'And from Dionysus to Hercules and the chiefs who sailed in CLEMENT the Argo with Jason, there are sixty-three years comprised. Asclepius too and the Dioscuri sailed with them, as Apollonius Rhodius testifies in the Argonautica.

'From the reign of Hercules in Argos to the deification of Hercules himself and of Asclepius there are comprised thirty-eight years, according to Apollodorus the chronicler: and from that point to the deification of Castor and Pollux fifty-three years: p. 499 and somewhere about this time was the capture of Troy.

'And if we are to believe the poet Hesiod, let us hear what he

says:

"Admitted to the sacred couch of Zeus,
Fairest of Atlas' daughters, Maia bare
Renowned Hermes, herald of the Gods.

And linked with Zeus in sweetest bonds of love
Fair Semele conceived a glorious son,

Great Dionysus, joy of all mankind."

'Cadmus the father of Semele came to Thebes in the reign of b Lynceus, and became the inventor of the Greek letters. And Triopas was contemporary with Isis in the seventh generation from Inachus.

'But there are some who say that she was called Io from her going (iéva) through all the earth in her wanderings: and Istrus in his book Of the migration of the Egyptians says that she was the daughter of Prometheus: and Prometheus was contemporary with Triopas, in the seventh generation after Moses; so that Moses would be earlier even than the origin of mankind was according to the Greeks.

'Now Leon, who wrote a treatise On the gods of Egypt, says that Isis was called by the Greeks Demeter, who is contemporary with Lynceus in the eleventh generation after Moses.

'Apis also the king of Argos was the founder of Memphis, as Aristippus says in the first Book of the Arcadica.

'Moreover Aristeas of Argos says that this Apis was surnamed Sarapis, and that it is he whom the Egyptians worship.

'But Nymphodorus of Amphipolis, in the third Book of The Customs of Asia, says that when Apis the bull died and was d

dra Of. Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, i. 146 Theogony, 938

499 a Hesiod,

CLEMENT embalmed, he was deposited in a coffin (copós) in the temple of the daemon who was worshipped there, and thence was called Soroapis and afterwards Sarapis. And Apis is the third from Inachus. 'Moreover Latona is contemporary with Tityus : "For Leto erst he strove to violate,

The noble consort of immortal Zeus."

'And Tityus was contemporary with Tantalus. With good reason therefore the Boeotian Pindar writes:

"For late in time Apollo too was born."

'And no wonder, since he is found in company with Hercules serving Admetus

"A whole long year."

'Zethus too and Amphion, the inventors of music, lived about the age of Cadmus. And if any one tell us that Phomonoe was p. 500 the first who uttered an oracle in verse to Acrisius, yet let him know that twenty-seven years after Phemonoe came Orpheus, and

Musaeus, and Linus the teacher of Hercules.

'But Homer and Hesiod were much later than the Trojan war, and after them far later were the lawgivers among the Greeks, Lycurgus and Solon, and the Seven Sages, and Pherecydes of Syros, and the great Pythagoras, who lived some time later about the beginning of the Olympiads, as we proved.

'So then we have demonstrated that Moses was more ancient than most of the gods of the Greeks, and not merely than their b so-called Sages and poets.'

с

So far Clement. But since the question before us was carefully studied before our Christian writers by the Hebrews themselves, it would be well to consider also what they have said: and I shall use the language of Flavius Josephus as representative of them all.

CHAPTER XIII

'I WILL begin then first with the writings of the Egyptians. JOSEPHUS It is not possible, however, to quote their own actual words; but Manetho an Egyptian by birth, a man who had a knowledge of

499 d 6 Hom. Od. xii. 579 d 10 Pind. Fr. 11 (114)
500 o 1 Josephus, Against Apion, i. 14

Π. ΣΧ. 443

d 13 Cf. Hom.

Hellenic culture, as is evident from his having written the history JOSEPHUS of his own country in the Greek language, and translated it, as he says himself, out of the sacred books, who also convicts Herodotus of having from ignorance falsified many things in Egyptian history-this Manetho then, I say, in the second Book of his Egyptian History writes concerning us as follows: and I will d quote his words, just as if I brought himself forward as a witness.

"We had a king whose name was Timaeus. In his time God was angry with us, I know not why, and men from the Eastern parts, of obscure origin, were strangely emboldened to invade the country, and easily took possession of it by force without a battle." And soon after he adds:

"The name of their whole nation was Пycsos, that is 'shepherdkings.' For 'Hyc' in the sacred language means 'king,' and Sos is 'shepherd,' and 'shepherds' in the common dialect: and thus combined it becomes 'Hycsos.' But some say that they were Arabs."

