THE PANAMA CANAL.

CANAL STATISTICS (OFFICIAL). Length from deep water to deep water-50.5

miles.

Length on land-40.5 miles.

Length at summit level-31.7 miles.
Bottom width of channel-Maximum, 1.000
feet; minimum (in Gaillard cut), 300 feet.
Depth-Minimum, 41 feet: maximum 45 feet.
Summit level-85 feet above mean tide.
Locks in pairs-12.

Locks. usable length-1,000 feet.

Gatun lake channel, depth-85 to 45 feet.
Gatun lake, area-164 square miles.
Locks, usable width-110 feet.

Concrete required-5.000.000 cubic yards.
Time of transit through canal-10 to 12 hours.
Time of passage through locks-3 hours.
Length of relocated Panama

miles.

the senate April 15, 1904; passed by house Canal property at Panama formally turned over April 21; approved April 26.

to the United States commissioners May 4.
1904.

President outlines rules for the government of
Work begun by Americans May 4, 1904.
the Canal Zone and war department takes
charge of the work on May 9, 1904.
Gen. George W. Davis appointed first governor
of Canal Zone May 9, 1904.

John F. Wallace appointed chief engineer May
10, 1904; resigned June 29, 1905.
Republic of Panama paid $10,000,000 May 21.
1904.

First payment on $40,000,000 to French com-
pany made May 24, 1904.
Lorin C. Collins
railroad-46.2

Period from

Aug. 15, 1914, to Aug. 14. 1915........
Aug. 15, 1915, to Aug. 14, 1916.
Aug. 15, 1916, to Aug. 14, 1917.
Aug. 15, 1917, to Aug. 14, 1918.

Aug. 15, 1918, to Aug. 14, 1919.
Aug. 15, 1919, to Aug. 14, 1920.
Aug. 15, 1920, to Aug. 14, 1921
Aug. 15, 1921, to Aug. 14, 1922
Aug. 15, 1922, to Aug. 14, 1923.
Aug. 15, 1923, to Aug. 14, 1924.

Total to Aug. 15, 1924.......

1903: ratified by the United States senate Feb. 23. 1904. Canal commissioners appointed Feb. 29, 1904. Papers transferring canal to the United States signed in Paris April 22, 1904.

Bill for government of Canal Zone passed by

appointed Supreme court judge for Canal Zone June 17, 1905. New commission with Theodore P. Shonts as chairman named April 3, 1905: Shonts resigned March 4, 1907,

John F. Stevens appointed chief engineer June
29. 1905: resigned Feb. 26, 1907.
Lieut.-Col. George W. Goethals appointed chief
Dry excavation completed Sept. 10, 1913.
Gatun dam finished June 14, 1913.
First vessel lifted through Gatun locks Sept.
26. 1913.
First vessels pass through Miraflores locks
Gamboa dike blown up Oct. 10. 1913.
Oct. 14, 1913.

engineer Feb. 26, 1907.

Permanent organization of canal administration in effect April 1, 1914: Col. George W. Goethals first governor: existence of isthmian canal commission ended.

First freight barges go through canal from ocean to ocean May 14, 1914.

First steamship (the Cristobal) passes through
canal Aug. 13, 1914.

Canal opened for general traffic Aug. 15. 1914.
Canal blocked by slides, September, 1915, to
April, 1916.

FIRST TEN YEARS OF OPERATION. [From the Panama Canal Record.] The Panama canal completed ten years of operation at the close of business on Aug. 14. 1924, having been opened to commerce Aug. 15, 1914. During the ten years of operation 25.620 commercial vessels and 2,271 United States government vessels, exclusive of craft in the service of the Panama canal, transited the canal. The 25.620 commercial craft carried 110,917,951 long tons of cargo through the canal and paid tolls to the amount of $100,534,619.73.

