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their respective expenses and profits; that is, | English acre at two hundred and seventy-fiveja reight of 3000 miles, a the prices at which they may be obtained and cents; and done as well too, for the difference as to two merchants, and a duty of hiteen per cultivated, and then the prices of the produce of the shattering out of grain between good cra- cent., they reach our own market with their prothem. The first naturally resolves itself into the dling and reaping, is in fact very little, and duce, and are always preferred to us. But then heads of rent and taxes, and labour and ma- even that may be saved by cutting rather be-they raise twice or thrice as much wheat, and fore the complete maturity of the grain-a sys-probably five times as much of other preduce. The rent of land within twenty-five miles of tem to which the best English practice is now They have forty bushels of wheat, and fity of London, varying as it does from two to fifty dol- approaching. So too, an English labourer, with barley, and sixty or seventy of oats, and twelve lars, it is not easy to estimate with precision; a driver and four or five or six horses, will hundred bushels of turnips, and four hundred but we shall err on the side of moderation, if we not plough more in a day, than a Pennsyl- bushels of potatoes; all following each other with place the average rent of good arable land at vanian alone with two; and no excess of wages the least practicable intervals. They succeed ten dollars. The taxes and tithes, as they are to him, can balance the expense of a driver and better than we do, because, in fact, they are betstated by Sir John Sinclair in 1821, would be fif-two or three superfluous horses.

¡land.*

ter farmers than we are. But the reason of the

ty-three per cent. on this rent, say five dollars; Again, reaping oats in Middlesex is stated to difference is, simply, that we will not bestow making the rent and taxes on a farm of 200 acres cost 8s. ($1.75) per acre. The same field in this on our lands the same well directed labour, or amount to three thousand dollars. Now, if we country would probably be cradled for one-sixth the fiftieth part of the capital which they inexcept our alluvial meadows, the average rent of the expense. These details might be pur-trust to theirs. Whenever these have been apof land within the same distance from Philadel-sued into other departments of farming labour, plied, as in other countries, our soil has never ph a, cannot, I think, be estimated beyond three and they would show, that an acre of ground refused returns as abundant. Of this the premidollars. Of tithes there are of course none; and may be prepared for seed, and the produce car- um crops of our agricultural societies afford dethe taxes of all kinds, judging from those of Bucks ried to market, at an expense, if not less, cer- cisive evidence: and we have recently seen an county, do not exceed twenty-five cents per acre: tainly not much greater, in America than Eng 'ex eriment, which I mention as illustrating at making the rent and taxes of a farm of two hunonce the judicious employment of capital, the dred acres, six hundred and fifty dollars. The means of enriching land, by lime and productiveness of small spots of ground, and the other manures, are cheaper near Philadelphia benefits of soiling. The Pennsylvania Hospital In the memorial of the English Agricultural than near London; and that most important ar- has in its neighbourhood about ten acres of Committee of 1819, it is stated, that the tithes ticle of husbandry, salt, is much cheaper here ground, from which, during the last year, were and taxes amount to one-third of the market than in Englaud, where taxation has almost ban-, soiled sixteen cows. Some of these, as their price of agricultural productions. In this coun- ished it from their farm yards. milk failed, were replaced by others. But try they form a proportion so inconsiderable, The prices of produce may be more readily an account of this expense, and of all the other that a single acre of good wheat will pay all the compared. Of the great production of England, charges, was accurately kept, and credited with public demands on a farm of one hundred acres. wheat, her farmers have the monopoly until the market price of the produce, consumed in With regard to labour, I know it is against all the price rises to about $1.85. This, however, the hospital. The clear profits amounted to our received opinious, but I incline to think being a scarcity price, is, of course, much above more than two thousand dollars. that farm work in Pennsylvania is very little dear- the ordinary price. In July last, the average of These calculations are, of course, not applicaer, if it be not actually cheaper, than in England. all England was about one dollar and fifty-three ble to the remote farmers, whose markets are haThe comparison is difficult, because at this dis- cents. At the same period with us-a season of bitually less valuable, and who are now suffering tance we have not yet seen all the effects which great depression—the price varied from seventy- under the extinction of the accustomed demands the embarrassments of the last two years have five to ninety cents, and at the present moment, from abroad. Their embarrassments should, produced on the rate of wages-because their without any foreign demand, it may be stated at however direct their industry to new channels; no ninal wages are generally swelled by perqui- about one dollar and ten cents. The flesh mar- and there are, fortunately, now presented to the sites, and because ina country, where every kets are also considerably higher in England. farmers of Pennsylvania, two distinct branches sixth or seventh person is legally a pauper, the But wheat forms only one-fourth of the crops; of industry, which may enable them to retrieve poor rates are in fact only a disguised increase and in the articles of turnips and potatoes-in their losses, and give a new impulse to the husof wages. But, rejecting these considerations, the root crops generally, the price is probably bandry of the state. I mean to speak of the and taking the average wages of day labour to higher here than in England. The great staple growth of wool, and the cultivation of flax and be what it was in 1810, fifty-five cents (2s. 6d.) of wool is certainly dearer in this country. hemp.

