Yonkers, N. Y. 4,309 5.5 Youngstown, O. 5,815 5.7 THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS. The "seven liberal arts" according to eduPer Cent Illiterates by Nativity and Color cators in the middle ages were usually classed (1920). *Na- †Foras grammar, dialectics, rhetoric, music, arithtive. eign. Negro. metic, geometry and astronomy. In modern 0.2 14.6 5.5 universities the arts are distinguished from 3.8 divinity, law, medicine and science. The terms 17.8 "bachelor of arts" and "master of arts" orig 12.9 inated from the old classification. City. Akron. Y. ....... 0.4 14.8 1.2 4.8 0.6 14.0 Census latitude. year. D. M. S. 1790..39 16 30 1800..39 16 6 1810..39 11 30 1820..39 5 42 West longitude. Approximate location by important towns. ing preceding decade. 76 11 12..23 east of Baltimore, Md... Movement in miles durDirect.West.North.S'th .40.6 40.6 0.5 .... 77 37 12..40 northwest by west of Washington, D. C.36.9 36.5 5.3 .50.5 50.1 .55.0 54.8 4.7 .54.8 54.7 3.5 80.6 80.6 1.6 ... 44.1 42.1 13.3 58.1 57.4 9.1 48.6 47.7 9.0 1830..38 57 54 79 16 54..19 west-southwest of Moorefield. W. Va..40.4 39.4 The center of population, according to the bureau of the census, may be said to represent the center of gravity of the population. If the surface of the United States be considered as a rigid plane without weight, capable of sustaining the population distributed thereon, individuals being assumed to be of equal weight. and each, therefore, to exert a pressure on any supporting pivotal point directly proportional to his distance from the point. the pivotal point on which the plane balances would, of course, be its center of gravity, and this is the point referred to by the term "center of population" as used by the census bureau in its reports. The median point, which may be described as the numerical center of population, is in no sense a center of gravity. In determining the median point distance is not taken into account, and the location of the units of population is considered only in relation to the intersecting median lines-as being north or south of the median parallel and east and west of the meridian. As will be noted from the foregoing table the center of population during the decade 1910 to 1920 moved westward approximately 9.8 miles and northward approximately twotenths of a mile. This was the least movement made by the center of population in any decade since 1790. The increase in the population of New York, Pennsylvania and certain other states north of the 39th parallel substantially counterbalanced the increase in Texas. Oklahoma and southern California. The advance toward the west was due largely to the increase in the population of the Pacific coast states-particularly California, the population of which was greater by more than 1,000,000 in 1920 than in 1910-their distance from the those states much greater weight than an equal center giving any increase of population in increase in the populous eastern states, which are nearer the center. The cities of Seattle. San Francisco and Los Angeles, with a combined population of 1,398,661, exert a greater influence on the location of the center of population than the cities of Baltimore. Boston, Buffalo, Cleveland. Philadelphia and Pittsburgh with a combined population of 5.197,624. The geographic distribution of the population is also indicated by the location of median lines. A parallel of latitude is determined which evenly divides the population so that the population north of that parallel is the same as that south. Similarly, a meridian of longitude is determined which divides the population evenly as between east and west. In calculating these median lines it is necessary. in the case of the square degrees of latitude and longitude which are traversed by the lines themselves, to assume that the population is evenly distributed through these aquare degrees or to make an estimated adjustment where this is obviously not the case. It may be observed that while each median line exactly bisects the population as a whole it does not necessarily bisect the population at any given point or through any given section of its course. The median parallel does not bisect even approximately the population living either east or west of the Mississippi river. Similarly, the median meridian does not bisect the population of either the northern or southern section of the country. As a result, no one of the four sections into which the intersecting median lines divide the country contains exactly or approximately one-quarter of the total population. The diagonally opposite sections, however, are necessarily exactly equal in population. The