out to the turning row, at least three distinct | been covered up, never to be recovered-at least journey of half a mile with every single ear of he operations and three times travelling over the sur-20 per cent. of the whole crop of ears are lying other bushel, to get it to the same place; you face of your field; and if you set down the com- on, or partially in the ground, suffering from might with almost as good a grace tell me tha ing empty and going out loaded with each arm-every vicissitude of weather, and if the field has the transportation of the last bushel would not full of blades, and tops, you should fairly set been grassy, which is very apt to be the case, if the take me as many handlings, and as much pains, ladown these carrying operations each at two trav-ground is in good heart, much of the work ex-bour, and time, as the removal of the first bushel els over the field. Therefore by the time you hibits more the appearance of the rooting of hogs as to tell me that the number of handlings of your have got your blades and tops deposited on the than of the operations of farming. This is no ex-crop in the new mode, bears any comparison to turning rows ready for your carts, your hands aggerated picture, in a district of country that the multiplied handlings, and vexatious, catching have actually handled the blades three times, and has been long under my eye. straws operations of the old mode. the tops twice; and have walked seven times over The seeding over, how stands the comparison? A man cannot husk quite as many barrels pe the surface of your field. In the new method your corn is now all ready to day off the stock, as from an old fashioned comm Now for the other method-at every blow of the be husked, and carried to the corn house, the heap; but after a little custom the difference is cutter (and he will not make one more for the fodder to be ricked up on the same turning, en- not as much as would be supposed; the gather n hole field, than did the top cutters,) the whole larging their size by putting three of the corn and hauling in will throw the old mode beh ́nd of the noble plant yields to his power, hill after ricks together, and making them safe for winter, the new-and as to loss in husking, it bears no Lill falls into his arms, and if a right angle turn is from which they are taken to the feeding yard, a comparison to the loss in and on the ground, by made with every arm full, the cutters of each two load or two each evening as wanted, after the knocking down and covering up, while plougheighth rows have only the width of seven rows to work of the day is over. This fodder is not only ing in wheat. It would be great carelessness to Carry them out of the straight line of march.- excellent, but very rich and nutritious food-con- leave corn unhusked, but if left, it is not lost, as The carriage of each of the other two correspond-taining not only all the blades and the top; but, the horses and cattle will get it. As to ploughing rows to the shocks, is less and less out of the the corn shuck and stock cured with their juices ing out the corn stumps, it must certainly be a straight line, till you get to the two centre rows, in them; and of three times the value of those very unnecessary and ill judged practice: why which have no deviation. Thus by the time the saved in the old mode, which have remained out not plough your wheat in exactly the same beds, feld has been felled, level with the earth, and till both are weather beaten and dry. If you as you would, if the corn had not been taken placed in shocks of 16 hills each, ready for the must have a fodder house thatched, this is easily off, and then the first two furrows are lanred carts, you have performed but two operations; done by making this disposition of as much of up as well as you please, and the corn, roots and both done at one single handling, and the field the fodder as is necessary, instead of ricking it stumps more completely covered up, than they has not been travelled over once and a half, taking all up where the corn is husked. This work is could possibly be in the old mode. The wide into the calculation every inch of back and forth performed with husking, ricking, loading corn, turning row will be good ground for a part of movement. Here is one handling and one and an and lofting-four operations. your flax crop. half travels over your field to place the whole What is left to do in the old mode? the field has In the new mode, Arthur Young's opinion, that plant, fruit and all, ready for the cart, opposed to been already by this mode travelled seven times corn was the most desirable fallow crop to prefive handlings, and seven journeys over the field over; go over it again, and gather the corn; again cede wheat, becomes true; the crops are distinct to cure and collect only the blades and tops, the with the carts, and handle the corn again to throw and the operations are well separated, and efcorn, shuck, and stock are still untouched-and into them; and let the hauling he what it may, fected in a farmerlike manner; both your provenI am within the truth when I say, that the same wet or muck, go in the wheels and heavy oxen der ricks and manure heaps are handsomely inhands will cut off the whole plant and shock up must, and trample and tear up your hopes of a creased, and your corn crop wound up in a shortthe produce of a field in half the time, that they wheat crop-after the corn has been got to the er time. In the old mode the combination of the can pull, cut, tie in bundles, and carry out the fodder house or husking yard, it is then to be crops is injurious to both-much of the corn is Hades and tops of the same field. And of course husked, loaded into the carts, and lofted, and the covered up or left lying on the ground, and husks by half the number of days that it will take to husks or shucks put away. Two operations on out with rotten and defective ends; the wheat crop save your tops and blades, can the hauling in the the surface of the field, and four from the fodder is miserably put in, and often much injured by getnew method begin earlier, than in the old-and house yard to the corn house, making six, and ting in the corn, and you are stock getting, or catchwith this advantage in