A summary of traffic through the canal during ten years of operation is shown in the following tabulation, listing the number of vessels, the Panama canal net tonnage, cargo tonnage and tolls collected. This tabulation lists only vessels paying tolls:

5,904,580 2.051 6.487,214 7,431.495 2,027 6.198,874 6,981,996 2.580 8,905,818 9.839,918 2,860 11,527,138 11,330,400 2.790 11.788.742 11.522.018 4.272 20,283,394 21,210,962 18,975,189.06 5.146 25.756.132 26.633.477 23,985,272.99 25.620 103,723,074 110,917,951 100,534,619.73

Of the 25,620 commercial transits during the ten vear period nearly 11,000 were transits of vessels of United States registry. These vessels carried nearly half of the total cargo and paid about 45 per cent of the total tolls. The average cost of a ton of cargo through

the canal for the ten-year period, total commercial traffic being considered, was about 90 cents. During the ten years of operation there to was no serious accident shipping due to the operation of the canal. nor, since April 15, 1916. when the last serious slide was cleared, was there any considerable delay in passing vessels through. Since that time the fleets of the United States navy, many of the large passenger and cargo vessels of various nations, and the largest warship yet constructed passed through the canal without special incident.

TRAFFIC (1924) BY TRADE ROUTES. More than one-half of the cargo handled through the Panama canal during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1924, was in the United intercoastal trade. Other States principal trade routes following in order were: Between the United States and South America with 10.2 per cent of the total: Europe and South America with 7.4 per cent; United States and the far east with 6.5 per cent; Europe and west coast of United States with 6.2 per cent, and Europe and the west coast of CanOf the other routes. ada with 5.4 per cent.

none carried as much as 5 per cent of the
total. There were 13,527,555 tons of cargo
carried in the United States intercoastal trade
as against 8,068,553 tons during the fiscal
year 1923, an increase of 5,459,002 tons, or
more than 67 per cent.

TRAFFIC (1924) BY NATIONALITY.
Nationality. Ships. Tonnage."
British
.1,265

47

PANAMA CANAL OFFICIALS.
Governor-Col. Meriwether L. Walker, U. S. A.
Executive Secretary-C. A. McIlvaine.
Chief Division Civil Affairs-Crede H. Calhoun.
Chief Division of Police and Fire-Guy Jo-
District Attorney-Guy H. Martin.
Engineer

hannes.

U. S. A.

of Maintenance-Col. H. Burgess,

Chief Quartermaster-R. K. Morris.
Auditor-H. A. A. Smith,

Chief Health Officer-Col. W. P. Chamberlin.
U. S. A.
Chief Quarantine Officer-Surgeon Carlisle P.
Knight, U. S. P. H. S.
Balboa Heights,
Department Headquarters
Canal Zone.

Washington Office.

General Purchasing Officer and Chief of Office
-A. L. Flint.
Assistant to Chief of Office-Ray L. Smith.
Courts.
District Judge-Vacancy.
Clerks-E. L. Goolsley and J. S. Campbell.
CANAL ZONE.

The Canal Zone contains about 436 square

miles and on June 30, 1924. had a total population of 27.143. It begins at a point three marine miles from mean low water mark in each ocean and extends for five miles on each side of the center line of the route of the canal. It includes the group of islands in the Bay of Panama, named Perico. Naos. Culebra and Flamenco. The cities of Panama and Colon Tolls. are excluded from the zone, but the United the right to enforce sanitary 6.097,611 $5,814,983.83 States has 176,472 157,035.25 ordinances and maintain public order there In case the republic of Panama should not be 6,612.11 229,205.17 able to do so. 72.498.00 July 16, 1924, the actual working force on 489,807.74 the canal was 10.982, of whom 8,621 were 27.00 5.757.60 silver and 2.761 gold employes, the latter be428,571.60 ing almost exclusively white Americans. 604,085.65 PANAMA RAILROAD. 3.958.75 The Panama railroad and the steamships run in connection with it between New York 844.976.31 and Colon are owned and operated by the The road prac 23,276.25

5.767

22

Danish

65

245.929

Danzig

11

88.276

Dutch

102

551,761

Ecuadorian

1

36

Finnish

French

German

150

660,156

Greek

1

4,038

.......

Italian

Japanese

171

815,468

Jugoslavic...

