79.

(90) NY Herald Tribune, 4-18-1957 and TWP & Times Herald of 4-17-1957.

(91) NY Herald Tribune, 4-16–1957.

(92) NY Herald Tribune, 4-16-1957.

(93) Art. 13,2 of the UN Declaration on Human Rights.

(94) The Soviet government has adopted new regulations regarding the entry
to the USSR and the exit from the country, applicable from January 1,
1987 on, see: Moscow TASS International Service of Nov. 13, 1986 as
reported In FBIS, USSR-Daily Report, Nov. 14, 1986, p. R4-ŔS.

Also, Le Monde, Dec. 5, 1986, p. 3, "New Soviet Emigration Law Causes
Anxiety", as reported in FBIS, USSR-Daily Report, Dec. 12, 1986, p. R11-
R12.

NYT, Nov. 8, 1986, p. 1, "Soviet Union Lists Formal New Rules On Who May
Leave."

(95) Komsomolskaya Pravda in Russian of Jan. 25, 1984, p.2 as reported in FBIS, USSR-Daily Report, Jan. 30, 1984, p. R14-R16.

(96) Pravda, in Russian of August 10, 1985, 1st ed., p.5 as reported in FBIS, USSR-Daily Report, August 20, 1985, p.R3-R4.

(97) Rude Pravo in Czech of August 19, 1986, p.2 as summarized and reported in FBIS, Eastern Europe-Daily Report, August 22, 1986, p.D5-D6.

(98) idem as (97), p. D6.

(99) Tass in English, April 24, 1987 as reported in FBIS, USSR-Daily Report, April 28, 1987, p.A6-A7.

(100) Smena ( Bratislava) in Slovak, August 4, 1986, p.1 as reported in FBIS, Eastern Europe-Daily Report, August 6, 1986, p. D1-D2.

(101) Zolnierz Wolnosci, April 20, 1984 as quoted by Vice Minister of Internal Affairs, Gen. Wladyslaw Pozoga.

(102) Toska: a longing especially for those who are away from home, an anguished yearning for the Motherland, in NYT, Dec. 18, 1984.

(103) Literaturmaya Gazeta in Russian, Jan. 7, 1987, p.8 as reported in FBIS, USSR-Daily Report, Jan. 9, 1987, p. R16-R17.

(104) idem as in (100), p. D2. and (101).

(105) TWP, November 14, 1986, p. A30.

=

(106) BTA ( Bulgarian Telegraph Agency) in English, Jan. 15, 1987 as reported in FBIS, Eastern Europe-Daily Reports, Jan. 16, 1987, p. C3.

(107) Moscow News in English, Nov. 25, 1984 as reported in FBIS, USSR-Daily Report, December 7, 1984, p. R9.

80.

(108) Izvestya in Russian, May 30, 1984, morning edition, p.6 as reported in FBIS, USSR-Daily Report, June 12, 1984, p. R4-R6.

(109) Tass in English, Nov. 16, 1984 as reported in FBIS, USSR-Daily Report,
Nov. 19, 1984, p. R1-R2;

Moscow News in English, Nov. 25, 1984, p. 1,3 as reported in FBIS, USSR-
Daily Report, Dec. 7, 1984, p.R8-R9.

(110) Moscow Television Service in Russian of April 28, 1986 as reported in FBIS, USSR-Daily Report, April 29, 1986, p. A2.

(111) Moscow Television Service in Russian, June 3, 1986 as reported in FBIS, USSR-Daily Report, June 6, 1986, p. A2.

(112) Moscow World Service in English, Nov. 2, 1984 as reported in FBIS, USSRDaily Report, Nov. 5, 1984, p. R8.

(113) Izvestya in Russian, May 30, 1984, morning ed., p.6 as reported in FBIS, USSR-Daily Report, June 12, 1984, p. R4-R6.

(114) BTA in English, May 29, 1986 as reported in JPRS ( published by FBIS ), Eastern Europe, June 25, 1986, p. 28–29.