the start, and the shorter your corn stocks are still in the field. These ac- ing dry straws, all the best weather after Christhaul; the operations of saving and clearing the cording to F. are to be got in, though they are now mas, when you ought to be much more profitably field of the whole plant, and ricking up on the dry and half their value is gone; again travel employed. Do not condemn a fashion because it is middle turning, can be effected and completed by over the field to cut them down; again to pick new to you. I verily believe this method of sathe same day of September that you could finish them up and to collect into heaps; again the carts ving a corn crop, a valuable improvement, and your blades and tops, without injury to your teams must go into, and over your promise of a wheat have therefore thought it worthy a detailed deand without a minute of night work. In the old crop. Three operations to get the stocks off and fence. By getting rid of a great number of way most of your blades must at least be tied up in. petty and time consuming operations, it enables after night, if not carried out. Now let us endeavour fairly to collect the ac-the farmer to condense into a month or 6 weeks You are now ready by either mode to seed count and strike the balance; seven journeys and the work, that is often scattered through the wheat; in the old, the corn is still in your way, five handlings after the blades and tops, to pull, greater part of 5 or 6 months, viz. the blade even if it stands up straight, and three years out cut, cure, bundle, and get them to the turning and top saving of September, the corn setting up of four, it will be blown down, and your wheat rows; then loading and hauling home, thatching and picking up of October, the corn gathering and will go in slovenly and unfarmerlike. In the new fodder house and stowing blades, three more hauling in of November and December, and the way you have a clear field before you, and if ne-operations. Gathering corn, loading and carting stock getting of January and February. ressary can start harrows before your seed home, husking, loading carts, lofting corn, and I would wish to state the whole case fairly; I loughs; an excellent method, by which the sur-stowing away shucks; six more distinct opera-have myself but a single doubt with regard to the ace is levelled, the crust softened, and every tions, and two field journeys-cutting off stocks, whole operation, viz. whether the ear will bear Train lays where the seedsman threw it; if the picking up stocks, loading and hauling in stocks, commencing the cutting of sufficiently early to eld is grassy, this harrowing clears the way for three more field journeys and three operations-take the fodder in its most valuable state. To e ploughs and accelerates the putting in. Your making twelve travels over the face of the whole aid in dispelling this doubt, F. himself seems wheat goes in with ease and comfort, and equal field, and seventeen distinct operations and hand-indeed to bring testimony, by his relation of the a nicely prepared naked fallow. In the old lings. northern practice. It may also be fairly brought mode, at least two years out of four, your wheat In the new mode, cutting off and shocking up, into view, that if you commence fodder saving as been put in with much trouble and bothera-loading and carting to middle turning, ricking, in the most careful manner in the old way, er ion-as well as you could, to be sure-but not at husking, ricking fodder after husking, loadingly enough to ensure getting all pulled an all to your mind; and you have been in a constant carts with corn, and lofting; two and a half jour-before the last saved suffers from drvi: g, e cold, for the month of October; now with the neys over the field, and eight operations perform-ears will shrivel and shrink more or less on all etters up, then with the pickers up, now with ed with seven handlings, for the cutting and shock-the stocks first stripped. If Mr. Brush's statee poor ploughman who is sweating and doing ing take but one handling. Here we have two ments are solid, with regard to the superior quality best, for covering up the ears of corn, then and a half journeys and eight operations, opposed of the grain, harvested as soon as it is well out of for not lapping his first furrows, now for hauling to twelve journeys and seventeen distinct opera- the milk, (and I have no doubt of the fat as to top in bunches, then, for his plough's jumping tions. If I wanted to carry two bushels of ears of west, every thing lesirable seems to concur in re and missing ever so much. corn half a mile, and had one bushel in a bag, commending the new method of saving and wind ct At the end of the job, the corn stocks lay across which I could sling on my shoulder, and make one ing up crop of Indi in corn. When the bla les d athwart in every direction, much corn has turn with; and was obliged to make a separate and tops are in that stage, that the farmer calls ripe, POTOWMACK. TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER. J. S. SKINNER, Esq. Essex, April 8th, 1822. I I the grain is known to be well out of the milk, reverse the sights and in like manner mark the bed was sown with grain and clover, in the same and may then be cured in a high state of perfection spot which they strike directly over or under the way as the rest, but without any dressing whateunless it shall receive injury from the quantity of first mark; then divide the distance between the er. To come at a correct estimate as to the juice or sap, which still remains in the cob, and two marks, and regulate the instrument by turn-above application, I meant to have had the promay produce a white mould among the grains.ing the thumb-nut n, until the sights strike the duce of each bed weighed separate; but owing to It is the difficulty of making the large pithy cob, middle mark. As it is difficult to see through the the depredations of small birds on the crops, in the centre of each ear of southern corn, cure small hole when the sights are reversed, it may was prevented doing so. I am, however, quite without giving this mouldiness to the grain, that be well to have them both of the same height, satisfied, that no benefit whatever was