Dr. Robert Moore

possible through two basic means: the spoken word and the written word. Soviet Affairs Publications Division

The written portion of the Soviet Awareness Program is delivered by the Soviet Affairs Publications Division (INCF), headed by Major Orr Y. Potebnya, Jr. This division is also unique in the US Government since it is the only body whose primary focus is the translation of Soviet military writings. The Soviets have numerous professional military journals and newspapers which openly discuss Soviet military life-styles and, more importantly, their doctrine and tactics. These works are screened and selectively translated for publication in a bimonthly periodical known as Soviet Press Selected Translations. Recent articles of special interest include a four-part series, "New Features of Air Combat," a Soviet analysis of how air combat has evolved due to the influences of modern aircraft and technology. Other articles have addressed such important topics as the U.S. Army's new Reconnaissance/Destruction Systems and the Strategic Defense Initiative. We often think of the Soviet press as so "controlled" that it is of no analytical use; however this is definitely not the case.

In addition, INCF also is extensively involved in the translation of whole books mainly from the Soviet Military Officers' Library. These books, which the Soviet Officer is expected to read, are part of the "Soviet Military Thought" series (see pages 6 and 7). Some of the books, such as Military

Soviet Awareness

Psychology, the Officer's Handbook and the People, Army, and the Commander, give a rare look into Soviet tenets of leadership and what effects and problems can be experienced by subordinates in various situations, including during operations in nuclear environment. Another book, Fundamentals of Tactical Command Control discusses their view of the command and Control management function. These publications, plus the

others which the division produces, are used extensively both within DOD and throughout the academic community. (The Directorate of Soviet Affairs is an anomaly in DOD in that it has produced revenues approaching $1 million over the years.)

Soviet Military Power Lecture Series

The oral presentations are delivered by the Directorate's Soviet Awareness Division, headed by Lt. Col. James M. Simpson. Over the past ten years, the Soviet Military Power program, an 8-hour set of lectures, has been given to every major Air Force base worldwide, reaching over 150,000 members. The lecture series, given at the SECRET level, attempts to reach all levels of Air Force personnel from

Maj. Orr Y. Potebynya, Jr.

airman basic to general officer; and ranging from the civil engineering troop and fightline mechanic, to the medical technician and intelligence specialist.

The program begins with a discussion of Marxist-Leninist ideology. The audience hears the same statements and arguments currently used in Soviet propaganda. The audience finds it very enlightening to see how the Soviets view history and the United States. For instance, few Americans realize the xenophobic concerns of the Soviet people. Just in this century, the Soviets have fought two major wars (WWI and WWII) a revolution, and a civil war. In WWII their loss of 20 million people (the U.S. losses in WWII were approximately 300,000) left their citizens and leadership with a very deep concern for defense. They see themselves surrounded by potential enemies China and the NATO countries. Every Soviet citizen, after years of being reminded by his government, is quick to tell Americans that after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 it was the British, French, Japanese, and also the Americans who invaded their country trying to eliminate the new Bolshevik Government.

However, the Soviet view of history is not always accurate nor complete. For example, their heavy losses during WWII can be attributed to many causes which they brought upon themselves, such as eliminating their senior military staff during Stalin's purges prior to the war. Also, Stalin failed to heed warnings from his own

3

intelligence network of the impending Nazi attack because he didn't believe Hitler, with whom the USSR had signed a secret pact in 1939, would attack the USSR. Furthermore, in their darkest days during WWII, the U.S. sent large amounts of military equipment to help them fight the Nazis. However, when a Soviet confronts an American, few Americans are able to respond to Soviet rhetoric because Americans are simply ignorant or

unaware.