Mexican

1

192

Norwegian

Panaman

21

43.056

Peruvian

Spanish

Swedish

170.565.90

LABOR FORCE.

United States government. 138.24 tically parallels the canal nearly the whole 496.876.96 distance. It is 461⁄2 miles long and runs 40.804.19 between the cities of Colon and Panama. 127.183.38 160.336.90 130,935.00

United States..2.947 15.806.899 14.483,327.71

REVOLUTION IN MEXICO.

Mexico was the scene of a serious revolt against President Obregon in the early part of 1924. The trouble began in December. 1923, but did not attain serious proportions until January and February, 1924. The leader of the revolt was Adolfo de la Huerta, who was supported by Gens. Enrique Estrada, Guadalupe Sanchez. Garcia Virgil and a number of chronic rebels and bandit chiefs in the state of Vera Cruz and the Guadalajara region. President Obregon was supported by most of the the commanders and people of army Mexico generally. His generals won brilliant victories at Esperanza Jan. 28 and Ocotlan Feb. 9. crushing the rebels both in the east and the west. On April 22 it was announced that the rebellion had come to an end and that the federal authority had been re-estab .50 lished over the whole of the republic.

Merchant vessels carrying passengers or
cargo, per net vessel ton (each 100
cubic feet) of actual earning capacity..$1.20
Vessels in ballast, without passengers or
(each 100
cargo, per net vessel ton
cubic feet) of actual earning capacity..
Naval vessels, other than transports, col-
liers, hospital ships and supply ships,
per displacement ton...

Army and navy transports, colliers, hos-
pital ships and supply ships, the vessel
to be measured by the same rules as
are employed in determining the net
tonnage of merchant vessels, per net
ton

.72

1.20 Tolls may not exceed the equivalent of $1.25 per net registered ton. as determined hy United States rules of measurement, nor be less than the equivalent of 75 cents per net registered ton.

Many

of the rebel chieftains who were captured were shot, while others, among them Adolfo de la Huerta, took refuge in other countries. The United States sent a number of warships to Vera Cruz and Tampico, but had no occasion to intervene in the civil war.

Gen. Plutarco Elias Calles was elected president of Mexico July 6 to succeed Gen. Obre1920. Gen. gon. who assumed office Dec. 1. Calles received a majority of 1.309.947 votes over Gen. Angel Flores, the other candidate.

THE PIERPONT MORGAN LIBRARY.

The Pierpont Morgan library, ranked as one of the finest private collections of rare books and manuscripts in the world, was on Feb. 15, 1924, turned over by the owner, J. Pierpont Morgan, to a board of six trustees to be administered as a public reference library. The announcement of the gift was made by Mr. Morgan on the date mentioned alter all the necessary legal arrangements had been made. The beautiful building housing the collection, designed by Charles F. McKim and standing at Madison avenue and 36th street, New York, was a part of the gift, which also included an annual endowment of $1,500,000. Mr. Morgan himself estimated the value of the library and the building at $8.500,000. The collection was begun by the elder J. Pierpont Morgan and continued by his son.

Mr. Morgan made known his action by issuing the following formal statement:

"As a memorial to my father, the late J. Pierpont Morgan, and for the use of scholars I have conveyed the library erected by him, its contents and the land upon which it stands to a board of trustees, together with an endowment sufficient for its permanent maintenance. It has been designated as the Pierpont Morgan library and its character and purpose are set forth by my letter to the trustees and by extracts from the deed of conveyance, copies of which are attached to this statement."

are

The trustees named by Mr. Morgan himself and his wife, their two sons, Junius Spencer Morgan and Henry Sturges Morgan, and Lewis Cass Ledyard and James King.

Gore

Following is an extract from Mr. Morgan's letter to the trustees:

Since

"My father's intense interest and satisfaction in the library which he left me makes it a peculiarly fitting memorial to him. It is a memorial which keeps alive the memory of his love of rare books and manuscripts and his belief in the educational value of the collection which he had gathered. his death in 1913 I have constantly endeavored to see that the library and its contents should be made available In every way possible for the advancement of knowledge and for the use of learned men of all countries. as he delighted to do, thus carrying out the plan which he had in mind when making the collections. The very considerable additions which I have made to these collections from time to time have been made with the sole idea of increasing the value of the whole for educational purposes."