derived forms the only serious obstacle to this labour sa- with a small notch on the top for the purpose of from any of the applications; for, at no period ving plan, which also so handsomely increases adjustment. A small pin at O, the top of which of the growth of the crops, did any of them disthe bulk of provender, as well as manure; and should be in a line with the centres of the sights, cover superior luxuriance to the bed sown withfor myself, I would sooner put off commencing will be of some use in managing the instrument. out any manure; and I am equally satisfied, that the operation of fodder-saving for a week, than In using this level, it is well to have a light salt compost, and ali the rest of the salts expegive up the method. staff, 5 or 6 feet high, with an arm a little more rimented upon, are useless upon my land. than half as long as the rule CD, fixed at right I have not altogether come to this conclusion from angles near the top of the staff; the foot of the he above experiments with the salt compost, as staff should be sharpened to stick in the ground, I have used it in considerable quantities, by haand the level when in use may be suspended at ving it spread upon my land at the rate of from the end of the arm by the ring at A, which will six to twenty hundred an acre; if intended for give the instrument greater steadiness and re-wheat, it was put on a month before sowing the Dear Sir,-As the method of cultivating hilly lieve the person using it from the fatigue of hold- land; if for turnips, six weeks before sowing. I land, by horizontal ploughing, is now coming in- ing it up. Select some spot, on the side of the have also had salt compost put to stable manure to very general use and as its efficacy is often hill which you propose to regulate, a few paces a month before putting it into turnip and potato counteracted by the inaccurate manner in which it from the foot of the hill, and commanding as ex-drills, and from none of these methods of using is executed, and the awkward expedients adopted tensive a view as possible of the ground; set up the salt have I experienced either good or harm, for levelling the furrows, I have taken the liberty to the instrument, and while you look through the except in the instances of its being mixed with offer for publication in your paper, the annexed sights, turning the horizontal rule gently around, the manure; the turnips manured with which drawing and description of a very cheap and sim-so as to sweep the whole length of the hill-side, made a very poor figure for a considerable time, ple level. I proposed it a short time since to a let an assistant with a number of stakes, mark off and had not the season turned out unusually wet, neighbouring farmer, who has tried it with per- by your direction the line traced by the sights of and kept mild to so late a period, the crop, I fect success. the level: when the curvature of the hill is very ir-think, would have been miserably bad; but, owregular it will be proper to chop with a hoe the ing to these favourable circumstances, it ultimateparts of the line between the stakes. Then with ly became nearly as good as the rest of the field; a plough, open a furrow along the line thus tra- but the potatoes manured with the salt and manure ced out: lay off a furrow in like manner about were only about two thirds the quantity, and much mid-way of the hill, and another near the top; smaller in size than those produced in other which will be a sufficient number of level lines, drills, where stable manure only was used. unless the ground is very uneven. You then pro- Before closing my letter, I will mention a circeed to add furrows or rows on each side of the cumstance with respect to the application of nilevel lines, until the nearest parts of the furrows tre to wheat in the spring. Wheat so dressed meet, and the parts of the ground remaining un-will, in a short time, become of a darker green broken are to be finished with short rows. A m Am B Most respectfully, Your obedient servant, J. M. GARNETT, Jr. R. G. than other parts of the field; but this colour gradually disappears, and no increased growth arises from the nitre. I am not philosopher enough to account for this dark colour in wheat, upon which nitre has been spread; but I am not Extracts from the last file of the London Far-arise from increased vigour, but the contrary: my able to bring my mind to think it can possibly mer's Journal, received at the office of the Ame-reason for thinking so is, from having observed rican Farmer. that the blades of wheat growing from grain that EXPERIMENTS ON SALINE MANURES. sulphate of copper, being in the early stages of has been steeped in lime water, or a solution of Jan. 30, 1822. its growth of a darker green colour than from SIR,-In The Farmers' Journal of the 7th of wheat sown without any such preparation; and it August, 1820, a letter was published on the sub- is well known, that the vegetative powers of grain ject of nitre as a top dressing for wheat. We are weaker in proportion to the time it remains in may infer from the reading of the letter, that such steeps as the above. I remain, Sir, your the writer of it was satisfied in his own mind, very obedient humble servant, that the crop was greatly increased by the application of the nitre; but he does not produce to your readers any convincing evidence that this was actually the case. Without expecting any ON FEEDING SHEEP WITH MANGEL AB and CD are two rules, or light strips of wood practical good to result from the use of nitre as a of any convenient lengths, say two feet and fif-manure, I determined to try its effect as such, WURTZEL. teen inches respectively; crossed and let into and at the same time try other similar substances. Kilmarsh, Feb, 18, 1822. SIR, With a full conviction that the columns each other at right angles, at O, the shorter one Upon beds each a yard square, I last spring sow-of your Journal will, for some time to come, be being horizontal. At A, there is a loop and ring ed a row each of Talavera wheat, barley, and filled with matter infinitely better, and far more to suspend the instrument; at B attached by oats: some of the beds were spread over with ni-important and interesting, than it is in my