'But in another copy he says that "kings" are not meant by p. 501 the name "Hyc," but on the contrary" captive-shepherds" are signified. For Hyc in Egyptian, and Hac, aspirated, expressly means "captives." And this seems to me more probable, and in agreement with ancient history.

"

'Now these before-named kings, both those of the so-called Shepherds," and their descendants, ruled over Egypt, he says, five hundred and eleven years.

'But after this, he says, there was a revolt of the kings from b the Thebaid and the rest of Egypt against the Shepherds, and a great and long war broke out. But in the time of a king whose name was Misphragmuthosis, he says that the Shepherds were defeated, and though driven out of the rest of Egypt, they were shut up in a place having a circumference of ten thousand arurae: the name of the place was Avaris.

'The whole of this, Manetho says, the Shepherds surrounded with a great and strong wall, that so they might have all their c possessions and their booty in a stronghold.

'But Thmouthosis the son of Misphragmouthosis attempted to subdue them by a siege, having sat down against their walls

501 a 1 Josephus, 1. c.

JOSEPHUS with four hundred and eighty thousand men: but after giving up the siege in despair, he made terms of agreement with them, that they should leave Egypt, and all go away uninjured whithersoever they chose. And upon these conditions they with their whole families and possessions, being not less in number than two hundred and forty thousand, made their way from Egypt across the desert into Syria.

d'But being afraid of the power of the Assyrians (for they were at that time the rulers of Asia), they built a city in what is now called Judaea, to suffice for so many thousands of inhabitants, and called it Jerusalem.'

Next to this he recounts the succession of the kings of Egypt, together with the duration of their reigns, and adds:

'So says Manetho. And when the time is calculated according to the number of years mentioned, it is evident that the so-called Shepherds, our ancestors, departed from Egypt and colonized this country three hundred and ninety-three years before Danaus arrived in Argos: and yet he is considered by the Argives as very ancient. 'Two things therefore of the greatest importance Manetho has p. 502 testified in our favour out of the writings of the Egyptians. First their arrival in Egypt from some other country, and afterwards the departure thence at so ancient a date as to be nearly a thousand years before the Trojan war.'

The extracts from Egyptian history have been recorded thus somewhat at large by Josephus. But from Phoenician history, by employing the testimony of those who have written on Phoenician affairs, he proves that the Temple b in Jerusalem had been built by King Solomon a hundred and forty-three years and eight months earlier than the foundation of Carthage by the Tyrians: then he passes on, and quotes from the history of the Chaldaeans their testimonies concerning the antiquity of the Hebrews.

501 d 8 Josephus, Against Apion, o. 16

CHAPTER XIV

BUT why need I heap up proofs upon proofs, when c every one who is a lover of truth, and not of spitefulness, is satisfied with what has been stated, as containing varied confirmation of the proposed argument? For our proposal was to prove that Moses and the Prophets were more ancient than Greek history.

Since therefore Moses has been proved to have lived long before the Trojan war, let us look also at all those who came after him. Now that Moses appeared in the d world later in time than those former true Hebrews, Heber and Abraham, from whom the derived name has been applied to the people, and than all the other godly men of old, is manifest from his own history.

Next to Moses therefore Jesus ruled the nation of the Jews thirty years, as some say: then, as the Scripture says, foreigners ruled eight years. Then Gothoniel, fifty years: after whom Eglom king of Moab eighteen years: after whom Ehud eighty years. After him strangers again twenty years: then Debbora and Barak forty p. 503 years. Then the Madianites seven years: then Gedeon forty years. Abimelech three years. Tola twenty-three years: Jair twenty-two years: the Ammonites eighteen years: Jephtha six years: Esbon seven years: Aealon ten years: Labdon eight years: strangers forty years: Samson twenty years: then Eli the Priest, as the Hebrew says, forty years; about whose time the capture of Troy occurred. And after Eli the Priest Samuel was the ruler of the people.

After him their first king Saul reigned forty years: then David forty years: then Solomon forty years; who also was the first to build the Temple in Jerusalem. After b Solomon Roboam reigns seventeen years: Abia three years: Asa forty-one years: Jehoshaphat twenty-five years:

502 d 8 Cf. Judges iii. 8, ibid. 9 'Othniel' 508 5 Judges xii. 10-13