From the deed conveying the property to the trustees and creating the trust the following extracts are quoted::

"The nature, object and purposes of the institution to be founded, endowed and maintained are as follows:

courage and develop study and research and generally to conduct an institution of educational value to the public. ..

"The trustees may establish in connection with the library a gallery of art and out of any funds in their possession may purchase such objects of art as they may deem appropriate. They may provide for such lectures, exhibitions or instruction in connection with the institution as they may deem desirable. They may also provide for the reproduction, by printing, photography or otherwise, of any portion of the collections in their hands and for the publication and distribution universities and other institutions and among among libraries, museums, individuals of the reproductions and copies so made. * #

absorbed by or merged or consolidated with "The Pierpont Morgan library shall not be any other institution, nor shall any steps be taken whereby it may in any degree lose its identity, prior to the expiration of 100 death of J. Pierpont Morgan, father of the years from March 31, 1913, the date of the founder."

No complete catalogue of the library had been made up to the time the transfer to trustees was made. A summary of the principal material in the collection was issued at that time, however, from which the following list is taken:

Illuminated manuscripts dating from the sixth to the sixteenth century; 530 volumes. Holograph manuscripts of the works and correspondence of American, English and continental authors: 905 volumes.

Signed holograph letters and documents (unbound); about 7,000.

Coptic illuminated manuscripts of biblical and liturgical texts, originating in Egypt. from the eighth to the tenth century: 60 volumes and numerous fragments.

the

Greek and Egyptian papyrus (single leaves), originating in Egypt, dating from the third century B. C. Formerly known as Amherst collections, with additions. Incunabula-Books printed on the continent before 1500.

Books printed at the Aldine presses in Venice and elsewhere from 1495 to 1598. Liturgical works-Bibles, testaments, psalters, missals, prayer books, hours, offices, etc., dating from the inception of printing (c. 145055).

English literature dating from its first printing in 1475.

American history and literature.

Books remarkable for their rare armorial fifteenth century; also examples of the work or other distinguishing bindings, dating from of famous binders.

Original drawings and wash-studies by masters of the Italian, French, English, Dutch, Flemish and German schools, from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century.

Original etchings by Rembrandt van Rijn, his pupils and school, in various states of the plates.

"A public library, for reference only, without any circulating or withdrawal privileges, to be maintained upon the premises hereby conveyed and upon such premises as may hereafter be acquired in addition thereto or in lieu thereof, for the use and benefit, free of expense to them, of all persons whomsoever, subject only to suitable rules and regu lations; the object and purposes of which institution are to preserve, protect and give permanence to the collections hereby transferred and hereafter acquired, to render them available, under suitable regulations and restrictions having regard to their nature and value. to scholars and persons engaged in the work of research and to those interested in literature, art and kindred subjects, to dis- and many others. seminate and contribute to the advancement The director of the Pierpont Morgan library of useful information and knowledge, to en- is Miss Belle da Costa Greene.

Original mezzotints from the invention of the art in 1642 through the nineteenth century. Autograph letters and book manuscripts by Marie Antoinette. Hugo. Zola, Sand, Dumas, Keats, Boswell. Dickens. Scott. Lamb. Thackeray, Meredith, Moore, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, Bret Harte, George Washing ton. Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt

DATES OF RECENT HISTORICAL EVENTS.

Aguinaldo captured, March 23, 1901.
Alaska boundary award made, Oct. 17, 1903.
Albert I. ascended throne of Belgium, Dec. 17,
1909.

Alfonso XIII. ascended throne of Spain, May
17. 1902: attempted assassination of, in
Paris, June 1, 1906; shot at by anarchist
in Madrid, April 13, 1913.
Amundsen, Roald, completes northwest pas-
sage, 1906; reaches south pole, Dec. 16. 1911.
Anarchists, Chicago, hanged, Nov. 11, 1887.
Anarchists pardoned by Altgeld, June 26, 1893.
Andree began arctic balloon trip, July 11, 1897.
Anglo-American arbitration treaty signed, Jan.
11, 1897.

