MANUFACTURES IN CITIES (1919). [From census bureau reports.] Value of products of establishments owned by individuals and corporations. UNION WAGES AND HOURS OF WORK. [From reports of U. S. department of labor.] Figures are as of May 15 for the years given. Rate per hour (cents). Chicago, New York and San Francisco Chi- New taken as representing the middle west, the Year. cago. east and the far west. are Hours per week. San York. Fran. cago. York. Fran. 1917.. 62.0 66.7 69.0 45 45 42 1919.. 79.0 96.7 48 49/2 48 48 ELECTROTYPERS-FINISHERS. 1917.. 56.0 53.1 50.0 48 48 48 1914.. 52.1 62.5 48 1915.. 52.1 44 1916.. 52.1 44 1917.. 56.3 44 1918.. 58.3 48 44 1919.. 77.1 75.0 62.5 48 79.2 48 113.6 44 54 48 48 48 48 48 48 BRICKLAYERS. The "Monroe doctrine" was enunciated by President Monroe in his message to congress Dec. 2. 1823. Referring to steps taken to arrange the respective rights of Russia, Great Britain and the United States on the northwest coast of this continent, the president went on to say: DRAGO DOCTRINE. When in the winter of 1902-03 Germany. Britain and Italy blockaded the ports of Venezuela in attempt to make the latter country settle up its debts Dr. L. F. Drago, a noted jurist of Argentina, maintained that force cannot be used by one power to collect money owing to its citizens by another power, Prominence was given to the contention by the fact favored by other South American republics. that it was officially upheld by Argentina and The principle embodied has become generally In the discussions to which this interest has given rise, and in the arrangements by which they may terminate, the occasion has been deemed proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American conti-known as the "Drago doctrine." nents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power. • We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the governments who have declared their independence and maintain it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them or controlling in any other manner their destiny by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States." LODGE RESOLUTION. In connection with the reported attempt of Japan to obtain land for the establishment of a naval base in Magdalena bay, on the western coast of Mexico, the senate of the United States adopted the following resolution Aug. 2. 1912: "Resolved. That when any harbor or other place in the American continents is so situated that the occupation thereof for naval or military purposes might threaten the communications or the safety of the United States. the government of the United States could not see without grave concern the possession of such harbor or other place by any corporation which or association to has such relation another government, not American, as to give that government practical power of control for national purposes." CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. Capital punishment prevails in all of the states of the union except Arizona, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota. North Dakota, Rhode Island and Wisconsin. In Michigan the only crime punishable by death is treason. The death penalty was abolished, in the state of Washington in 1913 and restored in 1919. It was abolished in Iowa in 1872 and restored in 1878. It was abolished in Colorado in 1897. but was restored in 1901. It was abolished in Oregon in 1914, but was restored by a vote of the people in June, 1920. Hanging is the ordinary mode of execution, but in Arkansas, Indiana. Massachusetts, New York, Nebraska, Ohio, Pennsylvania. Vermont, Virginia and Oklahoma electrocution is the legal method. In Nevada an act was passed in 1921 providing for the use of lethal gas in carrying out the death penalty, The first execution under this law took place in Carson City Feb 8, 1924. In Utah persons under sentence of death may, if they so desire, be shot by a firing squad. 56 Fresh water... 62.5 age Holly 47 MISCELLANEOUS WEIGHTS. 63.5 Material and unit. Lbs. | Material and unit. Lbs. Timothy seed.. DEFINITIONS. Displacement is the amount of water displaced by a vessel. If a vessel is floating in equilibrium in still water, the weight of the water she displaces equals the weight of the vessel herself with everything on board. The displacement in cubic feet when floating in salt water divided by 35 (36 if in fresh water) gives the total weight of a ship and her cargo in tons, as 35 cubic feet of salt water weighs one ton (2,240 pounds) and 36 of fresh water the same amount. 45 The displacement of a steel vessel is calculated to the molded lines (that is, to the outside of the frames) and no allowance is made as a rule for the thickness of the shell plating. For wooden vessels (motor boats. tugs, lighters, etc.) the displacement is calculated to the outside of the planking. 