This discussion of Soviet ideology is followed by two hours of talks on their society and economy. It is difficult for us to appreciate the size of this country and the associated management difficulties. You probably know it is the world's largest country; but just how large is it? It covers one-sixth of the world's land surface, stretching across 11 time zones - as the sun sets on one border it soon begins to rise on the other. Within this vast area the Soviets are rich in natural resources, not nearly as dependent as the U.S. on imports, However, much of what they have is trapped in the difficult Siberian frontier. Dealing with the harsh weather there is a major engineering feat. Temperatures can range over a year from 100°F to -60°F in the same area, and when the ground does thaw, a muddy mire makes travel difficult. In many of the areas only the top several feet completely thaws. This frozenearth condition is referred to as permafrost requiring special engineering for the building of roads, pipelines and towns. Before this system of engineering was developed roads literally disappeared and buildings sank. Moreover, as the Russian Empire and then the Soviet Union expanded over this vast territory, they engulfed approximately 60 different nationalities speaking over 100 different languages with many different customs and religions. Today the Russian nationality, which has always been dominant, is losing ground as its birth rate declines.

The USSR is still quite backward when compared to the U.S. and other developed countries. In villages you still see women washing their clothes in the rivers. Food rationing occurs

Maj. Martin L. Raynor makes an adjustment to the Soviet display case as

during years of poor harvest and Soviet people wait in long lines for virtually all consumer goods. There are many reasons why they have these economic problems, but the biggest is their centralized economy. Totally rejecting the familiar laws of supply and demand, the Communist Party dictates what will be produced, by whom and in what quantities. Historically. the Soviet military has been the prime beneficiary of this centralized planning.

The second part of the program deals with Soviet military. For example, military officers are among the highest paid members of Soviet society (even more highly paid than doctors, lawyers and engineers). This high stature is a good indication of the importance of the military in the USSR. In discussing the military, we not only look at the tactical and strategic weapon systems, but also at how the USSR says they will be employed. The Soviets produce some of the best

Soviet Awareness

The

The Soviet Awareness Program began shortly after I returned from Moscow. After studying the USSR for many years, and then living there as an assistant air attache, I was keenly aware of how Soviet society operates and I had a good idea of their state intentions. However, I was also very disturbed and frustrated about the total ignorance the vast majority of Americans displayed in regard to the "other" superpower in the world. In 1976, when I first heard of the establishment of the Directorate of Soviet Affairs, I was very interested in this project which I felt was a much needed, long overdue program. Over the next eight years I watched the program develop and grow. I knew the people assigned to the directorate were all topnotch experts and the feedback I was receiving from Air Force members worldwide was also very complimentary. It was evident that both the lecture program and the transla

PUBLICATIONS

SOVIET MILITARY THOUGHT Translations of major military writings on doctrine, strategy, tactics, and other topics. These volumes may be ordered by title and stock number from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Prices are subject to change.

The Offensive, Sidorenko, Col A. A. 008-070-00329-5 ($6.00). Praises the offense as the only type of combat operation that attains the complete rout of the enemy.

Marim-Leninism on War and Army, Author collective. 008-070-00338-4 ($7.00). Discusses doctrine, modern military power, and the revolution in milita", affairs,

Scientific-Technical Progress and the Revolution in Military Affairs. Lomo. Col Gen N. A. (Ed.). 008-070-00340-6 ($7.00). Describes the impact of science and technology (including nuclear weapons) on military developments.

The Basic Principles of Operational Art and Tactics, Savkin, Col V. Ye. 008-0 0-00342-2 ($7.00). Presents the "essence of the laws of armed con

by Col. Lloyd T. Moore, Jr. Director, Soviet Affairs

tions of Soviet military writings were accomplishing their goals -awareness.

In 1984 when the opportunity arose for me to become the Director of this program I, quite naturally, jumped at the opportunity. My expectations proved to be well founded; the people are knowledgeable and very dedicated to "getting the word out." The principal negative aspect, from my point of view, was that we weren't able to get our program before the true policy makers of the Air Force and the US Government.

For the future, therefore, it is our intention to broaden even further the audience for our program. In my opinion, we cannot begin to feel sanguine until virtually all the opinion makers and policy setters in America understand more completely the realities of Soviet society and the concomitant threat which it poses to our way of life.

