APPENDIX VI

COMMUNIST SUPPORT AND ASSISTANCE TO

NATIONALIST POLITICAL GROUPS IN RHODESIA

This material was prepared and circulated by the Rhodesian Information Office, 2852 McGill Terrace, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20008 which is registered under the Foreign Agents Registration Act as an agent of the Ministry of Information, Government of Rhodesia, Salisbury. This material is filed with the Department of Justice where the required registration statement is available for public inspection. Registration does not indicate approval of the contents of this material by the United States Government.

Communist leanings of Rhodesian Nationalist groups which are now combined under the aegis of the African National Council

In December, 1974 the Rhodesian Government released leaders of two African nationalist political parties banned in Rhodesia from their restriction so that they could attend a meeting in Lusaka, Zambia, with the Presidents of Botswana, Tanzania, Zambia and Mocambique, neighbours of Rhodesia, in an attempt to unify Rhodesian black nationalists under one banner. As a result of the meetings the Rhodesian nationalists agreed to submit to the leadership of United Methodist Bishop Abel Muzorewa under the banner of the African National Council. They also agreed to abolish their former political parties the Zimbabwe African Peoples' Union (ZAPU), and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) and the Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe (FROLIZI).

In the months that followed this agreement it became obvious that the factions within the African National Council were still at odds with each other and pursuing the ideologies developed during the early sixties. There has been frequent contact with communist countries by members of the banned political parties and Rhodesian blacks have been trained, both in ideology and sabotage. They have received through the 0.A.U. and directly generous gifts of weapons of communist origin. The purpose of this paper is to show the communist support, both ideological and military, that these factions are receiving.

Links to Communist Countries

The Rhodesian Government has been aware since the early 1960's of numerous visits to Moscow and Peking by leaders of the nationalist groups. The pattern that emerges here is of close links between ZAPU and the USSR and between ŽANU and the PRC.

During this period the external missions of ZAPU were known to be coming under increasing communist influence, especially in London, where the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was actively engaged in organising "platforms" on ZAPU's behalf. Advertisements of communist content also appeared in the "Zimbabwe Review", a Party propaganda organ published in London.

The following are countries in which it is known that Rhodesian nationalists have undergone para-military and sabotage training under communist direction:

RUSSIA

- Groups of Rhodesian African nationalists have
been accommodated and trained in houses and
flats in the KOXHOVOSKAYA and CHIRIMUSKI areas
of Moscow. Groups have been small - normally
consisting of six men per group - and have
been trained by Russian uniformed instructors
in the use of explosives, arms, sabotage and
guerrilla tactics.

NORTH KOREA

CHINA

GHANA

Rhodesian African nationalist have been
trained in the use of explosives and arms at
a camp some fifteen kilometres from Pyongyeng.
The instructors on this course were uniformed
North Korean military officers.

Groups of Rhodesian African nationalists have been trained in camps near Peking and Nanking. Instruction has been given by Chinese military instructors in revolutionary tactics, arms, explosives, sabotage technique, communications and strategy.

Large groups of Rhodesian African nationalists were trained at Half Assini and Abenamadi Camps in Ghana during 1965. Instruction was given in guerrilla warfare, weapon training, explosives and sabotage technique by thirteen Chinese instructors.

To bring the situation into the seventies, the following is extracted from a report by the American African Affairs Association, Inc., of 303 Fifth Avenue, New York. The report was written by Professor Walter Darnell Jacobs of the University of Maryland. The relevant extract follows:

"In order to judge the extent of Communist support of ZANU and ZAPU
some review of the history of these organizations is appropriate.
Both ZANU and ZAPU correspond to the type of organization prescribed
in the ideology of the national liberation movement as elaborated from
Moscow and Peking. The Moscow approach is older, going back at least
to Khrushchev's famous 1960 and 1961 statements which so disturbed
President Kennedy and contributed to the reorganization of the U.S. armed
forces to attempt to provide a capability to deal with 'insurgencies'.
The Chinese view has been set out in much of the early writings of Mao
Tse-tung and, later, of Lin Piao and others. Both Moscow and Peking have
a generous output of theory concerning the national liberation movement.
A measure of the significance which the Soviet leadership places on the
movement can be gained from assessing its support of 'liberation' activities
in Vietnam and elsewhere. It can also be measured from the statement
by Leonid Brezhnev to the 24th Congress of the Communist Party in 1971
that the three main revolutionary forces of our epoch are socialism, the
international working-class movement, and the national liberation movement.
The further remarks of Brezhnev on 30 January 1973 in the Kremlin Palace
are also germane. At that time, he said: 'The victory of Vietnam shows
that it is impossible to conquer a people who fight for their freedom and
independence, leaning on the powerful support of their class brothers
and all revolutionary and progressive forces of the planet... The victory
of Vietnam is a graphic proof of the effectiveness of the internationalism
of the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. We have rendered
Vietnamese friends active assistance in their efforts on all fronts the
military, political, and diplomatic.'