Anglo-Boer war began, Oct. 10, 1899; ended
May 31, 1902.

Anglo-Japanese treaty signed, Jan 30, 1902.
Arabic sunk, Aug. 19, 1915.

Archbald, Robert W., judge of United States
Circuit court, impeached and removed from
office, Jan. 13, 1913.

Arizona admitted as a state, Feb. 14, 1912.
Armament, conference on limitation of, began
Nov. 12, 1921; ended Feb. 6, 1922; ratifi-
cation completed Aug. 17, 1923,
Armenian massacres began in 1890; culminat-
ed in 1895, 1896 and 1897.
Atlanta, Ga. (Cotton States and Industrial).
exposition. Sept. 15 to Dec. 31, 1895.
Australian commonwealth inaugurated, Jan. 1,
1901.

Austria surrenders to allies, Nov. 3, 1918:
signs peace treaty, Sept. 10, 1919.
Baldwin, Stanley, made British prime minister
to succeed Bonar Law, May 20, 1923.
Balkan-Bulgarian war began, May 23, 1913;
ended. Aug. 10, 1913.

Balkan-Turkish war began Oct. 8, 1912:
ended, May 30, 1913.

Balloon disaster, Chicago, July 21, 1919.
Baltimore fire, Feb. 7, 1904.

Battle ship cruise, American, Dec. 16, 1907,
to Feb. 22, 1909.

Benjamin, archbishop of Petrograd, executed
in Moscow, in July, 1922.
Bennington gunboat disaster, July 21, 1905.
Bergamo and Scalve valleys, Italy, visited by
flood, Dec. 1, 1923. More than 500 persons
killed.

Bering sea seal treaty signed, Nov. 8, 1897,
Bismarck resigned chancellorship, March 18.
1890; died July 30, 1898.

Borda. President, assassinated. Aug. 25, 1897.
Bosnia and Herzegovina annexed by Austria,
Oct. 6. 1908.

Boxer outbreak in China began, May, 1900.
Boyertown (Pa.) theater fire and panic, Jan.
13. 1908.

Brazil proclaimed a republic, Nov. 15, 1889.
Brest-Litovsk peace treaty signed, March 3,
1918.

Buffalo (Pan-American) exposition, May 1 to
Nov. 2, 1901.

Bulgaria proclaims independence. Oct. 5, 1908;
surrender to allies, Sept. 29, 1918; revolu-
tion in, June 9, 1923.
Butchkaviteh, vicar-general of Roman Catholic
Church of Russia, executed in Moscow, April
2. 1923.

Cable. Pacific, laying of, begun at San Fran-
cisco, Dec. 14, 1902.

California Midwinter exposition, Jan, 1 to July 4. 1894.

Calumet (Mich.) hall panic, Dec. 24, 1913. Campanile in Venice fell, July 14, 1902. Canadian reciprocity bill passed by congress and signed by President Taft, July 26, 1911; rejected by Canada, Sept. 21.

Carlos I., king of Portugal, assassinated, Feb.
1. 1908.

Carnot. President, assassinated, June 24, 1894.
Cartago, Costa Rica, destroyed by earthquake,
May 5, 1910.

Caroline islands bought by Germany, Oct. 1,
1899.

Charles I. of Austria-Hungary abdicates, Nov.
11, 1918: attempts to regain Hungarian
throne, March 27 and Oct. 21, 1921; exiled,
Nov. 6, 1921; died at Funchal, Madeira, Apríl
1, 1922.
Charleston, S. C. (Interstate and West Indian),
exposition, Dec. 1, 1901, to May 20, 1902.
Chelsea (Mass.) fire. April 12, 1908.
Cherry (Ill.) mine disaster, Nov. 13, 1909.
Chicago race riots, July 27-Aug. 2, 1919.
Chicora steamer, lost in storm on Lake Michi-
gan, Jan. 21. 1895.

