$80 is really the cost of an acre of the land ac- a low estimate. If one working hand cultivates 31 acres, which will yield 900lbs of clean cotton, 50 working hands will cultivate 175 acres, which will yield 45,000 lbs. of clean cotton, and which, at 10 cents per lb. is 2,000 00 The influence of these works is already felt, Champlain, to Waterford, where it finally enters kin to Canton, by canals and rivers, is 920 miles, the Hudson River, the distance is about 614 and the voyage takes a boat three months. On miles. From Whitehall to Fort Edward, there our canals the same extent could be passed in are 19 miles of Canal, and about 5 miles of the one month. The truth is, that the Chinese ca. waters of Wood Creek. In this space there are nals are very inferior to the European. Instead ten locks: three at Whitehall to let boats of locks, the boats are drawn up and let down down into the Lake: three at Fort Edward for inclined planes by human power, at vast expense the same purpose, as to the Hudson River; about and trouble. A lock appears to be a very simple half way between Fort Edward and Whitehall, invention. It is but a sluice with two double to wit, at Fort Ann, there are three locks, which gates, and yet it never occurred to that ingenious 4,500 00 descend to the level of Wood Creek and Halfway people. The first lock was constructed by the Brook. These streams unite below the village, Venetians in 1481. and feed this lower level of the Canal. Some short distance below this junction, there is a lock recently located and made of wood. The not only in different parts of the United States, upper level of the canal from Fort Edward to tion of merchandise from Philadelphia to Pittsbut has extended to Europe. The transportaFort Ann is supplied by the Hudson: the water burgh, has fallen from 120 dollars to 40 dollars a is impelled into a feeder by a most stupendous ton. dam of 30 feet altitude, erected across that river, When the western Canal is finished, goods can be transported from New York to Pitts2,622 50 and there is now another feeder preparing to run from above Glen's Falls, and to pass into the burgh for 30 dollars a ton. They formerly cost Canal north of Sandy Hill, which will also serve Nett profit of 100 average or 50 working as an auxiliary Canal, to convey lumber and other hands, at 10 cents $1,877 50 commodities from an extensive range of country So that on a capital of negroes and land, amount-in that direction. ing to $54,000 there is a profit of 5 per cent. and twenty five-fifty fourths of one per cent. at 10 cents per pound. Deduct expense of keeping 100 112 50 Carriage, rent, drayage and labor on 150 bags,or 45,000lb weight $2.50 each 375 00 Bagging, at 90 per bale INTERNAL IMPOVEMENT. A Sketch of the Great Northern or Champlain Canal. 100 dollars from New-York to Buffalo. It will now be done for less than 15 dollars. The reyear been immense, because the western settlers ceipts of the Holland Land Company have this There is a striking feature in the geology of have found a market; and the share holders of our vader-land will be astonished at the unexthis route, which deserves a scrutinizing examination. It appears that the Hudson River at Fort pected increase of their profits. Edward, which, you know, is below Glen's and In their report of 1817, the Canal Board estiBaker's Falls, is 22 feet higher than Lake Cham-mated, that the country within the reach of the northern Canal, would furnish annually two milplain. There is a descent of 50 feet from the summit level at Fort Ann, to the Lake at lions of boards and planks; one million feet of Whitehall, and 28 feet to the river at Fort Ed-square timber, and immense quantities of dock ward. Forty or fifty feet high, in the primitive northern regions are the sites appropriated by logs, scantling, masts, and spars. Besides, those rocks at a place called the Narrows in Wood On this day the last stone of the Northern or Creek, there are great cavities or pots, produced known that they contain iron ore unsurpassed for nature for her mineral productions; and it is well Champlain Canal, was laid by Governor Clinton, by the action of rotary stones under the power President of the Board of Canal Commissioners, of water falling perpendicularly: a critical in- quantity and quality; marbles of various kinds and colours; lime stone from the primitive to in the presence of a great assemblage of people. spection of these lapideous excavations might the secondary, and the materials of the best hyThe ceremony was solemn and impressive. Be- determine whether the Hudson River did not, draulic cement; bark for tanning and other fore the laying of the stone, the President deliv- previous to its rupture of the great barrier at manufacturing processes; inexhaustible stores ered a short address, which stated in substance, the Highlands, diverge to the north in this di- of pot and pearl ashes; wheat, flour, butter, that he proceeded with great pleasure, in the rection. From the Canal at Fort Edward to cheese, flax, flax-seed, wool, beef, pork, and presence of his assembled fellow-citizens, to con- Fort Miller Falls, 8 miles, the river is used in Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce, and altitude by a dam. Round those falls there is a and poultry, besides the fruits of autumn. In summate a great work devoted to the