ZANU and ZAPU have been under some pressure from the OAU and several leading African politicians to merge their efforts. In spite of the split between the USSR and PRC, Moscow and Peking have not appeared averse to

such a union. In fact, the first 'military' training undergone by Rhodesian African terrorists was in the People's Republic of China in early 1963. Since that year, ZAPU (formerly known as the People's Caretaker Council), has received financial and material aid from the Soviet bloc. The other organization, ZANU, has had some continuing support from the Soviet bloc but, more recently, has become increasingly dependent on the PRC. In response to the pressure for unity, on 1 October 1971 the Front for the Liberation of Zimbabwe (FROLIZI) was formed. The constitution and manifesto of FROLIZI are heavily larded with communist verbiage. FROLIZI is headed by James R.P. Chikerema and its effectiveness as a fusion liberation group is still doubtful. In any case, ZANU and ZAPU continue to operate apparently as separate units. Some observers suggest that FROLIZI really represents a coalition of dissidents from ZAPU and ZANU organized behind Chikerema for his own challenge for leadership of the entire Zimbabwe liberation movement. "Further attempts at unity between the remaining members of ZANU and ZAPU led to the establishment of the Joint Military Command (JMC). This was announced at the 19th session of the OAU Liberation Committee at Benghazi, Libya, in January 1972, and ratified at the 20th session in Kampala, Uganda, in May 1972. While the JMC, which appears to be under the command of Herbert Chitepo of ZANU (Herbert Chitepo was assassinated in Lusaka, Zambia, in March 1975) is responsible for recruiting, training, financing, and overall operational planning. Both terrorist groups (ZANU and ZAPU) maintain their own ideological beliefs, and much of the old enmity (basically tribal in nature) still exists.

"The following is a breakdown of confirmed and identified terrorist training courses:

"Courses held in the Soviet Union have been of four main types - paramilitary training, military engineering, radio (usually at Simferopol and Odessa), and intelligence (in Moscow). Para-military training has also

been given in Bulgaria, North Korea, and the Arab Republic of Egypt.

"Courses in military engineering and radio are self-explanatory. Paramilitary courses include instruction in weapons training; the manufacture and use of explosives, grenades, and bombs; sabotage and demolition techniques for use on ferro-concrete, steel, and wooden targets; guerrilla tactics including ambushes against vehicles and personnel, camouflage and spoor-covering; and basic radio communications and map reading.

"Intelligence training covers foreign intelligence organizations (including American, British, and French), sophisticated codes and cyphers, invisible inks, and hidden microphones. It also covers counterintelligence such as agent-running, surveillance, mail interception, and similar measures. Also taught are photography, radio communication, and basic firearms training.

"In all cases political indoctrination has been a feature of the training and the terrorists have been taught the importance of spreading the communist doctrine among their people. The 'advantage' of socialism over capitalism is persistently stressed.

Z.A.N.U.

"The training of ZANU recruits has been carried out in the PRC at established military bases near Peking and Nanking. While the same para-military subjects are taught there as in the Soviet Union, great emphasis is placed on influencing the minds and attitudes of the terrorists through political indoctrination and the 'ideology' of guerrilla warfare. The Chinese make much of the fact that they 'won their liberation struggle' by the same tactics being taught to the African trainees. That the Africans were influenced by this brainwashing was evidenced in one incident inside Rhodesia where a group of infiltrators went down clutching Mao Tse-tung's 'little red book'. To these infiltrators the book of Chairman Mao's thoughts provided no greater protection than the traditional African witchdoctor's spell against bullets.

"More recently courses inside the PRC have been largely replaced by similar training and exercises in Tanzania under Chinese instructors. Also of late, emphasis in this training has been on defense against attack by aircraft and on mine laying and sabotage.

OTHER COMMUNIST SUPPORT

"To support their investment in the training of terrorists, the USSR and the PRC individually supply weapons, ammunition, explosives, uniforms, finance and food to the OAU Liberation Committee in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, for distribution to the African nationalist groups. This Committee, as a result of non-payment of dues by the majority of its eleven African member states is forced to rely more and more on direct aid from communist sources. (The aid is supplemented by grants from the World Council of Churches, from some Swedish government funds, and from private groups in Norway and elsewhere. Some liberation groups have solicited funds inside the United States.)

"As well as channeling assistance to the terrorists through the OAU, the