-and it is not probably now less near London- These elements will enable us to contrast with The consumption of woollens in the United even this does not, I believe, fall more than our own, the condition of an English farmer, States cannot be less than twenty or thirty milabout twenty-five or thirty-five per cent. be whose rent is three times as great, whose taxes lions of dollars, of which the greater part is low the price of day labour in the same district are twenty times as great-manures more expen- manufactured in the country. It is needless to be near Philadelphia. But the nominal price of la- sive-labour not much cheaper-and prices, on exact as to the amount, since my purpose will be bour is a less fair mode of comparison, than the ac- a whole rotation of crops, not much higher. jexplained by the facts, that the domestic supply tu expense of executing any given work in the two Yet they make their farms more productive; of wool is not equal to the domestic demand countries. Now, we have more long, clear, good they pay higher rents. Near London or Edin- that the manufactories of Pennsylvania receive working days, and our workmen as I have spoken burgh they can afford to pay for wheat lands much of their wool from abroad-and that wool freely of our fauits, I may be allowed to state our twenty or thirty dollars rent per acre; and-is at this moment probably dearer in Pennsylvacapacities our workmen are better fed, more what ought to shame us into better husbandrynia than in England, or perhaps in any of the active, more intelligent, and more dextrous in in spite of all their burthens-in spite of wool growing countries; and this, while we postheir labours. Not to speak of the axe, in all scss the finest breeds of sheep, capable of an althe uses of which they have no rivals, I believe * These estimates may be supported by exam-most indehnite increase. These unhappy animals that three Pennsylvania farmers, with their ples from other branches of industry. There can have been the victims of the most extraordinary scythes fresh ground and their tough ash cradles, be no fairer measure of prices, for instance, than caprice. When the war of the Peninsula threw might stand before any wheat field in Europe, the expense of removing, by manual labour, a into this country some of the very best breeds of and challenge twice or thrice their number of given quantity of earth; that is, of excavating Spain, they were eagerly purchased at extravareapers. This is no exaggeration. Sir John a canal, though all the benefits of experience in gant prices. But, in too many instances, the Sin lair, in his work published as late as 1821, that business are certainly on the side of England. owners were deceived by calculations of their says, that three good reapers will cut an acre Yet, yard for yard, a canut may probably be very small consumption of food; and they omitof wheat in one day. Now an American cradler made as cheap in this country as in England. ted to adopt for them, what in the long winters will, in a field with the average crop of England, The latest British work of that kind is the Cale-of this climate is indispensable, the turnip culcut three, four, and even more acres in one day. donian Canal, completed in 1820. There the ture. Large flocks were, therefore, crowded inHe further calculates, that the cutting and bind-average price in common earth was six fence, or to narrow fields; where, as there were soon no ing of this acre will cost fifteen shillings, from 11 1-9 cents per cubical yard. Now the contracts other means of subsistence, their hunger forced which, if we deduct 28. 6d. as the wages of the recently made by the Company for constructing them to eat the roots, and they were then debinder, who performs his part in half a day, a canal by the side of the Schuylkill, are in somnounced as utterly destructive to grass lands.-there remains 128. 6d. or $2.75 per acre. Now, cases as low as seven cents per cubical yard: in Their inadequate supply of winter food too was allowing a moderate average of work for a cra other and peculiar cases as high as twenty-eigh oon exhausted, and they were then reproached dler, three acres,-and a high average of wa-cents; but the average of the whole twenty-in. or their voracity. Even this might be borne, ges, one dollar, the American acre will be miles, will not probably exceed 11 9-10 cents ju. hile the war price of wool repaid the expenses cut at the price of thirty-three cents, and the cubical yard. of buying subsistence for them, but when peace

