KF21 CLEMENT J. ZABLOCKI, Wisconsin L. H. FOUNTAIN, North Carolina CHARLES C. DIGGS, JR., Michigan ROBERT N. C. NIX, Pennsylvania BENJAMIN S. ROSENTHAL, New York JOHN H. BUCHANAN, JR., Alabama ROBERT B. (BOB) MATHIAS, California CONTENTS WITNESSES Hinton, Harold C., Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, George Washington University---- Linden, Carl A., Associate Professor of Political Science and Inter- national Affairs, Institute for Sino-Soviet Studies, George Wash- Park, Choon-Ho, Research Fellow, Harvard Law School, Former Ebel, Robert E., Director of Division of Emergency Supplies, Federal Michael, Franz H., Professor of International Affairs and Far Eastern History, The Institute for Sino-Soviet Studies, George Washington Lee, Hongkoo, Rockefeller Foundation Fellow in East Asian Legal Studies, Harvard University; Professor of Political Science, Seoul National University; and Former Fellow, Woodrow Wilson Interna- Holman, G. Paul, Jr., Department of History, Georgetown University, Pfaltzgraff, Robert L., Jr., Director, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Philadelphia, and Associate Professor of International Politics, the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, Medford, Mass___. 121 An abbreviated chronology, covering the years 1954 to 1964, taken from Prof. Harold C. Hinton's book, entitled, "The Bear at the Gate"- Chronology of Sino-Soviet Relations 1965-1974. Prepared for the Honse Foreign Affairs Committee by Robert D. Shuey, Analyst in Asian Affairs Article from the Federal Bar Journal, Summer 1971, entitled "The Brezh- nev Doctrine," by Gerald C. Coleman_. Article from Newsreview Magazine, February 9, 1974, entitled "Korea, Mg74 (III) Article from Harvard International Law Journal, 1973, entitled, "Oil Under Sequel to Dr. Choon-Ho Park's article entitled: "Fishing Under Troubled Fact Sheet from Embassy of the Republic of Viet-Nam Information Office, Article from Weekly Edition of Manchester Guardian, January 19, 1974, Prepared Statement of Dr. George P. Jan, Professor of Political Science, Prepared Statement of Prof. Kwan Ha Yim, Associate Professor of Prepared Statement of Dr. Parris H. Chang, Associate Professor of Political Science at Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania Prepared Statement of Dr. William J. Parente, Professor of Political Sci- A Study entitled, The Tenth Party Congress and the Future Development A Monograph by Mr. Robert Fabrikant, Attorney with Law firm of Sur- A study by the Library of Congress Congressional Research Service, by A Study entitled, "Legal Status of the Paracel and the Spratly Islands, Letter to Mr. Katsuhiro Fujiwara, Economic Research Consultant, United Page 221 270 297 300 311 313 315 318 320 323 331 345 379 418 420 422 470 471 473 474 SINO-SOVIET RELATIONS WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 1973 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON ASIAN AND PACIFIC AFFAIRS, Washington, D.C. The subcommittee met at 2 p.m., in room H-227, the Capitol, Hon. Robert N. C. Nix (chairman of the subcommittee) presiding. Mr. Nix. The subcommittee will be in order. Within the past few weeks matters of great importance have arisen. in the People's Republic of China. Chou En-lai survived a challenge in a Communist Party convention from radical groups whose leader is the wife of Mao Tse-tung and the leader of the mobs which generated the cultural revolution. A new radical leader has emerged as the third-ranked member of the Communist Party of China-Wang Hing-Wen. The party congress listed in its report the Soviet Union as the No. 1 enemy of the People's Republic of China. The United States, however, is considered a close second. Even this close second position on the enemies list of the People's Republic of China could change as radical groups gain strength against the aged leadership of China, with Mao over 80 and Chou En-lai over 75. Today, French President Pompidou is in Peking where it is expected that the People's Republic of China will protest France's lack of interest in a strong military posture in Europe which would tie down Soviet troops in Europe. If the Soviet troops are not tied down in Europe, they will be released for duty along the 6,000-mile ChinaSoviet border, which is twice the length of the United States at its broadest point. It would appear that the most important border in the world today is the China-Soviet border. While the dispute over geography is important, it seems that the dispute in ideology may be compared to the split between Protestant and Catholic nations in Europe during the 1600's. There are those who point out, that because of the unstable political conditions on mainland China, the Maoist government may exaggerate border tensions in order to unite its people against an outside threat. For years, the United States was made to appear as a threat to China by Mao. Perhaps all that is involved is a switch in outside enemies, as a propaganda ploy. Other authorities point out that the Soviet Union has reasons of its own to insist on being the leader of all Communist nations. The Soviet Union may fear China's growing power because the under populated area of Siberia which is equal in size to the United States is rich in mineral wealth and may be the key to Russia's greatness in the future. ! In any case the tense relations between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union are a threat to world peace that must be understood in the United States if we wish to avoid being entangled in a conflict between two of the greatest nations in the world. China's population approaches a billion. The Soviet Union's population is at least 240 million. We will begin today a lengthy set of hearings that will continue into 1974 because no greater issue faces the world today. Our first witness is Prof. Harold C. Hinton of the Institute of Sino-Soviet Studies, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. Professor, we are very happy to have you. You may proceed, Professor Hinton. STATEMENT OF HAROLD C. HINTON, PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Mr. HINTON. Thank you very much, sir. I am going to make an oral statement and submit for the record, if I may, a slightly longer statement. Mr. Nix. Without objection it is so ordered. Mr. HINTON. I have been asked to testify on the Sino-Soviet border confrontation, a subject I have worked on for the last few years quite considerably. Without going into the origins of it in detail, let me suggest that it is an outgrowth of the general political quarrel between the Chinese and Soviets, which goes well back into the 1950's. The dispute is not really over territory in the strict sense. It is, however, a very serious dispute which obviously has the possibility of escalating to the level of war. The Soviet Union has assembled what is probably the greatest single collection of firepower, both conventional and nuclear, ever in a theater of operations. Why? I suggest in the first place, a racial, not necessarily wholly rational, fear of the Chinese, including a fear of the growing Chinese nuclear weapons capability and a presumed irrationality on the part of the Chinese leadership. Also, there is on the Soviet side, I believe, a desire to apply pressure to the Chinese for political effect, probably after the death of Mao rather than before. Third, I think that at least some of the elements of the Soviet leadership find the Chinese useful, even though rather disturbing, as an adversary. On their side, the Chinese also find the Soviets useful at home and abroad, but they are genuinely afraid of them, even though they seem to believe at the present time that the risks of their confrontation which the Soviet Union have become manageable as a result of the strengths of the military and political position of China combined. Now, this mutual obsession between the Chinese and Soviets has, I think, helped to calm the atmosphere in Europe, by diverting Soviet pressures in an easterly direction toward China, and also in the Far East, except of course along the Sino-Soviet border itself. |