power another ring is a lead weight of a few ounces: at tre, in fine powder, in different quantities; the to offer, I certainly shall be as concise as pose and f, are fixed the sights, E and F, the one smallest quantity 84 lbs. and the largest 336 lbs. sible in my rejoinder to what has fallen from next the eye has a small round hole in the centre, an acre. Other beds were spread over with ni- your correspondent P. in reply to my last letter. the farther one has a large circular hole with trate of potash, potash, and nitrate of lime, in Indeed, I should not have troubled you at all, cross threads; mm, is a silk or small wire similar proportions to the nitre. Upon other but for the circumstance, that he insinuates a stretched tight and wrapt once around the thumb beds I had salt (as sold at the Salt Works for doubt as to the propriety of my addressing nut n, by turning which, you can restore the lev-manure) spread at the rate of from 5 cwt. to him, because forsooth I did not understand him. el, whenever the rule CD gets slightly out of the 27 cwt. an acre. The salt was put on the beds Now really, I do think it very hard, that I should true horizontal line-the sights may be placed on six weeks before they were sown; the other be thought singular in asking the explanation of the side of the horizontal rule. To regulate the salts were put on the beds when the grain was a system which, upon a cursory view, seems instrument when it is inaccurate, stand 15 or 20up in distinct rows. Soon as a growth of weeds highly valuable, but, which, upon investigation, yards from a wall, look through the sights and had taken place, I had the intervals between the I cannot reconcile. Perhaps I shall now incur et the spot which they strike be marked, then grain hoed, and sown with clover seed. One the imputation of unfairness, if I ask P. what Composition for Fences and Weather Boarding, &'c. "Melt twelve ounces of rosin in an iron pot: add three gallons of train oil, and three or four rolls of brimstone; and when the rosin and brim TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER. ON TIMBER-CUTTING. MR. EDITOR is ta utility of giving to the public statements is, at 7 feet high, it was 34 feet and half an inch, of such a nature, that 19 out of 20 who read If now standing, how much has it increased in 43 them, must pause, and exclaim, "Tis strange! years?] It does not appear to be hollow, but by 'tis wondrous strange!" As, however, he has the trifling increase I conclude it not sound. thought it proper to repeat his original assertion, "The Fairlop oak in Epping Forest, seeming with only an alteration in the number of the sound in 1754, and the Earl of Thanet's hollow stone are melted and become thin, add as much sheep put aside for the experiment, which he oak in Whinfield Park, in Westmoreland, in 1765, want, first ground fine in some of the oil,) as will Spanish brown, red oker (or any other colour you now states to be five instead of eight, I shall were both $1 feet 9 inches. merely observe, that though I do not doubt P.'s give the whole as deep a shade as you desire ; word for a moment, there ought to have been an "The handsomest oak I ever saw, was in the then lay it on with a brush, as hot and as thin as accordance in the two reports; for, if I may be Earl of Powis's noble park by Ludlow, in 1757, you can: some days after the first coat is dried, allowed to argue analogically, what respect do we though it was but 16 feet 3 inches; but it ran quite give it another. It will preserve planks for ages, find paid to that witness who varies his evidence straight and clear of arms, I believe near 60 feet and keep the weather from driving through brickwith twice giving it? I feel that I have not the high, and had a fine large head." [There were work." most remote wish to hurl P.'s opinions into dis- two oaks of this description standing on Lord Carepute unnecessarily, and for the sake of argu- rysfort's estate at Elton (Hunts), near 40 years ment; but give me systems which carry convic- ago; but whether standing yet, we do not know. tion upon their fronts; not superficial ones, which Three men touching hands could not compass are calculated to mislead, and to impress the them.] The writer then adds the girth of some minds of those landlords who read them (and trees of other sorts, not needful here to set down who think with a certain gallant General, that and then proceeds :increased production would remedy our present "Perhaps an account of the annual increase of Since the attention of your readers has been distress,) with the idea that the absence of our some trees will not be foreign to the purpose. It drawn by several notices in the Farmer to the prejudices, and the presence of common sense, is difficult to discover the age of old trees, as very or other purposes, I have examined timber that proper season of the year to cut timber for rails combined with good management, is only want- few planters kept registers of their plantations. ed. I know that there are many of the gentlehas been cut down in the month of May ten years "I have a memorandum of a former rector of jago, and the bark taken off it for tanning. I the first glance of P.'s report, that we might af- Havingham, wherein it is written, that in 1610 have examined rails cut and put on fences at ford to sell mutton at 3d. per lb., if we would on- he planted two chesnuts by his church porch.-the same time, and find all these, that any bark ly adopt his mode of feeding; without consider-The largest of these was, in 1778, 14 feet 8 in- is, or was on, are entirely rotten; and from aping the utter impossibility of bringing it into any ches in 168 years. Supposing the tree to have exposed to the weather for years, if now split ches in circumference, or an increase of 176 in- pearances the timber that was barked and more thing like general, or even limited practice, to be useful. I have now only to add my thanks been 93 inches when planted, it increased an inch would last more than ten years more. The seato P. for the account of his mode of cultivating yearly. I have a deed between an ancestor of son is now approaching which will put it in the mangel wurtzel, and to subscribe myself, Sir, mine, as Lord of the Manor of Stratton, and his power of all wishing to make the experiment to your very obedient servant, copyhold tenant, upon his inclosing some waste, do it; and I hope it will not pass over without a wherein the abuttal is upon the road leading from number of them being made. As respects the Havingham to Norwich. The date is 1580 [at cutting of timber, if it is hewed immediately, I which time the oaks in question were probably do not think it material; but if not immediately planted,] and the largest oak on that bank, at 4. done, the months of May and June are, from all In the first volume of the Bath papers (p. 77. 