diminished their value, without lessening their all around us are roused into an honourable zeal above him nothing but God and the laws; no hereappetite, the owners, disgusted with a stock for agriculture-while Virginia possesses so ma- ditary authority usurping the distinctions of perwhich they did not know how to manage, sacrifi-ny societies devoted to her cultivation-while the sonal genius; no established church spreading ced them as rashly as they had bought them, gave most distinguished gentlemen from distant parts its dark shadow between him and heaven. His them away, and almost drove them away from of Maryland crowded a few months since to their frugal government neither desires nor dares to their farms. Thus entire flocks of the finest me-fine exhibition at Baltimore-while almost every oppress the soil; and the altars of Religion are rino sheep were devoted to the knife, for no county in New York has its agricultural society supported only by the voluntary offerings of sinother reason but that, contrary to the wish and and its cattle show, why is it that this Pennsylva- cere piety. His pursuits, which no perversion expectation of the owner, they would persist in eat-nia, this land emphatically of farmers, suffers can render injurious to any, are directed to the ing. The extent of these sacrifices is scarcely credi- herself to be outstripped in this generous career? common benefit of all. In multiplying the bounble. A very respectable butcher assured me, Why is it that, although the legislature has as- ties of Providence, in the improvement and emthat he bought, for one dollar a head, a flock of signed a fund for an agricultural society in every bellishment of the soil-in the care of the inferimerinos, among which was an imported ram, who county, that with the honourable exception of or animals committed to his charge, he will find the owner declared, and I have no doubt truly, Bucks, Chester, Bradford and of Cumberland, an ever varying and interesting employment, dighad cost one thousand dollars. That extrava- Susquehanna, Franklin and Allegheny, whom I nified by the union of liberal studies, and enliv gance has now passed, and excellent merino enumerate in justice to their spirit, the farmers ened by the generous exercise of a simple hospisheep may be procured, well calculated to cover of Pennsylvania have never yet found leisure to tality. His character assumes a loftier interest the interior of Pennsylvania with a most produc-associate for the advancement of their own best by its influence over the public liberty. It may tive source of wealth. On the rich natural her-interests? The establishment of these societies not be foretold to what dangers this country is bage of the woods they would subsist, without throughout the state, would be among the surest destined, when its swelling population, its exany expense, during a greater part of the year, means of promoting its improvement. They in-panding territory, its daily complicating interests, and a small field of turnips would carry them spire mutual confidence-they kindle mutual shall awake the latent passions of men, and rethrough the winter. The only serious obstacle in competition-they draw into notice the skill of veal the vulnerable points of our institutions.-the less populous districts is the wolf, and he is experienced cultivators-they diffuse useful in-But whenever these perils come, its most steadfast disappearing. formation-and, more than any other measure, fast security, its unfailing reliance will be on that The culture of flax and hemp in Pennsylvania they tend to improve and exalt the character of column of landed proprietors-the men of the soil has been hitherto limited by the imperfection of the farmer. The exhibitions, too, are admira- and of the country-standing aloof from the passions our machinery for working it, and by the inferi-ble auxiliaries. By placing in their most attrac- which agitate denser communities-well educated, ority of our dew-retting to the European prac- tive lights the labours of industry, they reward brave, and independent-the friends of the gov tice of water-retting. Accordingly our trade in the deserving, while they stimulate the indolent, ernment, without soliciting its favours-the adflax consists chiefly in exporting the seed to the and enlist in the great cause of public improve-vocates of the people, without descending to flatIrish farmers, who, after raising and preparing ment all the pleasures of social enjoyment and the ter their passions; these men, rooted like their own it, return it to our factories. It is selling the enthusiasm of emulation. What indeed can be forests, may yet interpose between the factions of fountain and buying back the stream. more exhilarating than the assemblage of a the country, to heal, to defend, and to save.

The society has been for some time engaged in healthy, well clad, free, happy people, surround- There are many such men in this nation; and endeavours to remedy this deficiency, and the ed by the fruits of their well directed industry-there was one, whom the old among us loved, result of the exhibitions this day inspire a confi- the animals which display their kindness-the and the youngest venerate-whom we may prouddent hope of their success. We have just ex- implements which attest their ingenuity. Wholy place by the side of the master spirits of the amined a machine scarcely less important than is there even on this side of the Atlantic, who best ages-the man whom his country's danger the cotton gin, by which all the expensive and does not read with more pleasure the accounts of always sought at his farm, and his country's blestroublesome labours of dew and water-retting are the agricultural meetings at Holkham, than of sings always followed there-the model of Amerisuperseded; which will prevent the deteriora- the coronation at Westminster, or the assemblage can farmers. His memory is in all our hearts, tion both in the colour and strength of the fibre of sovereigns at Troppau ? Who did not feel and his example may well inspire a fondness for caused by those processes; which will save the more satisfaction at the exhibitions of Massa- those pursuits which WASHINGTON most loved, whole quantity-about one half-now lost in the chusetts or Maryland, than in the gaudiest dis- and teach us that there is no condition in which ordinary method; and by enabling us to gather plays of military power? our lives may be more useful-in which we may more honour ourselves and serve the country.

FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER.

SEDG'D WHEAT.

the flax before ripening, save the land from If I have failed to prove that the pursuits of the most exhausting process of all plants, the agriculture may be as lucrative as other employseeding. By the general adoption of this ma-ments, it will be an easier task to vindicate their chine, the farmers may increase their cultivation pleasures and their importance. I need not dwell of flax and hemp-prepare it themselves-and on that retirement, one of the purest enjoyments provide a cheap supply for the whole consump- of this life, and the best preparation for the fution of the country. Nor is this all. As the flax ture-on those healthful occupations-on that manufactures cheapen, their consumption will of calmness of mind-on that high spirit of manli- MR. SKINNER,course increase, till they may be made to regain ness and independence, which naturally belong The first appearance of sedge, or stunt in that ascendancy in general use which they lost to that condition. These are attractions which wheat, is very alarming, and if the proper reby the cheapness of cotton, and enable the far-must have deep roots in the human heart, since medy is not applied, it will increase consideramers of the middle states to engage in a generous they have in all times fascinated at once the bly every crop. But it is quite harmless in my competition with the cotton growers of the south. imagination and won the judgment of men. But I neighbourhood where we know how to manage it. This expectation may not be visionary. The may be allowed to say, that in this nation agri- I have sown four kinds of smooth wheat, which great consumption of cotton is due to the machi-culture is probably destined to attain its highest succeeds on land which would not produce the nery. Now this machine will greatly diminish honours, and that the country life of America smallest quantity of red or yellow bearded wheat. the cost; and the manufactories of this country ought to possess peculiar attractions. The pure I have noticed this disease for upwards of twencan work flax as easily as cotton. If, then, the and splendid institutions of this people have em- ty years, and have made many experiments to same facilities be given to flax or hemp, their bodied the brightest dreams of those high spirits, obviate its effects. Having discovered a remeprosperity may be equal; since they enter with who in other times and in other lands have lament- dy, I have not been injured by it for many years, great advantage into our rotation of crops, and ed or struggled against oppression-they have although a portion of my land is subject to it. the actual produce on an acre is understood to be realised the fine conceptions which speculative The remedy is change of seed. The Brunstwice as great as that of cotton. men have imagined-which wise men have plan- wick, the Blue straw, and the Lawler wheat has