(115) BTA in English Jan. 15, 1987 as reported in FBIS, Eastern Europe-Daily Report, Jan. 16, 1987, p. C2-C3.

(117) About Nikolay Ryzhkov: TWP, 12-18-1984; NYT, 12-18-1984; Chicago Tribune, 12-18-1984; NYT, 12-20-1984, p.A15; NYT, 1-17-1985; NYT, 9-20-1986, p.5 and TWP, 9-19-1986, p. A23.

About Igor Rykhov and Oleg Khlan: TWP, 11-11-1984, p. A30; NYT, 11-12-1984
NYT, 12-2-1984, p. 13 and The London Times, 12-3-1984 and TWTi, 7-5-1985.

(118) NYT, Dec. 2, 1984, p. 13.

(119) NYT, Jan. 17, 1985.

(120) For a detailed description of the Kudirka case, see: "Attempted Defection By The Lithuanian Seaman Simas Kudirka", report of the Subcommittee on State Department Organization and Foreign Operations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, US House of Representatives, 91st Congress, 2nd Session (1971).

(121) Testimony of Simas Kudirka in the Medvid case before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East, US House of Representatives, 99th Congress, 2nd session, November 7, 1985, p. 9.

(122) NYT, Sept. 20, 1985, p.5 and TWP, Sept. 19, 1986, p. A23.

(123) NYT, Dec. 2, 1985, p. 13.

81

(124) TWTi, May 15, 1987, p. 1A.

(125) Vladislav Krasnov, Soviet Defectors, The KGB Wanted List, Stanford, CA, Hoover Institution Press, 1985, p. 165.

(126) Five Soviet soldiers who defected from their troops in Afghanistan obtained asylum in Canada. They met for more than 30 minutes with 2 Soviet representatives who told them that they could return home without punishment. The soldiers did not believe that statement and declined the offer, see: NYT, 11-26-1986, p. A6 and TWTi, 11-26-1986, p.6A.

(127) Yuri Shapovalenko said that men identifying themselves as diplomats attached to the Soviet Consulate in San Francisco had tried to get in touch with him twice in Jan. 1986 because they wanted to tell him that they had a letter from his mother to be delivered only if he came to the Consulate, see: NYT, Feb. 2, 1986, p.6.

(128) TWP, Nov. 11, 1984, p. A30; NYT, Nov. 12, 1984; NYT, Dec. 2, 1984, p.13 and TWTi, July 5, 1985 (letter to editor ).

(129) Testimony of Simas Kudirka as in (121), p.9.

(130) Los Angeles Times, Nov. 9, 1985.

(131) Alexandra Costa, Stepping Down From The Star, A Soviet Defector's Story, NY, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1986, p. 180-181;

(132) Viktor Belenko's encounter with the Soviet diplomats is described in:
John Barron's 'MiG Pilot, The Final Escape of Lieutenant Belenko", NY,
Reader's Digest Press & McGraw-Hill, 1980, p. 168-171.

Arkady Shevchenko's encounter with the Soviet ambassador to the UN, Oleg
A. Troyanovsky and with the then Soviet aassador to the US, Anatoly
Dobrynin, is described in Shevchenko's book "Breaking With Moscow', NY,
A. Knopf, 1985, p. 349-351.

(133) "I don't want any contact. I want to live here and become an American citizen", said Shapovalenko after two Soviet diplomats from the San Francisco consulate tried to invite him to its premises in order to deliver a letter from his mother, see: NYT, Feb. 2, 1986, p.6.

(134) Personal information.

(135) Zolnierz Wolnosci, April 20, 1984.

(136) Trybuna Ludu in Polish, July 4-5, 1987, p.2 as reported in FBIS, Eastern Europe-Daily Report, July 10, 1987, p. P13-P14.

(137) Alan Dershowitz, "Why Not Open The Door Both Ways", TWTi, Jan. 8, 1987, p. 3D.