2d. feet, was in 1778, 16 feet 3 inches, or 195 inch- the examinations I can make, the best time, as od.) there is an interesting letter on the age, bulk, es in 198 years. Now, from the increase of the then the bark can be easily taken off. The Naand increase of timber trees, with the measure-two last named trees, and the Bently oak, I con- vy Board will, I hope, make and record their expement of some that are remarkable in different clude that the Tortworth chesnut in Lord Ducie's riments; the very saving of the oak bark, will be parts of the kingdom. Probably, the instances are garden in Gloucestershire, which in 1759, at 6 worth at per year, were all the timber cut familiar to many of our readers, but they cannot fail feet high, was 46 feet 6 inches, is not less than at this time. I am told pine timber is, if any thing, of being matter of novelty to others; and we give 1100 years old; perhaps it may be much older.- more benefitted by it than oak. I would sugsome of the most remarkable particulars in the Suppose it increased annually an inch and a half gest the examination, if in the spring of the year, hope of being able hereafter to throw additional the first century, an inch the second, the third the heat of the atmosphere does not attract the light upon the most interesting part of the inqui- an inch the fourth, and 1-3 the fifth, and 30 moisture from the body of the tree to the bark, ry, namely, the progressive increase of timber inches each century for the next 500 years, as and that the cold weather forces the moisture trees, and the probable age of those which are of thus: men just alluded to, who would pronounce, upon WM. THORPE. GROWTH OF TIMBER TREES. very large growth. To this end, if any of the The first century, 1 inch The Extracts from a Letter from R. MARSHAM, Esq 4th ditto 5th ditto.. 1-3 inch or sap, back into the body of the tree again; and that in winter the most moisture is then really in 125 inches. the tree, and farthest from the surface. 100 75 50 33 1-3 second 500 years, at 30 inches eleventh century, suppose 24 2-3 Circumference in 1759 Yours, &c. SAMUEL MARTIN, TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER. FOUNDER IN HORSES. Paris, Bourbon Co. K’y. DEAR SIR- 24 2-3 12 | 558 in. 46 6 in. the great chesnut in King John's time; and sup-to inflammatory rheumatisms; I apprehend he does “There is a tradition, that this tree was called foundering, "chills and founder," and compares it One of the writers in your "Farmer" calls 500 years old when he came to the throne, and evidently proceeds from surfeit. A horse rode unposing it grew in the above proportion, it was not understand the disease in all its stages;-it eleven yards in circumference.” til heated and fatigued, and fed too plentifully the ground; and I found it, in 1768, at 4 feet, 40 feet 6 inches; and at 5 feet, 36 feet 6 inches; and 6 feet, 32 feet 1 inch. To save repetition, 5 feet is the height I always measure at, as easier to see the level of the string, and also being clear of the swellings of the roots. The writer adds some other facts to make it while warm and hungry,-and swallowing his "In 1759, the oak in Holk forest, near Bentley, probable that the growth of large timber trees is food too greedily, that he may lie down and rest was at 7 feet high, 34 feet in circumference. not more rapid than is shewn above; it would his wearied limbs ;--and the stable being wet or There is a large excrescence at 5 and 6 feet, that very much help to confirm his reasoning, if we damp, and the horse in a copious sweat, are reawould render the measure unfair. In 1778, this tree could now receive accurate measurements of the sons the best that can be given, for the formation had increased only balf an inch in 19 years. [That trees in question. of the disease. "World's dread laugh, which scarce The firm philosopher can scorn." 66 Yet it is a fact that I always prized fine horses, and endeavoured by every means in my power, to alleviate their pain. P. S. The valuable remedy for the founder was communicated by Col. B. Chambers, who experienced its good effect on his own horses, and others. Instead of rising up refreshed, the poor ani- sand; following this precept, we must take a employed. Restore them, by protecting duties mal is stiff and useless. If he had got leave to higher stand, and rest the prosperity of our agri-on foreign manufactures, to their flourishing concool perfectly, and been fed sparingly, he would culture upon firmer ground, than the failure of dition, and they will again be the good customers have escaped this sore complaint. harvests in Europe. Sound and enlightened poli-they were during the war; the price of land will The cure is a lump of alum the size of a wal-cy prompts, and the embarrassed state of their at the same time rise in the same proportion. nut, reduced to powder and dissolved in warm finances, urges all the governments of Europe But on this subject, I beg leave, to refer you to water; the horse must be drenched with this li-most imperiously to encourage agriculture within two most luminous essays, which Mr. M. Carey quid, which in a short time will throw him into their own dominions by all the means in their of this city has written upon the subject. They profuse perspiration, and he will be able to pur-power; the regulations and laws of England, are entitled: sue his journey the next day, and if not badly France, Spain, and Portugal, bear witness to that; The New Olive Branch, and foundered in a few hours. Holland it is true remains open to us, but as she An Appeal to Common Sense and Common JusYou will keep it out of sight that this commu- can