tions which have appeared here and there throughout the country and in this state indicate a wide distribution of the movement with centers of intense activity.

What is Bolshevism? Precise definitions will not help us to understand the situation, but there are certain signs of it upon which there is general agreement. Bolshevism is essentially a revolutionary movement.

Bolshevism is an intense expression of the desire for reconstruction tied up to revolutionary formulae, and permeated with the spirit of protest, and somewhat of other destructive tendencies characteristic of the country of its origin. It is an alien thing.

Through its influence the desire for better things has, among the ignorant, been perverted into a revolutionary movement. The professional agitator, and the political agitator have used it to organize the uninformed parts of our population. It is also a convenient cloak of many who did not give to the nation during the war, whole-hearted support.

We have seen in Europe how quick the transition may be from social control to social anarchy. We must not, therefore, be unmindful of the demand for reconstruction. We must not dismiss it with a mere wave of the hand in any belief that the present situation is entirely satisfactory, or will become so by the mere lapse of time. The Bolshevik movement has back of it a great emotional force. It is world-wide in its effects and unconsciously is influencing, through the newspapers and through organized and unorganized propaganda, the thoughts of many who would not admit it. A sane and fair-minded program of reconstruction, taking into account actual social facts, is the greatest possible check to the growth of Bolshevism.

There must be reconstruction. The heart of the world Las been touched more deeply than it has ever been touched before in our time. The world is full of hope. The sentiment of the world is for better things. The social and economic reconstruction is an effort to satisfy this feeling and this longing to the world. It is a serious effort to make the world a better place to live in. There are some social facts which we have accepted as inevitable, which the new hope in the world cries out against with an insistent demand for immediate change.

A reconstruction movement should be based on the nineteencentury old doctrine that "men are brothers." There must be a more thoroughgoing application of the Christian ethics to social

and economic policy. That is the road to sanity; that is the road to sound reconstruction; that is progress.

In the hope that our work may be of some value in promoting such a movement and may be of assistance in determining its character, scope and direction, we submit the following suggested program:

TEACHING ENGLISH LANGUAGE TO ALIENS

12. One of the conditions most complained about by skilled workers is the importation of unskilled aliens who force down wages by their willingness to work for less than an American workman is able to subsist upon as a living wage. We recommend that all foreign language aliens should be required as a condition of continued employment to attend shop and school instruction supervised by state educational authorities so that they acquire a fair knowledge of the English language.

TEACHING AMERICANIZATION, INDUSTRIAL HISTORY, ETC. 13. All state schools, including industrial and vocational classes, should vigorously and intelligently teach the privileges and obligations of American citizenship, and these courses should contain instruction in industrial history, including an account of organization of workers and results thereof, together with a summary of state and federal legislation affecting the industries.

ENFORCE SCHOOLING OF MINORS, EIGHTEEN-TWENTY-ONE

14. It has come to the attention of the committee that the statute, (1728a-11) providing for the schooling of illiterate minors between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one in city vocational schools, has not been vigorously enforced. We recommend enforcement of this statute.

EXTRA EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY TO WORKING BOYS AND GIRLS

15. The bill proposed at the last session of the legislature, extending the operation of the Vocational Educational Law to eighteen years of age, commencing September 1, 1919, was modified so as to apply only to minors up to the age of seventeen years. We recommend this law be amended so as to require vocational education up to eighteen years of age, with eight hours' study a week in the daytime.

3. Letter from C. P. Cary, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, Madison, October 27, 1919:

"There is an organized attempt at Americanization in Wisconsin, although this has not received specific recognition in laws enacted to any marked degree. Professor Don D. Lescohier, University of Wisconsin, is chairman of the Committee on Americanization, which is co-operating with school authorities and other agencies interested in the problem of Americanization. Professor Lescohier can give you a clearer statement of the work outlined for his committee than I am able to give you, so I suggest that you communicate with him. "The greater part of the work of teaching English to foreigners is carried on in the schools maintained under the supervision of the State Board of Vocational Education. For further details concerning this, address Mr. John M. Callahan, State Director of Vocational Education, Madison, Wis. I assure you that we recognize this as a vital problem in Wisconsin and all of the agencies available are co-operating to the end that the greatest results may be obtained promptly."

4. Letter from Don D. Lescohier, Associate Professor, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, November 3, 1919:

"A strong effort was made by certain groups of people to pass so-called Americanization legislation in the last session of our legislature, but the majority of the legislature opposed such legislation, for one reason or another. Personally, I gave no support to those endeavoring to enact the legislation, as I considered it both unnecessary and ill advised.

"I do not believe in the attempt to use compulsion at all. The whole compulsion idea appeals to me as simply a carrying over of Prussianism into the United States and as wholly inconsistent with the whole genesis of American life and institutions. One who looks over the history of the United States, even in recent years, is more impressed by the extent to which our foreigners have been assimilated than by the degree of our failure in the matter.

"The essence of the American conception of government is that it is a government of service to the people. I believe that our foreign-born citizens should be surrounded by an environment in which service will continually arouse a desire