If, gentlemen, I have wearied you with these ned, or brave men vainly perished in attempting never been injured by the stunt, in my fields. details, you will ascribe it to the deep conviction to establish. Their influence in reclaiming the I have sown the wye white wheat, two or that nothing is more important to this communi- lost dignity of human nature and inspiring the three times, which also escaped. The last time ty than to extend the taste for agriculture, from loftiest feelings of personal independence, may I sowed it, it produced an unusual crop of straw, which the present depressed value of its produce be traced in every class of our citizens; but as all but the season was unfavourable, and it was injur and the habits of the last twenty years combined to objects are most distinct by insulation, their effects ed by the rust: about that time the blue straw estrange us. We, in Pennsylvania, have reach-are peculiarly obvious in the country. wheat was introduced, and I preferred it to the

ed precisely that point where, with all the finest The American farmer is the exclusive, abso- other two kinds, for the last three crops I have materials for good husbandry, one step only is ne-lute, uncontrolled proprietor of the soil. His sown the Lawler. cessary to ensure distinguished success. Why tenure is not from the government; the govern- I believe the depredator, is a worm, which then can we not make this final effort? While ment derives its power from him. There is preys upon the roots. I have taken up, and

washed, a number of the plants, and have dis- myriads of holes, apparently for the escape of mical agriculturists, and so readily and cordialcovered among the roots, very small white the insects. ly swallowed by others.

worms, almost imperceptible to the naked eye. These spots, generally first appear on high That the repeated cultivation of the same If it is a winged insect which does the injury it light soils, containing most vegetable matter; and plant on the same spot, tends to locate its parwould migrate ; but let others more capable, in- from a very small beginning, spread out more and ticular insect enemy thereabouts, is a fact, vestigate the cause; I can with confidence of- more every year, until they sometimes cover a which I think the experience of every farmer fer a remedy, which has alway succeeded as far considerable extent. This disease is the more se-and gardener will bear me out in asserting. as my knowledge extends. rious as when it once infests a field, we know not Without having penetrated far into the proI could say much more on this subject, but the how long it may continue. In this characteristic found knowledge of Spallanzani and Leeuwenfact I state, I hope is sufficient to induce a trial of locality the insect may be said to resemble in hoek, possibly I may have imbibed too much of change of seed. its habitude the ant. Exhaustion of soil and of the enthusiasm of the late Dr. Crawford of

I will ask those who are now injured by the want of draining frequently occasions a stinted Baltimore, with regard to the pernicious existence stunt, to examine if they can find it in their fields dwarfish growth of wheat which is sometimes of animalcule and insects in the vegetable, at of smooth wheat, or whether they have ever mistakenly called "Sedged Wheat," but which least, if not in the animal kingdom. But upon discovered it there? Its character is not as dis- does not even resemble it, after the month of this subject, to which I refer many of our faitinctly marked now, as it was in March.-The June comes in. lures on repeating crops, unique and visionary

plant in March generally appears to be dying, The farmers here all agree that the red chaff'd, as it may appear-I have prepared a paper, but it partially revives in April and May; bearded wheat is most liable to this diease; and which some time hence perhaps I may submit and I have known it sometimes to put out a few a substitution of the blue straw or of the white to your discretion. After a charge, however, so very short heads, say near an inch long, but not smooth wheat, is considered generally a com- serious against the clover crop, you are not to worth cutting. If the stunt affected every kind plete remedy against it. Some maintain that the infer that I mean to relax in my efforts to raise of wheat, it would be a greater calamity than the latter kinds of wheat will not be affected at all, it as extensively as I can. Hessian fly it increases rapidly. In one of my but this I am confident is a mistake. The reason I am now engaged in a course of experiments fields when it first appeared it did not extend why it affects the red more seriously than the to ascertain, whether the culture of tobacco, or over more than sixty feet diameter; in a few other two kinds, may be accounted for perhaps the application of its offal as manure, will desyears it spread over several acres. satisfactorily, by the fact that the two kinds of troy or drive off the insects which I shall for smooth wheat, branch and root much more, and the want of its proper entomological name, call continue to branch at least a fortnight after the red the clover insect. Thus far I doubt its effiwheat ceases, and as long as this continues, the cacy.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER.

VER.

A.

So.

Poplar Grove,
May 16th, 1822.

