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From being developed on the St Lawrence.

Eozöon limestone.

Canadian Eozöon.

III. CAMBRIAN.

IV. SILURIAN.

V. DEVONIAN.

VII. PERMIAN.

From being developed in Slaty rocks.
Cambria or N. Wales.

From being developed in
Siluria in S. Wales.
From being developed in
Devon.

VI. CARBONIFEROUS. From containing coal.

From being developed in New red sandstone
Perm in Russia.

Lower crustaceans.

Slaty rocks with rich ores.

Corals and shells.

Paleozoic or

Paleozoic or

Old red sandstone.

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Great Ancient Life Cycle.

Coal and iron.

Exuberant vegetation.

and limestone.

Last unequally-lobed fishes.

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Geology compared to History.

'Geology is intimately related to almost all the physical sciences, as history is to the moral. A historian should, if possible, be at once profoundly acquainted with ethics, politics, jurisprudence, the military art, theology; in a word, with all branches of knowledge by which any insight into human affairs, or into the moral and intellectual nature of man, can be obtained. It would be no less desirable that a geologist should be well versed in chemistry, natural philosophy, mineralogy, zoology, comparative anatomy, botany; in short, in every science relating to organic and inorganic nature. With these accomplishments, the historian and geologist would rarely fail to draw correct philosophical conclusions from the various monuments transmitted to them of former occurrences. They would know to what combination of causes analogous effects were referrible, and they would often be enabled to supply, by inference, information concerning many events unrecorded in the defective archives of former ages. But as such extensive acquisitions are scarcely within the reach of any individual, it is necessary that men who have devoted their lives to different departments should unite their efforts; and as the historian receives assistance from the antiquary, and from those who have cultivated different branches of moral and political science, so the geologist should avail himself of the aid of many naturalists, and particularly of those who have studied the fossil remains of lost species of animals and plants.

"The analogy, however, of the monuments consulted in geology, and those available in history, extends no further than to one class of historical monuments-those which may be said to be undesignedly commemorative of former events. The canoes, for example, and stone hatchets found in our peat-bogs, afford an insight into the rude arts and manners of the earliest inhabitants of our island; the buried coin fixes the date of the reign of some Roman emperor; the ancient encampment indicates the districts once occupied by invading armies, and the former method of constructing military defences; the Egyptian mummies throw light on the art of embalming, the rites of sepulture, or the average stature of the human race in ancient Egypt. This class of memorials yields to no other in authenticity, but it constitutes a small part only of the resources on which the historian relies, whereas in geology it forms the only kind of evidence which is at our command. For this reason we must not expect to obtain a full and connected account of any series of events beyond the reach of history. But the testimony of geological monuments, if frequently imperfect, possesses at least the advantage of being free from all suspicion of misrepresentation. We may be deceived in the inferences which we draw, in the same manner as we often mistake the nature and import of phenomena observed in the daily course of nature, but our liability to err is confined to the interpretation, and, if this be correct, our information is certain.'-SIR CHARLES LYELL.

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When his hot ryder spurd his chauffed side:
His looke was sterne, and seemed still to threat
Cruell revenge, which he in hart did hyde;

heated

And on his shield Sansloy in bloody lines was dyde.

When nigh he drew unto this gentle payre,

began soon after to

And saw the Red-crosse which the knight did beare,
He burnt in fire; and gan eftsoones prepare
Himselfe to batteill with his couched speare.
Loth was that other, and did faint through feare,
To taste th' untryed dint of deadly steele :
But yet his Lady did so well him cheare,
That hope of new good hap he gan to feele;

So bent his speare, and spurd his horse with yron heele.

But that proud Paynim forward came so ferce

And full of wrath, that, with his sharphead speare,
Through vainly crossed shield he quite did perce;
And, had his staggering steed not shronke for feare,
Through shield and body eke he should him beare:
Yet, so great was the puissance of his push,
That from his sadle quite he did him beare.
He, tombling rudely downe, to ground did rush,
And from his gored wound a well of bloud did gush.

L

pagan, infidel

also

power, force

Dismounting lightly from his loftie steed,
He to him lept, in minde to reave his life,
And proudly said: "Lo! there the worthie meed
Of him that slew Sansloy with bloody knife:
Henceforth his ghost, freed from repining strife,
In peace may passen over Lethe1 lake;

When mourning altars, purgd with enimies life,
The black infernall Furies2 doen aslake;

take away

pass

do slake or mitigate

Life from Sansloy thou tookst, Sansloy shall from thee take.'

The Seasons.

So forth issew'd the Seasons of the yeare:
First, lusty Spring all dight in leaves of flowres
That freshly budded and new bloosmes did beare,
In which a thousand birds had built their bowres,
That sweetly sung to call forth paramours;
And in his hand a javelin he did beare,
And on his head (as fit for warlike stoures)
A guilt engraven morion he did weare;

That as some did him love, so others did him feare.

Then came the jolly Sommer, being dight
In a thin silken cassock coloured greene,
That was unlyned all, to be more light:
And on his head a girlond well beseene

adorned

encounters

gilded, helmet

He wore, from which, as he had chauffed beer,
The sweat did drop; and in his hand he bore
A bowe and shaftes, as he in forrest greene
Had hunted late the libbard or the bore,

heated

leopard

And now would bathe his limbes with labor heated sore.

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To reape the ripened fruits the which the earth had yold.

yielded

Lastly, came Winter cloathed all in frize,

Chattering his teeth for cold that did him chill;
Whilst on his hoary beard his breath did freese,
And the dull drops, that from his purpled bill
As from a limbeck did adown distill:

In his right hand a tipped staffe he held,
With which his feeble steps he stayed still;
For he was faint with cold, and weak with eld;
That scarse his loosed limbes he hable was to weld.

nose

still

old age

move

1 Lethe, a river of the infernal regions, the water of which, when drunk, produced forgetfulness of the past.

2 Furies, the three mythological goddesses of vengeance.

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