be supplied on lower terms from the Baltic, tice, or irrefragable facts opposed to plausible nication comes from a woman, as I wish to es-the Elbe and the Rhine, we can never expect to theories. cape the find an extensive market in her ports. Under They are the very best things I have ever read upthese circumstances, and they are but too true, wel on this very interesting subject; they contain the have but a slender chance for the disposal of our soundest doctrines, because they do not deal in bread stuffs in Europe. theories, but stubborn facts, which leave no doubt The same causes will produce the same effects upon the mind. Every farmer, nay every citizen in South America. During the war our supplies of the union, ought to have these two pamphlets Pray do not put yourself to the expense of were wanted, and found accordingly a market; but in his book case, and read them over and over sending seed you have to purchase. I hope you peace being restored, for want of an enemy in the again. received the last seed I sent you enclosed in a field, these markets are likely to fail us too, ex- If you want an illustration of my doctrines, I letter from Missouri, particularly the "Priarie cept in those particular districts, whose climates say, look at England; she consumes within herSensitive plant" seed. are unfavourable to the production of wheat; self every grain her soil produces and every head but even in respect to this we have the rivalship of cattle it feeds; she does it because she has, of those parts of South America to fear which besides other unproductive classes, a numerous are favourable to the growth of wheat, and as manufacturing population; she benefits by it, be their population is great, and the soil fertile in cause instead of exporting raw materials, she exthe extreme, they may in a short time become ports manufactures; in other words, she exports The authoress of the above is amongst our most very formidable rivals. Until they opposel us in not only her raw materials but also her breadvalued and useful correspondents, worth a milli- these markets with all the energy of which they stuffs in the shape of manufactured goods, by on of indolent men, who neither write nor think are capable, we shall have a sufficient surplus for which operation their value has been three, five any thing useful to society-and yet who call the supply of all the markets which remain open and ten times enhanced. This is the great secret themselves the Lords of the creation-acting the to us, meanwhile we can clearly perceive that the of her prosperity ;* now as the same causes alwhile the part of sluggish drones-fruges con- chances of a regular and steady trade in bread ways produce the same effects, and as the United sumere nati.-[Edit. Am. Far. stuffs are rather against us. States are more favoured in point of climate and Eut with this prospect before our eyes, it certainly fertility of soil, and possess therefore a greater behoves us to look about for a new market, and if capability for the developement of manufacturing TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER. possible for a more extensive and more steady one industry (by reason of their producing the most than any of those we are likely to lose. It is strange, important of the raw materials within themselves) Philadelphia, 18th April, 1822. but it is not less true, that we have it in our pow-it would be wonderful indeed if the adoption of a SIR, er to create that market within our own country, The letter of Mr. Isaac Briggs, which is in- but deprecate the means to do it. Now I wish serted in your very valuable paper of 12th inst. sincerely that Mr. B. would be good enough to has given me much pleasure, and I wish sin- calculate in what ratio the manufacturing popu-[Who will not however be drawn personally into discussions— cerely that the hints this gentleman has thrown lation would increase in the United States, if he leaves that to correspondents.} out, might be acted upon; at same time I am sor-manufactories were sufficiently protected? what The prosperity of England!!! In what does ry to see that he does not allow the very benefi- the consumption of the manufacturing population it consist? none can question the ingenuity of her cial influence of domestic manufactories on Agri-in bread stuffs, beer, whiskey, potatoes, cheese, manufacturers, the genius of her artisans, the enculture, the full weight to which they are unques-meat, garden stuffs, milk, &c.—ali farm produce,terprise of her commercial men, the inbred and tionably entitled. He glances at them, as well as woula amoent to? further to what amount cotton, honorable loyalty of her people; but where is her at commerce, but the qualifying expression of wool, flax, hemp, hides, &c. would be worked up prosperity? Is it enjoyed by the mass of the peo"while a just proportion is preserved," makes me by them, and as all these raw materials come le employed in any of the branches of trade, art, think that his mind is not fully impressed with the from the farm yard, they ought by all means en-for industry? The Editor has this very day resuperlatively beneficial influence they have on ter into the calculation. I am bold to assert, ceived a letter from one of the most substantial and agriculture. If he hadt kena more comprehen- without attempting a nice calculation, that the intelligent Farmers in England, from which the sive and enlarged view of the subject, he would annual sum total, would in less than ten years, be following extract may be taken, as illustrative of at once have perceived that he has not done them ten times greater than the aggregate sum of our her prosperity. NOTE BY THE EDITOR, full justice, and as he is a very nice calculator, I present annual exports of domestic and foreign "I hope no circumstance will intervene to pream sure the country at large would be much bene-goods together, by reason that we should then be vent Mr. sailing by the Hannibal, Captai fitted, if he would enter more fully upon this exporters instead of importers of manufactures. Watkinson, which is positively fixed for the 18th highly interesting subject. And if we can create such a market within our-inst. to leave this port for New York, and I hope I agree with