THO. EMORY.

wheat continues to throw out new roots al- If you think the foregoing, or any part of it, The red, therefore, may cease to make ef- likely to illustrate in any degree the subject of forts to recover, before the insect escapes as a Mr. Graham's inquiry, it is at your disposal. "SEDGED WHEAT," Your's, &c. This disease ascribed to the ravages of the CLO-y, and the white may continue to grow and reVER INSECT: 8o, also the failure of CLO-cover afterwards. Oyster shells from the old Indian banks laid DEAR SIR, on at the rate of 80 cart loads to the acre, drive The prompt and obliging manner in which ma- them off and destroy them at once, and I believe ay of your subscribers have come forward to an- forever; and 200 bushels of shell lime to the swer inquiries propounded in your valuable paper, acre will drive them off gradually, and I beoften highly useful to the public, has imposed lieve, at last effectually. This property I have a reciprocal obligation on the rest to do likewise, discovered lime to possess against insects genewhenever they may have it in their power. A rally, and perhaps it may be added to the other due sense of this voluntary pact, which I hope modus operandi so ably disclosed by Mr. Rufmay continue long to subsist, induces me to an- fin of Virginia, whose opinions must be supportswer, as far as my experience goes, the inquiries ed by every farmer conversant with the use of made in one of your late papers by Mr. Graham lime as a manure.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER.

DEEP TILTH-Importance of-how best accom→ plished.

SIR,

BREMO, April 25th, 1822.

For some time past, I have been impressed with the idea lately expressed in the American which seems to have been cotemporaneously actFarmer, by Mr. Briggs, as to deep tilth-and ed upon, by Mr. Delaplane, in the construction of his substratum plough.

of Easton, concerning "Sedged Wheat," a short The disease, (if so it may be called) has been description of which, he at the same time gave. known in this county, and sometimes severely A reference to communications made by Z. Hol-felt, since a few years subsequent to its appear lingsworth, and C. Kirk, in the first volume of ance at Elkton; but not indeed until a few years the transactions of the Philadelphia Agricultural after our best farmers had pretty largely intro- coincidence of opinion, with two gentlemen so It cannot but be flattering to find in myself a Society, will shew that this disease was first dis- duced the field culture of clover-believing it to distinguished in their respective departments of covered in the vicinity of Elkton in this state, du- have been introduced by the clover, I have science, and rural economy.

ring the year 1808. Subsequently to the date of their uniformly found that we have had most "Sedged You will therefore excuse my troubling you communications, I have somewhere, and I think wheat" in years next following those in which with my own practice, and some hints, which in the same work, seen this disease ascribed very the vegetable growth on the fields had been have been suggested in the course of it, to keep circumstantially to the ravages of a very diminu- most considerable: and I have no doubt that alive a subject, that appears to me interesting to tive worm on the roots, so small as generally to our whole fields are every year, more or less, agriculturists. require the aid of a glass to see it. injured by this insect, and that the spots which My own practice has been to run a single That these accounts are substantially correct, sedge are those selected by the insect to con-horse coulter in the bottom of each furrow, immy own observations repeatedly made, warrant gregate on ; again, in this respect,resembling the mediately following the plough. I find the averme in believing. On examination I have found ant. two different animalculæ, whether distinct speI believe this insect is the same as that known ter to be seven inches-and although one cut age depth which a strong horse will carry the coulcies or the same insect in its different stages of by the name of the root louse in corn, so fre-of the coulter in every space of 11 or 12 inches existence, I am not prepared to say, although I quently found in that plant, growing after clo-(this being about the usual width of the furrow incline to adopt the latter opinion. ver, when the land is early flushed, and which slice of a two horse plough) may not leave the From about the 25th of April to the 20th of occasions so stinted and diseased a growth, that subsoil stirred sufficiently; yet it appeared to May a very small white worm, resembling the it rarely recovers till late in the summer, me, that the greater economy of the operation vinegar eel, but somewhat thicker, may be found and not then, if the season is dry. with a single horse, would more than compen

about the root; and at the same time, an inani- I believe also that" clover sickness," as it is term-sate for the want of an additional cut of the coulmate insect attached to the root, resembling the ed, is nothing more than a surcharge in the soil ofter within the narrow space of each furrowcabbage louse, only smaller. The latter I have these insects, which clover multiplies if it does which could not be effected without the power supposed was not really of the Aphis tribe, but not introduce; and if so, here lies the cause of of an additional horse-thereby increasing the merely the chrysalis of the destructive little larva. the failure on a repetition of the clover crop, most expensive part of the apparatus engaged The roots are always diseased, often dead, and now so universally complained of, both in this in the process, to wit: the horses, in the profrequently covered with a loose sheath or case-country and England-instead of " exhaustion" of portion of 100 instead of 50 per cent. This may ment, not found on healthy roots. About the the particular ingredient in the soil essential seem an unnecessary calculation to farmers who latter period mentioned above, the earth in the for its particular food, a cause of failure on a cultivate small fields, and have a large proporplaces most affected, becomes perforated with repetition, now so fashionably urged by che-tion of teams-but where it is necessary to make