population of the northeastern section equals that of the southwestern and, similarly, the population of the Southeastern equals that of the northwestern. The northeastern and southwestern sections each contain, in fact, a population of approximately 31.450.000, while the southeastern and northwestern sections each have about 21, 400,000 inhabitants. The point at which the median lines inter- 1910, 3 miles south of Winchester. Ind. CENTER OF FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION (1920). longitude 84° 49' 17", being in the eastern part of Allen county. Indiana, about ten and three-fourths miles east of New Haven and sixteen miles east of Fort Wayne. For the first time in three decades the center of foreign born white population showed a western movement. From 1890 to 1900 it moved 34.5 miles in an easterly direction, and from 1900 to 1910 8.5 miles in a southeasterly direction. At the latter censuses the center was located in Defiance county, Ohio, but in 1920 it moved just across the state boundary line into Allen county, Indiana. The center in 1880 was located in Monroe county, Michigan, and in 1890 in Noble county, Indiana, so that in thirty years the center has returned to the state in which it was located in 1890. The change in direction of the movement of this center from east to west is due principally to the increase in foreign-born white pop ulation in the state of California. The total increase in the foreign-born white population of the United States was 367,209 and the increase in the states of Texas, California and Arizona was 316,222, or 86 per cent of the total increase. Twenty states showed an increase in this element of their population from 1910 to 1920; ten of them were states east of the center and seven were states west of the center. The western states, however, had much greater increases in their foreign-born white population than the states east; the largest increases were in California, Michigan and Texas. CENTER OF NEGRO POPULATION. The center of negro population as determined | bama. by the bureau of the census on the basis of the fourteenth census enumeration, taken Jan. 1. 1920. is located in latitude 34° 46′ 52" and longitude 85° 30′ 48′′, being in the extreme northwestern corner of Georgia, in Dade county, about 1% miles north-northeast of Rising Fawn town, and for the first time in the history of the country this center has moved northeast, being approximately 9.4 miles farther east and 19.4 miles farther north in 1920 than it was in 1910. Its former movements have all been in a southwesterly direction. Increase. This northward movement of the negro 1790 it was located 25 miles west-southwest of Petersburg, Dinwiddie county, Va., and 100 years later, in 1890, it had moved southwest 463 miles, to a point 15.7 miles southwest of Lafayette, Walker county, Ga.. the same county in which it was located in 1880. Between 1890 and 1900 it crossed the state line into Alabama, its location in 1900 and again in 1910 being in DeKalb county, Ala Its northeastward movement after 1910 has brought it back to the state of Georgia. The northeasterly movement of the center of negro population between 1910 and 1920 is due principally to the great increase in the negro population of Massachusetts. Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. The total increase in the negro population of the United States was 635,368 and it will be noted that the increase in the northern states mentioned was 56 per cent of the total inpopulation was due mainly to the expansion of certain industries during the world war, the high wages paid being the attraction. It is probably true that there has been a considerable return movement since the war. due to the depression in certain industries, and that a large number of negroes have moved south to their former homes. GEOGRAPHIC CENTER OF THE UNITED STATES. According to the United States geological survey the geographic center of the continental United States (exclusive of Alaska) is in the eastern part of Smith county, Kansas, latitude 39 degrees 50 minutes, longitude 98 degrees 35 minutes. Smith county is one of the northern tier of Kansas counties bordering on Nebraska and is about midway between the eastern and western boundaries of the state. The point indicated as the geographic center is not far from the town of Lebanon, a station on the Rock Island railroad. State. Alabama Arizona Arkansas The geographic center of the United States and its island possessions has not been officially determined, but taking the Virgin islands as the easternmost limit, the Aleutian islands as the westernmost, Alaska as the northernmost and the Samoan islands belonging to the United States as the southernmost extremity it is evident that the central point in latitude and longitude must be in the Pacific ocean west of San Francisco, Cal. Including the Philippines it would be in about the same longitude as Hawaii. California Madera Colorado Park Connecticut Hartford Delaware Kent District of Columbia. Florida Hernando Georgia Twiggs Idaho Custer Locality. 