Mr. B. that agriculture is our prin- selves, a market of which we shall be sure in war from the information I have here, there is a chance cipal concern, and so it will and ought always to as well as in peace, where is the policy to defer of his reaching Baltimore before your Agricultu be; but I believe at same time that our situation the measures, leading to its formation, for a single ral meeting. I assure you nothing would have with respect to the export of our bread stuffs, is moment? given me greater pleasure than to have accomhano longer the same, and this very material point The farmers will no doubt remember that during nied my brother-in-law, but I find so many things he seems to have entirely overlooked. During the last short war with England, in which period of importance requiring my presence at home, the war in Europe, we had certainly a choice of our manufactories flourished, they were enabled that I must relinquish the journey for the present; markets for our bread stuffs, and the prices were to sell their produce at high prices, although the but I shall most anxiously await his return to deproportionably high; but the moment peace, tran-export, as far as relates to bread stuffs, was anni-termine as to my future plans, for I assure you I quillity, order and security were restored, these hilated; but they seem to have forgotten that the see no prospect of tillage farming answering the markets would unavoidably have failed us one af- flourishing condition of our manufacturing popu-spirited agriculturist in this country; rents, tythes ter another, if it had not been for the total failure lation gave rise to that high market, nor do they and taxes are so excessive, that it is impossible a of the harvest in the whole of south western Eu-perceive that these selfsame people, who were man can remunerate himself with the low prices, rope. To this adventitious circumstance alone, then such excellent customers, are now mostly and government appears determined not to proit is owing that the ports of Europe were open for idle, or only half employed, and that many other tect the Farmer. In short, the National debt will us, but surely our agriculture ought not to depend trades, depending on the manufacturing popula-no doubt ruin this country, and the sooner the Farupon such afflicting casualties. We are com-tion, are in a languishing state, and cannot indul mer withdraws his capital from business, the manded to build our houses upon rock, not upon themselves as they certainly would do, if fully more he will save of it." system similar to hers, should not produce the same beneficial effect in our country! e use of coffee and sugar, and who is now to pre-country, we shall want prodigious quantities of nt them to use cotton and tobacco? is Englan madder, woad, indigo, and other dye stuns, as prohibit our cotton? No! she is sadly in wantwell as rape and linseed oil; we shall also want them to nourish her manufactories. Is she t aw silk; all this may be raised in the country, ohibit our tobacco? No! no! she would lose and another wide field opens to agricultural in I am Sir, Yours, &c. FRANCIS VALCK. The great and undeniable politico œconomic.. truth, which I am desirous to recommend to the n.ost serious attention of gentlemen is, that the in pulse given to agriculture by domestic mant. one of the best feathers out of her cap, as tobacco dustry. factories, is not only much more powerful thaays a tremendous excise duty, of which she can- Mr. Editor! if you think these few hasty recommerce can, or ever will be able to give to it. not afford to lose a single shilling. As to our ex-marks worthy of a place in your paper, you will but that it is at the same time more steady, more port trade, our merchants have but a very limited oblige me by an early insertion. lasting and more beneficial to the country at large. number of domestic articles to tempt fortune with I do not mean to depreciate commerce, being ful-and to exercise their skill and activity upon, but ly impressed with its importance and beneficial if we had extensive manufactories, a subdivision int.uchice on the prosperity of the country, but I beneficial to all would take place, as it is the case JOHN S. SKINNER, Esq. contend that it does not rank above manufactories; in England; some would persevere in the old besides, est moaus in rebus, not every branch of track, others, by giving their attention to the incommerce is equally beneficial to the country, ternal trade, or the circulation of the above namsome branches of it may even be detrimental. ed articles, would retreat from the arena and leave Let us look a little closer at this matter! Is it, the first class in the sole, quiet and undisturbed At a meeting of the committee of arrangement, ask, benencial to export raw materials and to re- possession of it; others again would altogether on behalf of the Frederick County Agricultu in, ort them again in a manufactured state? In withdraw their capital from commercial pursuits ral Society, that case we give the labour of 3, 4, 5, yea, of ten and invest it in manufactories, and by this second It was resolved, To distribute premiums, men, for the labour of one, according to the quali- secession of a part of our mercantile body, those amounting to $102, at the Cattle show and Fair, to ty and finish of the manufacture we import; the who stick to the old beaten ground would be still be held on Thursday and Friday the 23d and 4th of May next, at the Monococy Bridge Hoanswer must therefore be that, although benefi- more benefited. cial in a certain degree, it is by no means the The false and pitiful policy, by which our manu- tel, two miles below Frederick-Town, on the most beneficial method to increase our private factories have been oppressed and partly ruined, Baltimore turnpike road, in the following manwealth and national power; moreover if you in-comes now home; if they had been duly encour-ner, to wit: For the best Stallion FREDERICK COUNTY CATTLE SHOW ditto Brood Mare ditto ditto ditto Bull 18 months old $15 10 15 7 10 ditto Heifer 5 ditto Ram full bred merino 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 10 port manufactures to a larger amount than that of aged, the seven years which have elapsed since