FOR SALE,

up, by the extent cultivated, what is wanting in milk which the cows yield; this quality must renthe fertility of the soil, it becomes a serious mat-der the descendants of Columella, very valuable ter to adopt any course making double teams every where, but especially near to the metropoThree hundred and thirty-two acres of LAND, necessary.-I am inclined to think two coulters, is. in Baltimore county, about eight miles from the six inches apart, drawn by a pair of horses, city of Baltimore, near the Turnpike road lead might pay under some particular circumstances; ng to Havre-de-Grace, and between that road but, as a general practice, in the present state of Since our last publication we have been and the turnpike road from Baltimore to the our southern agriculture, I doubt whether it favoured with the receipt from CHARLES H. Bridge over the Susquehanna, near Rock-Run would be found to quit cost. I am quite satis- HALL, Esq. of New York, of a small quantity The White Marsh Run, a stream of water which fied, in such a substratum of cohesive clay as I of Tea Seed, brought to this country in the ship never fails, passes through this land in its whole have to deal with, Mr. Delaplane's three coulters Savannnah, lately from China. Whether it may length, and affords sites for grist-mills, saw-mills, could not be drawn by a pair of horses at the succeed in the Southern climate of our coun- or other works requiring water-power; and the desirable depth. try we know not, but the enterprize of some of springs on it are admirably adapted to be useful In order to effect an operation seven inches its inhabitants may at least be gratified in making for distilleries, tanneries, etc. and a portion of it deep, in the bottom of a furrow where the earth the trial. is also adapted, by its form and aspect, for a vine is necessarily so bound and confined on all sides, Mr. SEEBOHм, lately from Pernambuco, yard. Plaster of Paris is used to advantage on to those who are inclined to try the two coul- has politely furnished us with a few pods of the lands in its neighbourhood. This land is rich ters, I would recommend that they should Brazilian Beans-the pods are of a dark brown in its soil, and nearly all covered with heavy not be ploughed abreast of each other; colour; they measure 9 inches in length-the timber: only about forty acres being clearedbut one at least six inches in advance of the seeds are of a very beautiful scarlet colour, and nearly one half this tract is rich meadow land.other, and the foremost coulter should be on the are reported to be a delicious vegetable. It is adjoining the lands of General Ridgely, of side next to the work, for the manifest reason, We have also received from our valued Hampton, and the dwelling mansion of John that it would be less resisted at six inches from correspondent and friend, JAMES M. GARNETT, Ridgely, Esq. is close to the southern line of this the previous work, than at twelve. This will be Esq. of Loretto, Essex county, Virginia, a box land; a part lies high and commands extensive easily understood by practical farmers, though containing several varieties of North Carolina views. A liberal credit, if required, for a large I may not make myself intelligible to all your Peas; we shall embrace an opportunity at portion of the purchase money may be had. Apour Cattle Show next week, to distribute a por-ply in Church street, Baltimore, to I am not yet able to give you any result of my tion of them among the members of the Maryattempt at substratum tillage, having commenced land Agricultural Society. it with my ploughing last autumn.

readers.

I am, Sir,

Your's respectfully,
JOHN H. COCKE.

From JOHN M'QUEEN, Esq. of Georgia, we also acknowledge with pleasure, the receipt of a large quantity of Bene, or Sessamum seed-the cultivation of which is well worthy the attention of the farmers of the Southern States. By a few persons experiments have already been made with great success. The Bene or

Extract of a letter to the Editor, dated Rich- Sessamum, produces very good salad oil, not distin-
mond Ct. house, Va., May 13, 1822.
guishable from the finest olive oil of France and
"I have recently rode through Fauquier, Prince Italy, and has advantages over these, from the
William, Stafford, and King George counties, Va. fact of its being less liable to grow rancid. Some
the wheat never perhaps promised less to the accounts of this plant may be obtained from the
husbandman than now. The only good crops I saw volumes of the American Farmer. Persons de-
were at Kinlock, the residence of Thomas Tur-sirous of making experiments with it, can be sup
ner, Esq., and Travellers' Rest, the beautiful plied gratuitously on application to the Editor, to
farm of John Gray, Esq."
whom it has been sent for that purpose.

THE FARMER.

BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, MAY 24, 1822.

ROBERT WALSH.

Agricultural Warehouse,

AT THE SIGN OF THE WHEAT FAN, Entrance from Light and Ellicott-sts. near Prati street Wharf.

PRICE CURRENT-CORRECTED WEEKLY. Howard-street flour from the wagons, $6 621to $6 75-Wharf do. sales have been made at $6 50, cash-Wheat white, 143 to 144 cts.BERGAMI AND COLUMELLA. Red, do. 140 to 142 cts.-Corn, yellow, 70 cts.We lately sold these fine animals to Commo- White, do. 74-Rye, 65 to 67 cts.-Oats, 40 to 45 dore David Porter, to be taken to the district of-Whiskey from the wagons 32 cts.-Shad No. Columbia; where we hope they may be as 1, trimmed, $7-Do. do. No. 2, $6-No. 1, unprofitably employed as from their merits they trimmed, $5 75 to 6-No. 2, do. do. $5-Herdeserve to be, and as one might expect they rings, No. 1, $2 25-No. 2, do. $2 per barwould, judging from the agricultural enterprize rel-Rice, $3 25 to 3 50 per cwt.-Apple Bran-ments, 5 to $18. of the district and neighbourhood. dy, 36 cts.-Peach, do. none-Tar, N. Carolina,

TURNIP SLICER.

