44. Bicentennial passport with descriptive data page showing English and French headings, 1976 ... ........ 45. Bicentennial passport with endorsement and visa 47. Passport with engraved legend "W.I. Stone" beneath the seal, 1823 .... 48. Seal machine 51. Special passport issued to a government official, 1904 53. Passeport diplomatique issued to Aileen Winslow, January 5, 1917 54. Passeport diplomatique type issued after January 3, 1918 ..... 55. Diplomatic passport issued to Adlai E. Stevenson, August 31, 1945 56. Diplomatic passport showing thumb print on photograph, destination endorsement and amendment, and diplomatic visa, 1945 57. Diplomatic passport issued to Adlai E. Stevenson, 59. Diplomatic passport issued to Nina E. Warren, includ- .... 61. Special pilgrimage passport (citizen) 62. Pilgrimage travel document (alien) 63. Citizen seaman's identification card, March 19, 1918 110 64. Seaman passport, 1942-1945 .. 111 65. Certificate of identity of noncombatant issued to Les ter Townes Hope, August 17, 1944 113 66. Early form of a courier passport, June 29, 1801 67. Courier passport issued by American Legation in China to F. Gordon Dexter, October 25, 1859 116 68. Nansen document 126 69. Certificate of safe conduct issued to enemy diplomat Herr von Hintze, April 11, 1917 128 70. Certificate of safe conduct issued to enemy diplomat Thomas G. Masaryk, November 14, 1918 71. Certificate of safe conduct issued to enemy diplomat 72. Collective passport relating to exchange of nationals, 75. Certificate of Identity, Ryukyu Islands, September 18, 76. General instructions in regard to passports, April 1, 77. Application form for native citizen, 1889 78. Application form for naturalized citizen, 1889 79. Application form for person claiming citizenship through naturalization of husband or parents, 1889 80. Application of native citizen Chas. A. Sidman, 1905 81. Application form for native citizen, 1914, page 1 82. Application form for native citizen, 1914, page 2 88. Application form for native citizen, 1937, Part I, page 1 89. Application form for native citizen, 1937, Part I, page 2 90. Application form for native citizen, 1937, Part II 91. Application form for native citizen, 1946, Part I, page 1 92. Application form for native citizen, 1946, Part I, page 2 93. Passport application, 1975, page 1 93a. Passport application, 1975, page 2 Page 99. Secretary Seward's circular instructions, August 19, 1861 184 100. Secretary Seward's regulation requiring passports to pass Union Army lines, November 12, 1861 185 101. Secretary Seward's circular No. 18 prohibiting issuance of passports abroad to citizens liable for military duty, August 8, 1862 186 102. Copy of letter of credence issued to James M. Mason, Confederate States of America 188 .... 103. Copy of special passport issued to James M. Mason, 189 190 .... 191 106. Regular passport to travel abroad issued by the Confederate States of America 192 ... 107. Passport to travel within the Confederate States of America 193 108. General order No. 153, Confederate States of America, November 25, 1863 194 109. Ladies' passport issued by the War Department, Con federate States of America, 1865 194 ..... 196 110. Application of William C. Smedes, March 25, 1861 . 111. Application of Allan S. Hanckel, with description of applicant, sworn before notary public, October 9, 1861 197 Chapter I PASSPORTS THROUGH THE AGES PASSPO ASSPORTS can be traced back to the Holy Land, more than four centuries before the beginning of Christianity. About 450 B.C. the King of Persia appointed the Babylonian Nehemiah the new governor over Palestine. Nehemiah requested and was granted a letter of safe conduct to insure his safety.1 This first recorded formal request for the precursor of today's passport is contained in the following Biblical passage: And I said to the king, "If it pleases the King, let letters be given me to the governors of the province Beyond the River, that they may let me pass through until I come to Judah." Nehemiah 2.7 2 The search for adventure, the urge to travel, and the consequent development of formal travel documents have always been necessary factors in the relationship among nations. In antiquity and the Middle Ages, the passport was granted to only a few persons as a special privilege. Foreign travel was virtually unknown in those times, for there was little communication between the members of the various tribes, states, or nations. The few internal passports issued differed in nature and purpose from the modern type. The Roman Empire granted diplomas and special papers as a favor to messengers and other privileged persons to facilitate their travel. The holders of these documents had the right "to avail themselves of public horses, enjoyed certain traveling facilities, and were guaranteed some degree of protection of their persons and their goods." 3 These papers, however, were valid only within the confines of the Roman Empire and counterfeiting of them was a punishable offense. 1 Elias Charry and Abraham Segal, The Eternal People, The United Synagogue Commission on Jewish Education, 1967, N.Y., pp. 76–77. 2 The Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version, The World Publishing Co., N.Y., 1946-52, pp. 539–540. 3 Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. XII, Macmillan Co., N.Y., 1934, p. 14. |