(138) Colonel Vernon Hinchley, The Defectors, London, George G. Harrap, 1967, P. 234.

(139) NYT, Dec. 20, 1984, p. A15.

82.

(140) NYT, Sept. 20, 1986, p. 5 and TWP, Sept. 19, 1986, p. A23.

(141) Tass in English, April 28, 1986 as reported in FBIS, USSR-Daily Report, April 29, 1986, p. A2.

(142) John Barron, MiG Pilot .... p. 215-216.

(143) The Los Angeles Times, Nov. 2, 1986, part I, p.1.

(144) idem as (143), p. 1.

(145) Le Figaro, RDA-RFA, Les Transfuges Balladeurs, April 16, 1987, p. 3.

(146)

(147)

TWP, East German Colonel Flees To West, Sept. 2, 1986, p. A16;
Le Figaro, April 16, 1987, p. 3.

=

BND Bundesnachrichtendienst, created in April 1956; General Reinhard
Gehlen was the first head of the Federal Intelligence Service.

(149) Summary of World Broadcasts (SWB), part 2, Eastern Europe, BBC, April 15, 1987, p. EE/8543/i.

(150) According to the FRANKFURT ALLGEMEINE, professors and members of the GDR Academy have indicated that while on official trips they do not receive a sufficient amount of per diem in West German Marks to enable them even to spend as small an amount as would have been required in Prof. Meissner's case. If they were to spend a single day in West Berlin, they are allowed all of DM 8. Seeing the long desired object without having enough money in one's pocket can trigger a panic action, see: The Frankfurter Allgemeine July 19, 1986, p.3 as reported by JPRS ( published by FBIS ) Sept. 5, 1986 30-31.

(151) Meissner's spying activities apparently consisted in sending reports to East German intelligence service after returning from trips to the West; Meissner was especially seeking to recruit young Western academicians for East German intelligence work and to explore drinking habits, marital situations and other personal traits of key Western academicians on his occasional trips to Western countries including the US; see: NYT, July 19, 1986, p.2

(152) ADN (= East German News Agency) International Service in German, July 15, 1986 as reported in FBIS, Eastern Europe-Daily Report, July 16, 1986, p. E (153) Meissner Interview on East Berlin Television Service in German, July 18, 1986 as reported by FBIS, Eastern Europe-Daily Report, July 21, 1986, p. E

(154) Under West German law, the FRG government can request that an investigatio be dropped if pursuing would damage the national interests, see: NYT, July 1986.

22,

83.

(155)

(156)

(157)

(158)

(159)

(160)

(161)

ADN International Service in German, July 21, 1986 as reported by FBIS,
Eastern Europe-Daily Report, July 22, 1986, p. E1.

Le Figaro, as in (145), p.3.

West Berlin, IWE TAGESDIENST in German, No. 112, July 23, 1986, p. 1-2 as reported by JPRS ( published by FBIS), Sept. 6, 1986, p. 32.

Le Figaro, as in (145), p.3; also TWTi, Feb. 12, 1987.

TWTI, Dec. 29, 1986, p. 8A and TWTI, Dec. 31, 1986, p. 1A.

See footnotes (6) and (7).

Alexander Cherkasets, who had left the USSR in 1979 after leaving his
job at a Moscow travel bureau, wanted to move to the land he considered
a bulwark of truth and justice. But once in New York City, driving a
taxi for a living, he watched his dream turn sour. In 1982 Cherkasets
went to the Soviet embassy in Washington, DC and asked for his return
home. His request was refused, as happened to so many other demands,
see: Newsweek, August 19, 1985, p.63.

But all ended well for Cherkasets, since he was among the 50 or so
émigrés who returned to the USSR on Dec. 28, 1986, see: TWTi, Dec. 29,
1986, p. 8A.

(165) Arnold Beichman, 'Maskirovka Lurking Amid The Glasnost", TWTI, June 17, 1987.