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Turnip Slicers, or Root Cutters, 16 to $20.
WHEAT FANS from 23 to $25.
Patent STRAW CUTTERS, late improve-

Half Patent, Dutch and common do

terms, The subscriber has for sale, on the most rea

Screens, Riddles, and Wire Sieves, assorted. Safes, Wove Wire for windows and other purposes-ALSO,

Smiths' Bellows, different sizes.
Window Springs put in, and wire wove to or-
The best workmen are employed, he therefore

BERGAMI, is of the Teeswater Breed, ce-$2 25-Rosin, $2 25-White pine boards, per M lebrated for their disposition to great size and $10 to 30-Pitch pine boards, $10 to 30-Bees-sonable fatness at an early age, and likewise for the wax, 37 to 40 cts.-Beef, Baltimore mess, No 1, richness and quantity of their milk: two points, $8 to 8 50-No. 2 do. $6 to 6 50-Pork, mess do. on which rests the value of cattle.-He is a $13 to 13 50-prime do, $11 to 1150-Bacon, hams, beautiful specimen of the breed, and his great 10 to 124 cts.-Middlings, 7 to 8 cts.-Lard, 8 to size at the age of two years, when he weighed 9 cts.-Candles, New England, 16 to 19 cts.-Salt, 1400 lbs. is a conclusive proof as to early matu-Liverpool coarse, 50 to 55 cents-Turks Isl-der on the shortest notice. rity. and 65 to 70-St. Ubes, 53 to 55-Sugar, Havana, Those who would combine the best milk and brown $9 to 9 50-White do. $13 to 13 50-Cof-expects his work will recommend itself. beef properties in their herds of cattle, and who fee, (W. I.) green, 28 cts.-St. Domingo, 26 cts.can conveniently make use of Bergami ought not Molasses, (W. I.) 30 to 32 cts.-Soal Leather 28 to allow the opportunity offered to them by the to 32 cts.-Rough, $450 to 5 per side-Butter 25 to Commodore to pass unimproved. 37 cts.-Eggs, 10 to 12 cts-Live Cattle, $5 to COLUMELLA, is a full bred Holderness Bull 6-Beef, prime pieces, 8 to 10 cts. from an imported dam, and sired by the impor- MARYLAND TOBACCO. No material ted bull Holderness; both dam and sire took pre-change in the price of this article since our last. miums at Brighton, against the best native and First quaility Tobacco, continues to maintain a foreign competitors. Animals of this breed also high price-one hogshead raised by Mr. Singleattain great size, and are most esteemed near ton Burgee of Frederick county, sold this week London, because of the excessive quantity of for $32! Common Tobacco very dull.

J. GRAFFLIN.

Printed every Friday at $4 per annum, for JOHN
S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOSEPH ROBINSON, at the
North West corner of Market and Belvidere
streets, Baltimore, where every description c
Book and Job printing is executed with new
and despatch-Orders from a distance for Bind
ing, with proper directions, promptly attended

to.

No. 10.-VOL. 4.

AGRICULTURE.

FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER.

AMERICAN FARMER-Baltimore, 31st MAY, 1822.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF ALBEMARLE.
Monday, May 6th, 1822.

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John Rogers of this county, and call it the red Cobb. filled even full, after being somewhat trodden It is remarkable for shelling out more than any with the richest stable dung, four were filled other kind I have seen--and was introduced, I with half rotten chaff upon which cattle had understand, into this county several years ago been wintered, and two were filled with dry 29th of April an excessively hard rain fell which upon each furrow by running a large plough by Mr..Craven Peyton of Buck-Island. On the unrotted wheat straw. A list was then formed washed up a great deal of the Corn. This was once on each side of it; and double rows of corn replanted the 5th of May, and the damages of planted in the furrows left by forming these The following new Members were elected. the rain, in some respects, repaired.-Many of lists. The corn was thinned to the same disDoct. Thomas Wharton, and William Ashby, the lists were washed over, and the manure tance as the adjoinimg single rows, viz: 18 inchEsq. of Culpepper. to a considerable extent entirely removed. Reuben Lewis, Jesse Lewis, Overton Anderes, and was all cultivated alike except that the 18th and 19th of May. Worked the cultiva-lists containing the manure were left untouched, son, Geo. M. Woods, Daniel M. Railey, and tors between the rows running three times, and unless to pull out any weeds, that sprung up. the Rev. F. W. Hatch, of Albemarle. thinned and wed the corn, leaving it to stand The rows were all of the same length, and the A communication from P. Minor was read, from 12 to 20 inches, according to the looks of quality of the land the same. On this day gadetailing an experiment of a new mode of rais-the corn and strength of the land. The lists thered one single row, and one double row of each ag corn. For this experiment the Society vo- remained untouched, except to destroy any grass kind of manure-the measurement, weight, &c. ted Mr. M. a premium of $30 in a piece of or weeds on them with the hoe. Upor. accurate of each is shewn in the following tabular statesilver plate. measurement afterwards through the lot in vari-ment.

A communication from Th. J. Randolph, Esq. was ous directions, I found the distance of the stalks read upon fallows, and manure, exhibiting some averaged 17 inches apart, which gives about ew and interesting ideas respecting both. 9000 stalks per acre. On the 26th planted the Ordered, That both these essays be published whole lot thickly in pumpkins under the impresthe Central Gazette, and American Farmer. [sion that they would benefit the crop by preserving moisture.

land.

