre of the Janizaries-Greek Insurrection-

War with Russia-Battle of Navarino-Accession of Abdul

Medjid-New Turkish Constitution-Decline and present con-

dition of the Ottoman Empire,.....

CHAP. 378. Cities, Population, Government, &c., of European

Turkey,....

Spain.

818

819

821

823

816

CHAP. 403. Warlike character of the Saxons-Reign of Al-

fred-Invasion of the Danes-Distress of Alfred-His Adven-

tures-England partitioned between the Saxons and Danes-In-

vasion of Hastings-Manners, Customs, Occupation, &c., of the

Saxons The Guilds-The Saxon Language,

CHAP. 404. Edward the Elder-Edwin-Legend of St. Dun-

stan-Danish conquest of England-Sweyn-Canute-Harold

Harefoot-Hardicanute-Edward the confessor-Harold-Bat-

tle of Hastings-The Norman conquest-Reign and Institutions

of William the conqueror,..

CHAP. 405. William Rufus-Henry I.-Stephen-Henry II,

-Murder of Thomas a Becket-His canonization-Conquest of

Ireland-Richard Cœur de Lion-John-Magna Charta-Henry

II.-The Commons first summoned to Parliament,.......

CHAP. 406. Edward I.-Conquest of Wales and Scotland-

Wallace and Bruce--Friar Bacon-Edward II.-Battle of Ban-

nockburn-Edward III.-Wars with France-Richard II.-

Wat Tyler's Rebellion-Usurpation of Henry of Lancaster-

John Wiclif,

891

895

896

899

901

903

906

909

911

CHAP. 407. Henry IV.-Wars of the Red and White Roses-

Henry V.-Wars in France-Henry VI.-Edward IY.-Rich-

ard III.-Battle of Bosworth-Henry VII.-Lambert Simnel

and Perkin Warbeck-Spirit of the English Government-

Commencement of the Navy,.

CHAP. 408. Henry VIII.-Cardinal Wolsey-Anne Boleyn-
Quarrel with the Pope--Sir Thomas More-Henry's numerous
Marriages-War with France--State of England in the Time of
Henry VIII.--Abolition of Slavery-Edward VI.-Establish-

ment of the Protestant Religion-Queen Mary-Persecutions-

Loss of Calais-Death and character of Mary,.

CHAP. 409. Reign of Elizabeth-Rivalry of the Protestants

and Catholics-Fate of the Queen of Scots-War with Spain--

The Invincible Armada-Leicester and Essex-Death of Eliza-

beth-Her character-Government-Literature-Trade, Socie-

ty, Manners. &c., of the English in the Reign of Elizabeth,.. 913

CHAP. 410. Accession of James I.-The Gunpowder Plot-

Incapacity of the King-Fate of Sir Walter Raleigh-Misgovern-

ment of James-The Puritans flee to America-Negotiations

for a Spanish Marriage-Condition of London in the Reign of

James,.

CHAP. 411. Accesssion of Charles I.-State of Public Opinion
-Arbitrary character and Behavior of Charles-Resistance of
the Commons-Petition of Right-Court of High commission
and Star chamber-The cavaliers and Roundheads-John Hamp-
den and the Ship Money-Invasion of the Scots-Execution of
Strafford and Laud-Attempt to seize the Five Members-Flight
of the King from London,

CHAP. 412. Civil War-Rise of Oliver Cromwell-Battle of

Marston Moor, Newbury, and Naseby-The King made Pris-

oner-His Trial and Execution-The commonwealth- Charles

II. declared in Scotland-Cromwell's campaign against the Scots

-Battles of Dunbar and Worcester-Escape of Charles II. from

England,..

CHAP. 413. Dissolution of the Long Parliament by Cromwell

He is made Lord Protector-His Administration-War with

the Dutch and Spaniards-Death of Cromwell-Administration

of his Son Richard-Restoration of Charles II.-His disgraceful

Reign-Plague of London-Great Fire-Popish Plot-Ryehouse

Plot,

CHAP. 414. Accession of George I.-Rebellion of 1715-South

Sea Bubble-Administration of Sir Robert Walpole-Accession

of George II.-War with Spain-Disasters in South America-

915

917

918

919

CHAP. 415. Accession of George III.-Dispute on the Sub-

ject of Neutral Property-Increase of the National Debt-Ad-

ministration of Lord Bute-American War-Administration of

Lord North-Riots in London-General Peace-French Revo-
lution-Continental Wars-Peace of Amiens-War with Napo-
leon-Battle of Waterloo-General Pacification..

CHAP. 416. Distress and Disturbances in England-Acces-

sion of George IV.-Troubles occasioned by the Queen-Acces-

sion of William IV.-Reform Bill-Accession of Queen Victoria

-Foreign Wars-Famine in Ireland-The Chartists-Rebellion

of Smith O'Brien,..

V

922

CHAP. 418. WALES.-Description of Wales-The Ancient
Welsh-The Druids-Ceremony of Cutting the Mistletoe--Re-
mains of Ancient Druidism-Roman Invasion of Wales-Na-
tive Government-Llewellyn-Edward I.,.....

CHAP. 419. Second Insurrection of Llewellyn-Invasion of

Wales by Edward-Death of Llewellyn-Capture and Execu-

tion of Prince David-Subjugation of Wales-Union with

England,

CHAP. 420. Government of the Ancient Welsh-Enmity to

the English-The Welsh Bards-Manners-Character-Super-

stitions-Language, &c., of the Welsh,....

CHAP. 421. SCOTLAND.-Geographical Description-The Cale-

dones-Invasion of Agricola-The Picts-Invasion and con-

quest of Scotland by the Irish-Saxon colonization in Scotland

-The Kingdom of Strathcluyd-St. Columbia-christianity

introduced into Scotland-The Culdees,....

CHAP. 422. Conquest of the Orkney and Shetland Islands by

the Norwegians-Ancient Navigation-Reign of Duncan-Mac-

beth-Malcolm-Intercourse with the Norman Conquerors of

CHAP. 425. Reign and captivity of David II.-State of Gov-

ernment and Society in Scotland-Manners of the Nobles-War-

rior clergyman-Slavery-Rise of the Burghers-Education, &c., 941

CHAP. 426. Accession of the Stuarts-Private Wars-Raids-

Invasion of Richard II.-Destruction of Melrose-Improve-

ments of James I.-Law against Sorners-James III.-Acqui-

sition of the Orkney and Shetland Islands-Calamitous End of

James III.-Reign of James IV.,

CHAP. 432. Danish Invasion of Ireland-Improvement of the
country-Brian Boru-Civil Wars in Ireland-Character of the
People-Expulsion of Dermot McMurrough,.

CHAP. 433. Negotiations with the Pope for the conquest of

Ireland-Alliance of Dermot and Strongbow -Capture of Wa-

terford—Introduction of the Feudal System into Ireland-Trea-

ty between Dermont and Roderic-Henry invades Ireland-

Conquest of the country-Partition of the Lands by Henry..... 952

CHAP. 434. Taxation of the Irish-Establishment of the Eng-

lish Pale-Condition of Ulster-Expedition of DeCourcy-Con-

quest of Ulster-The Wild Irish-Building of Abbeys and

Churches in Ireland-Disorders of the country,