12 miles southwest of Clanton. 12 miles northwest of Little Rock. 35 miles northeast of Madera, 30 miles northwest of Pikes Peak, At East Berlin. 11 miles east of Dover. Near corner of Fourth and L streets, N. W. 12 miles north-northwest of Brookville. 18 miles southeast of Macon. At Custer. 28 miles northeast of Springfield. 14 miles north-northwest of Indianapolis. 5 miles northeast of Ames. 15 miles northeast of Great Bend. 3 miles north-northwest of Lebanon, 3 miles southeast of Marksville. 18 miles north of Dover. 3 miles east of Collington. 10 miles southwest of Brainerd. 9 miles west-northwest of Carthage. 10 miles northwest of Broken Bow. The geographic center of Alaska is difficult to determine, for the outline of the territory is very irregular, but if the outlying Locality. 24 miles southeast of Austin. 3 miles east of Ashland. 5 miles southeast of the state capitol. 8 miles north of Oklahoma City. 25 miles south-southeast from Prineville. 1 mile south-southwest. of Crompton. 8 miles northeast of Pierre. 5 miles northeast of Murfreesboro. 20 miles northeast of Brady. 3 miles north of Manti. 3 miles east of Roxbury. 11 miles east-southeast of Amherst. 9 miles southeast of Marshfield. | Capt. Donald MacMillan, the arctic explorer who sailed from Wiscasset. Me.. June 23. 1923, in the schooner Bowdoin for the far north, returned to his home port Sept. 19. 1924, and reported having secured much valuable information regarding terrestrial magnetism, atmospheric electricity and static in the arctic regions. The observations made by the members of the expedition are being studied and classified by scientists at the Carnegie Institute in Washington, D. C. The Bowdoin was frozen in at Refuge Harbor. Greenland. from October, 1923, to Aug. 1. 1924, in latitude 78.32 north and longitude 72.27 west. Much of the time the expedition was in touch with the outside world by means of a radio outfit. Eskimos who had accompanied Dr. Frederick A. Cook in his arctic journey in 1908 told Capt. MacMillan that Cook did not get within 500 miles of the north pole. RETURN OF KNUD RASMUSSEN. Knud Rasmussen, the Danish explorer, arrived at Nome, Alaska, Sept. 1, 1924, after traveling three years in the arctic regions. He started from Denmark and made his way from Greenland over the islands and ice of the far north until he returned to civilization Much of the long on the coast of Alaska. journey was made on foot and by dog sled. Rasmussen devoted himself to scientific studies of the Eskimos and to mapping the lands and waters visited. NO FLIGHT TO NORTH POLE. Year. Explo 1774-Capt. Cook... 1898-De Gerlache.. .... 1900-Borchgrevink MURDER OF GIACOMO MATTEOTTI. Giacomo Matteotti, one of the leaders of the moderate socialists of Italy and a member of the chamber of deputies. was kidnaped in front of his home in Rome June 12, 1924. Though it was believed that he had been murdered, proof of that fact was not forthcoming until Aug. 16, when his decomposed body was found in a wood between the villages of Scrofano and Castel Nuovo, about eighteen miles from Rome. The opposition to the fagrist regime in Italy seized upon Matteotti's disappearance to make a powerful attack upon the lawless methods of some of the "black shirts" and for a time the prestige of the Mussolini government was threatened. Several men holding high office in the fascist organization and in the government departments in Rome were suspected of having Deg. Min. 80 56 82 16 83 10 77 15 83 24 plotted the death of the socialist leader, who had threatened to expose certain scandals connected with the failure of the Banco Italiano Disconto in 1922 and involving the suspected men. His prominence as a leader of the opposition had also brought upon him the hatred of many elements in the party in power. Among the men arrested in connection with the murder of Matteotti were Sig. Marinelli, administrative secretary of the fascist organization, and Sig. Filippelli, editor of the Corriere Italiano. Sig. Finzi. Sig. Rossi, Sig. Freddi and others holding prominent positions were forced by the premier to resign. Other steps were taken by M. Mussolini to prove that he was not in sympathy with members of his party guilty of crimes of violence. |