Rows.

(2d. a double

No. of ears.

No. of stalks

Measurement

Weight.

1st. A single row

2 bush | lbs.

planted in the 272 | 217 els and
common way.

96

1 peck.

3 bush

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row manured
with stable dung
3d. a double
row manured
with half rot-
ten chaff.
4th. a double
row manured
with dry wheat

To the Agricultural Society of Albemarle. June 15th. Ploughed with shovel ploughs and April 1st, 1822. wed and suckered the corn;-the lists still reThe following account of an experiment in the and weeds, of which very little ever appeared. maining untouched, except to scrape off the grass eulture of Indian Corn, with the certified result ef its production is submitted to the Society, row to admit sun and air. This was an experiAugust 11th. Cut the tops from every other with a claim for the premium offered by their ment from which I could see no benefit or injury, resolution of the 1st Nov. 1819: For the great- except that it admitted the pumpkins to start, est production and best quality of Indian Corn, which from this time grew rapidly, but very made upon not less than two acres of high few of them ripened before frost. This experiment was made upon an uneven the blade fodder was pulled, and the other half Between the 25th of August and 3d of Sept., piece of ground, (of gravelly loam) laying beween two hills, and comprehending a side of of the tops were cut, the quantity of both was exceedingly great, but I did not ascertain the each. A part of it was several years ago occupied by a stable, and the necessary lot around exact amount, and on the 13th of Oct. under where horses and milch cows were confined the inspection of James Rippeto and Albert G. Furing the winter. In the autumn of 1819 the which had been previously laid off by Col. Wm. Quarles, I measured the crop from two acres, Three facts may be noticed as remarkable in ble was removed, and the lot and the adja- Woods. The produce was ninety four bushels of this experiment. 1st. The extreme shortness of ent land, to the amount of 3 acres and more, shelled corn per acre, as the accompanying cer- the crop. 2d. That the production was somewas broken up, and in the year 1820 cultiva-tificates of those gentlemen will shew. what in an inverse ratio to the number of stalks,

straw.

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d in tobacco without any manure being applied, except one bushel of plaster paris, sown I deem it proper to state, that this mode of and 3d. That the row manured with dry wheat ad cast just before the hills were made. cultivating corn is not original with me. I recol-straw produced the most.-To those who rememlect an account some years ago in a newspaber the excessive drought of the year 1819, The crop of tobacco was very great. The ground, ter the tobacco was cut, remained untouched per, that some person to the northward, (per-which was unprecedented in this part of Virgiring the winter. On the 2d and 3d days of haps in the state of Delaware) had by an exact- nia, there will be no difficulty in accounting for Mh, 1821, it was broken up with two ploughs, acre upon poor land. The name and particular same cause will go far to explain the 2d circumly similar process made 20 barrels of corn per the shortness of the crop.-And perhaps the t is, one which cut very wide, was first run, residence of the person I cannot remember, but stance, as a crowded crop is generally observed and another more narrow followed in the same the process and cultivation was exactly what I to suffer the most in dry seasons.-The increasFarrow, breaking the land about 10 inches deep. followed. The reading this account induced me ed production from the dry wheat straw, I shall 15th of April, laid off the ground in rows se- in the year 1819 to make some experiments not here attempt to account for, but rather sugfeet apart with a large plough; the plough upon the plan mentioned, with a view to test the gest and recommend to the enterprizing memning twice to widen and deepen the furrow. relative advantage of this, and the commoners of our society, the propriety of making These furrows were then filled even full with mode of planting in single drills of six feet by further experiments in this mode of culture, with warse half rotten straw and chaff from the barn two. I did it with great care and attention, and a view, more fully to establish the fact. If a yard. It required 40 loads of about 30 bushels now take the liberty to present the society with double crop can be raised by the application in ach to go over two acres in this way. But the result, as extracted from my diary of that this way of dry straw, (which my experiment om the circumstance of my extending the year. demonstrated) would it not be both an economy of experiment over a greater space than two acres, labour and a means of further improving our and the distance of the barn yard, and one cart lands to pursue this method to a more or less ly being employed, the manuring was not extent upon all our farms? Half the quantity mpleted in less than ten days, all which time manure remained exposed in the furrows. Memorandum of the result of a new mode of be necessary to make the same crop; and an arof land, and about half the cultivation only, would th of April-The manuring being completed, Planting Corn. ticle thereby turned to profitable account, which 1st was formed upon each row of manure by In the early part of May last planted the flat at present, on many farms, is in a great meaning a large plough on each side of it, and the piece of ground above my shop in corn, in drills sure wasted. We might indeed select level en immediately sown thickly in the furrows of six feet apart, with the stalks thinned to 18 spots convenient and near to our straw yards, and by forming these lists-making in fact a inches distance; except ten rows through the make them permanent corn lots, to the great reble row of corn with the manure between. middle, which were prepared and planted as lief of our hill sides, which taking into account The corn was covered with the hoe. Near two follows: the washing occasioned by summer tillage, is bushels were used, which was perhaps five Deep furrows were run, with a two horse more exhausted by corn, than by all the other times more than necessary, but it was done to plough at 7 feet apart for the ten rows, and the crops of a rotation put together.

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