12 32 One barrel-flour 196 Potatoes 60 56 60 Clams 100 lasses Beans 60 Seven bags of .2.240 8% Dead weight is the carrying capacity of a vessel and includes the tons of cargo and coal. Register ton measurement is the measurement based on a ton of 2,240 pounds occupying 100 cubic feet. f. o. b. steamer (free on board steamer); goods to be delivered on board steamer by seller at no extra charge to purchaser. f. a. s. steamer (free at side steamer); goods to be delivered at side of steamer by seller. f. f. a. steamer (free from alongside steamer); the seller pays lighterage charges in the port of destination from the steamer. c. i. f. (cost, insurance and freight); the goods are delivered to the purchaser with the insurance and freight paid by the seller. c. f. (cost and freight); the goods are delivered to the purchaser with the freight paid by the seller, but no insurance. f. o. (free over side); the goods are delivered over the side of a vessel, that is, to a lighter or on to a pier, without any extra charge to the purchaser. Bill of lading (b. 1.) is a receipt for goods delivered to a carrier for transportation. The bills of lading of some steamship companies contain the following clause: "Freight is to be considered earned at time of receipt of shipment and is to be paid whether vessel or goods are lost or not." In foreign trade bills of lading are generally made out in triplicate, one for the shipper, one for the consignee and one for the captain of the vessel. "With exchange" on a draft means that the party on whom the draft is drawn is to pay the cost of collection. Demurrage-A charge for delay in loading or unloading a vessel. Lay days are the days agreed upon by the shipper and captain or agent of a vessel for loading and discharging a cargo, beyond which a demurrage will be paid to the owners of the vessel. Sundays and legal holidays do not count unless the term "running days" is serted, in which case all days are included. ported material that is used in the manufacture of goods that are exported. The United States government allows the exporter the import duty paid, less 1 per cent. Salvage-The reward granted by law for sav ing life and property at sea. Jettison-The throwing overboard of a part of the cargo or any article on board of a ship for the purpose of lightening the ship in case of necessity. Bill of health-A certificate stating that the vessel comes from a port where no contagious disease prevails, and that none of the passengers (if carried) nor the crew at the time of departure was infected with any disease. MARINE INSURANCE. tract of indemaity whereby the insurer unA contract of marine insurance is a condertakes to indemnify the insured in the manner and to the extent agreed against marine losses; i. e.. the losses incident to marine adventure. Unless specially mentioned in the policy, goods are not insured until they are on board of the vessel which is to carry them. Below are brief outlines of clauses and terms occurring in policies: General average-Suppose a vessel springs a leak and to save her from sinking the captain throws overboard a The last shipment loaded on board is generally portion of her cargo. the first to come out. If the shipment is fully insured the underwriters will pay the amount assessed against the goods, but whether the goods are insured or not the general average will make good to the owner the value of the goods which were jettisoned less the assessment which the owner is called upon to pay. It is safe to figure that all policies of, insurance on goods cover and protect the merchant against assessments in general average. Thus a merchant can suffer considerable loss by reason of assessment levied against his goods in general average, although the goods arrive at their destination in a perfectly sound condition-but such losses can be fully covered by insurance. Free of particular average (f. p. a.)-Under American conditions it is understood that no claim for partial loss or damage will be allowed by the underwriters unless the loss or damage is caused by the vessel's having been burned, stranded, sunk or in collision. With average (w. a.)-This means that no partial loss caused by sea perils unless the claim will be made on the underwriters for damage amounts to 5 per cent or more of the value of the shipment. Free of all average (f. a. a.)-This, as the in-clause signifies, means free of all average. Manifest-A document signed by the captain of a vessel containing a list of the goods and merchandise on board with their destination, for the use of the custom house officials. By United States Revised Statutes 2807 it is required to contain the names of the ports of loading and destination, a description of the vessel and her port, names of owners and master. names of consignees and of passengers and lists of the passengers' baggage and of the sea stores. Clearance papers-When ready for sea the customs officials must be provided with a detail manifest of the ship's cargo. If the port charges have been paid and her cargo is properly accounted for, then the collector of the port will furnish the captain with clearance papers, without which the vessel must not leave port. Drawback-A refund of duties paid on im Collision or ruling or running down clause (r. d. c.)-This is a clause in which the underwriters take a burden of a proportion. usually three-quarters, of the damage inflicted on other vessels by collision for which the insured vessel is held to blame. Sometimes this clause is extended to cover the whole of the assured's liabilities arising out of the damage done to property by the collision of the insured vessel with another and the clause is then known as the "four-fourths running down clause." Incharmee clause-This clause covers loss of or damage to hull and machinery through the negligence of master, mariners, engineers and pilots, or through explosions, bursting of boilers, breakage of shafts or through any latent defect in the machinery or hull, provided such loss or damage has not resulted from want of due diligence by the owners of the ship or by the manager. |