China, revolution begins Sept. 7. 1911; repub-
lic proclaimed Dec. 29. 1911: Manchu
dynasty abdicates Feb. 12, 1912.
Cholera epidemic in Hamburg, Germany, Aug
ust, 1892; in Russia and Italy, summer of 1910.
Christian IX., king of Denmark, died Jan. 29.
1906.

Christian X. proclaimed king of Denmark. May
15. 1912.

Coal (anthracite) strike began, May 12. 1902: ended, Oct. 21, 1902.

Congo Free State annexed by Belgium, Aug.
20, 1908.

Constantine, king of Greece, deposed, June 12,
1917; reinstated Dec. 5, 1920; deposed by
revolutionists Sept. 27, 1922.
Constitution, U. S. 16th amendment to, pro-
claimed, Feb. 25, 1913; 17th amendment to.
proclaimed, May 31, 1913; 18th amendment
to, proclaimed. Jan. 16, 1919; 19th amend-
ment to. proclaimed, Aug. 26, 1920.
Coolidge, Calvin, sworn in as president of the
United States, Aug. 3, 1923.

Corfu bombarded and seized by Italy Aug. 31,
1923, for killing of Italian military mission
in Greece.

Corinth ship canal open, Aug. 6, 1893.
Corpus Christi (Tex.) storm and tidal wave.
Sept. 14, 1919.

Courriere mine disaster, March 10. 1906.
Crib disaster. Chicago, Jan. 20, 1909.
Cronin murder, Chicago, May 4, 1889.
Cuba under sovereignty of United States, Jan.
1. 1899.

Cuban constitution signed, Feb. 21, 1901.
Cuban-United States reciprocity treaty ratified.

March 19, 1903; bill to carry treaty into
effect passed by congress, Dec. 16, 1903.
Cuban republic inaugurated. May 20. 1902;
President Palma and cabinet resigned and
American control established, Sept. 29. 1906:
Gen. Jose Miguel Gomez elected president,
Nov. 14, 1908: American control relin-
quished, Jan. 28. 1909.

Cuban revolt began. Feb. 24. 1895.
Currency law enacted, Dec. 23, 1913.
Czołgosz, McKinley's assassin, tried and sen-
tenced, Sept. 24, 1901; executed, Oct. 29.
1901.

Daugherty. Harry M., U. S. attorney-general,
resigned March 28. 1924.

Dawes reparation plan reported April 9, 1924. De Lesseps, Ferdinand, convicted of Panama fraud, Feb. 9, 1893.

Delyannis, Grecian premier, assassinated, June
13. 1905.

Denby, Edwin, secretary of the navy, resigned
Feb. 17. 1924.

Deschanel, Paul, elected president of France,
Jan. 17, 1920: disabled, May 23, 1920; re-
signed, Sept. 16, 1920,

Dewey's victory at Manila, May 1. 1898.
Diaz, Porfirio. forced by revolutionists to re-
sign presidency of Mexico. May 25. 1911.
Dingley tariff bill signed, July 24, 1897.
Dom Pedro exiled from Brazil, Nov. 16, 1889.
Draft for American national army: registra-
tion day June 5, 1917; numbers drawn July
20. 1917.

Dreyfus. Capt.. degraded and sent to Devil's

island, Jan. 4, 1895; brought back to France, July 3, 1899; new trial begun, Aug. 7: found guilty. Sept. 9; pardoned, Sept. 19, 1899; restored to rank in army, July 12. 1906, by decision of Supreme court of France; decorated with cross of Legion of Honor. July 21. 1906.

Earthquake in India, April 4, 1905; in Calabria, Italy, Sept. 8. 1905, Dec. 28, 1908. and Sept. 7, 1920. (See also San Francisco, Valparaiso, Kingston, Messina and Cartago.) Eastland steamship disaster in Chicago, July 24, 1915.

Edward VII. proclaimed king. Jan. 24. 1901: crowned, Aug. 9, 1902; died, May 6. 1910. Elizabeth, empress of Austria, assassinated.