the raw materials exported, the balance must be the return of peace, would have improved and paid in specie, and you deprive yourself of your matured them, and we should be enabled to cope gold and silver, as it happens at the present mo- with the manufacturers of the old world in the ment. Again let me ask, is it benefical to export lucrative trade they are going to enjoy with the manufactures and to import raw materials which rich provinces of South America. How merrily our own country does not produce, such as cochi- might our raw materials, larded with beef, pork, neal and other dye stuffs, &c. In this se you ex-bread, &c. find their way to South America, in pon the shape of manufactures not only the the shape of North American manufactures, but raw materials of your own growth, but also the as we have no such thing, nor any thing else to bread, meat, milk, cheese, beer, &c. by which offer to the nations of the south in exchange for your manufacturing population has been fed- their produce, we are condemned to be lookers per contra, you import raw materials which nou-on, whilst others taste the sweets of this Eldorarish and intuse new life into your manufactories, do to their hearts delight! This is very mortifyand the balance you get in gold and silver; the ing, but true! answer therefore to this questio.. must be: Certam- The cotton planters are apt to think that, if the ditto Yoke of working oxen ly this is the best method to set about the busi- importation of manufactures should be checked, Ordered, That all the stock to be offered for ness. Now it this happened to be the character a countervailing duty would be laid on cotton of our general trade, the trade carried on with wool in England. This is a groundless appre-in writing to the secretary, at or before 9 o'clock, premiums, must be on the ground, and reported China might be beneficial, as it would give vent hension. The manufactories of England are her to our supplies of silver, whilst the goods import- main prop, particularly under the existing cir- on the first day of Show. Ordered, That all stock, offered for premium, ed from China would furnish us the means of cumstances, which are silently, but most effectu- must have been raised in or intended for the immaking exchanges with some of the European and ally preparing a complete revolution in the agSouth American nations; but, situated as we are, riculture and landed property of the country, provement of the stock in this county. The committee regret they cannot offer at no man will pretend to say that the China trade, and as she has the rivalship of the prosperous this time premiums for implements of Agriculalthough beneficial to the few that are engaged in and growing manufactories of France to tear, she it, is beneficial to the country at large, seeing dare not burthen the raw material any more; in ture; they however confidently invite the exhibition, with a view to the inspection of the pubthat it inundates us with Chinese silks and Can- short, so long as there are manufactories to a ton crapes, which are but a sorry equivalent for great extent in England, she must have our cot-lic, and for sale. Ordered, That a sale of stock and Agricultuthat silver, of which we stand so much in need ton, and if she taxes it heavily, the French and Gerral implements will take place on Friday, the for the sake of a healthy circulating medium. mans will under sell her.* But England strains It may be objected that this plan is inimical to every nerve to produce the whole supply she second day of the Cattle show and Fair, at 10 commerce, and that its channel will be narrow- wants of this raw material, in her East Indian o'clock. ed, it domestic manufactories are encouraged; possessions; if so, let the cotton planters divest but this objection is without foundation, although themselves of their groundless apprehensions, let it cannot be denied that the importation of foreign them look about for a new market! If the marmanufactures would decrease; on the contrary, ket they have found in France since the restorathe greater internal circulation of the raw ma- tion of peace is beneficial to them, would not a MR. SKINNER, terials, of indigo, cochineal, and other dye stufis, market at home be more beneficial as it is not li- I hope your note on a short piece on millet, of the half manufactured articles, such as cotton, able to be interrupted by war, and as it would published in the Farmer, April 19th, will induce woolfen, flaxen, and hempen yarns, and lastly or and could some years hence consume their whole those who publish their experiments, to desthe manufactures themselves for home consump-annual crop? This state of things deserves seri-cribe the kind they cultivate. tion and exportation, will employ our merchants ous consideration! It is now in the nick of time I presume Dr. Coleman's is not the kind I have more fully and more beneficially than the export to do something for our manufactories, else the sown; he says it ought to be planted in rows, and import trade, as it is now carried on. The disappointment might be more senous than in the four feet apart, and the plants from 12 to 15 import trade in manufactures will gradually de-case of South America. inches in the drills, and that it requires as much crease, but I see no reason why the export trade One word more respecting agriculture, and work as corn; its produce 21 bushels seed to of cotton and tobacco should decrease; there is have done. It the manufactories flourish in the the acre; but he says nothing about hay or fodan absolute want or demand for these articles in der. In the Farmer of March 16, 1821, a wri WILLIAM E. WILLIAMS, อ FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER. Europe, we shall therefore have the same sale, * The immense freights paid to neutrais du-ter says, Dr. Coleman's produce of seed per whether we manufacture our own cotton, woollen, rig the war, to jich cotton from Ametia stand, acre, was not half equal to many crops he had and silk Locus, or not; bonaparte could neither are another firoof that she cannot do without our seen, and that from 2 to 4 tons of jovender dissuade nor frighten the people of Europe out of cotton. are produced on a tolerable good soil-but he |