Concept, Algorithm, Decision, Druzhinin, Col Gen V. V. and Kontorov, Co D. S. 008-070-00344-9 (57 00). Integrates ideas from philosophy. pchology, social science, mathematics, and linguistics for the military commander and his staff.

Military Pedagogy. Danchenko, Col A. M. and Vydrin, Col 1. F. (Eds.). CC3-070-00352-0 ($7.50). Discusses Soviet political, combat, and technical trening to increase combat readiness.

Military Psychology, Shelyag. V. V., Glotochkin, A. D., and Platonov, K. K Eds.). 008-070-00353-8 ($7.50). Appraises man's psyche under both

СОВЕТСКИМ ЛЕТЧИКАМ

СЛАВА!

"Glory to Soviet Aviators"

nuclear and conventional warfare conditions to gauge effective ways to inctrinate personnel.

Dictionary of Basic Military Terms, Radziyevskiy, Col Gen A. I. (Senior E, 009-070-00360-1 ($6.50). In effect, a small military encyclopedia that cenes Soviet military terminology. Compiled by the General Staff Academy faculty.

Civil Defense. Yegovov, P. T., Shlyakhov, I. A., and Alabin, N. 1. 03-070-00382-1 ($7.00). Provides a comprehensive overview of the Soviet war sunival program.

Selected Soviet Military Writings 1970-1975. 008-070-00392-9 ($7.00). Soviet writings on the international situation, theoretical foundations of Set military thought, the command structure and military organization, are theory in practice.

"Maintain the honor and dignity of a Soviet soldier"

The Armed Forces of the Soviet State, Grechko, Marshal of the Soviet Union A. A. 008-070-00379-1 ($7.00). The late Soviet Minister of Defense's most comprehensive work, covering the development and essence of Soviet military power.

The Officer's Handbook, Kozlov, Maj Gen S. N. (ed.). 008-070-00396-1 ($7.00). Aids Soviet officers "in broadening their outlook and in resolving many practical problems related to the training and education of subordinates."

The People, The Army, The Commander, Skirdo, Col M. P. 008-004101 ($5.50). Examines the political, moral, administrative, and leadership factors that, according to the author, bring victory in a thermonuclear war. Long-Range Missile-Equipped. Vasil'yev, Maj Gen B. A. 008-070-00428-3 ($4.25). Lauds the heroic deeds of Soviet Long-Range Aviation and emphasizes the undiminished role of aviation in general.

Forecasting in Military Affairs. Chuyeu, Yu. v. and Mikhaylov, Yu. 8. 008070-00456-9 ($6.50). Provides a broad review of recent thinking in both the USSR and the West on military planning, forecasting, and decision making.

The Command and Staff of the Soviet Army Air Force in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945, Kozhevnikov, M. N. 008-070-00490-9 ($6.50). Presents a participant's picture of the role of the command, staff, and General Headquarters in the recovery, reorganization, and direction of operations of the Soviet Air Force in World War II.

Fundamentals of Tactical Command and Control. Ivanov, D. A, Savel'yev, V. P., and Shemanskiy, P. V. 008-070-00514 ($9.00). Discusses basic principles, organization equipping, support, and monitoring of command and control activities, as well as information acquisition and processing, decisionmaking, and battle planning and management.

The Soviet Armed Forces: A History of Their Organization Development, Tyushkevich, S. A. 008-070-00524-7 ($14.00). Outlines Soviet military history from the formation of the first Red Guard detachments to the development of the modern Soviet Armed Forces.

STUDIES IN COMMUNIST AFFAIRS

This series places in the public domain Department of Defense-sponsored unclassified analyses of contemporary communist affairs. Order from the U.S. Government Printing Office.

The Soviet Theater Nuclear Offensive, Douglass, Joseph D., Jr. 008-070-00375-9 ($5.50).

Naval Power in Soviet Policy, Murphy, Paul J. (ed.). 008-070-00421-6 ($7.50).

Soviet Air Power and the Pursuit of New Military Options, Petersen, Phillip A. (Ed.). 008-070-00429-1($4.50). (Continued on page &