interests of lieu of the Canal, and is kept up to the requisite maple-sugar; the best of cattle for the butcher, dairyman and grazier, and the finest sheep, hogs, connecting the gulf of St. Lawrence with the Bay short Canal of half a mile, which unites again going to the New-York market, the proprietors of New-York. He invoked the smiles of the Al-with the river by two locks; the river is again of these articles follow the current of interest, mighty Father of the Universe on the work and used for about two and a half miles, and then by and the direction of political affinity, and their the occasion, and supplicated the realization of a dam it is forced into a canal, on the west side, preference is enforced by the act of the British all the blessings anticipated from this undertak- which extends about 26 miles to Waterford.ing. The stone was then laid amidst the accla- This part contains six locks, and at Waterford Canadas, and thereby imposing the necessity of Parliament, fettering our commerce with the mations of the people, and a most eloquent pray-there are three more, making in the whole exa limited or partial trade with those countries. er was offered to the throne of grace by the tent 21 locks; 46 miles of artificial navigation, Rev. Dr. Blatchford. The company passed in and 15 miles of improved natural navigation, to lue or the amount of commodities, that will be We cannot form any definite opinion of the va two boats, drawn by five elegant horses, from the wit, five miles of Wood Creek, and 10 of the conveyed down the Canal, nor of the merchanriver through a tier of three locks of white Hudson River. From Waterford the Canal pro-dise that will be returned, because it has not marble and excellent workmanship, into the Canal. ceeds 24 miles further south, where it unites its been in operation until this day. So far back as The marble was procured from Westchester coun-waters with the western or Erie Canal, after ty, and is firmly cemented by hydraulic mortar, crossing the Mohawk River by a dam, and which July last, it was estimated such was the immense made of Northern lime-stone. The locks are river is thereby put into requisition as a feeder amount of lumber in the Canal and in the Lake, of eleven feet lift each, and are almost perfectly for the northern Canal, in both a northern and water-tight. Between the locks there are two southern direction, and also before and after its spacious circular basins for the accommodation junction with the western. This latter portion of boats passing out and into the river. Water-nearly completed. ford is the head of sloop and boat navigation of This whole extent is 64 miles. The work was the Hudson, and the Northern Canal is now fin- commenced on the 10th of June, 1818, and has ished to it; indeed it has already been navigated been finished in somewhat more than four years. by boats of transportation. One has just arrived When compared with similar works in the old from Lake Ontario, by the St. Lawrence and So-world, the execution may be pronounced a rapid rel rivers, and Lake Champlain; and I saw with one, and has never been exceeded in that regreat pleasure, packages and boxes, stowed on spect, except by its relative, the western Canal. the banks of the Canal, destined for Whitehall The celebrated Canal of Languedoc is 148 miles and Peru, in Clinton county. is waiting for the advent of the waters, that it would take twenty days for that in the Lake to pass into the Canal, and forty days for that in the lower level to pass into the upper; and the waters of the Hudson are, even at this advanced period of the season, covered with rafts, making their way to our great commercial emporium. G. W. LETTER V. ON THE POOR LAWS. SIR-The Poor Laws are not less subservient long, it took fourteen years to finish it, and it to the cause of the unjust, than active in the proAs the importance of this Canal is not suffi-employed always the labour of 8,000, and some-motion of idleness and drunkenness. Without ciently appreciated, nor its character exten- times 12,000 men. The Forth and Clyde Canal their powerful intercession, the tongue of the sively known, it may not be amiss to subjoin a is 35 miles long, It was commenced in 1768, and seducer would often plead in vain, aided as it is few remarks, which I have derived principally not completed until 1790. by the ardour of youth and the desire of nature. from the enlightened acting commissioner, The Canals of China have been the subject The vows of a lover may be forgotten, and his From Whitehall, where it unites with Lake of unbounded panegyric. The distance from Pe- oaths are proverbially false; but the laws can AMERICAN FARMER. not commit perjury. If the greatest criminality child is about to become chargeable to the coun-prejudices of society annex the same infamy to of seduction consist in the ruin of its victim, se-ty, in consequence of the poverty of its parents, libertinism in a man, as to incontinence in a duction is no longer a vice, except among the its care shall be committed to the Overseers of woman? Does a man forfeit all the respect and higher classes of society. Our legislatures have, the Poor, and upon their requisition, a tax shall good will of his neighbours and friends, is he hitherto, refrained from declaring prostitution be levied upon the county, for its support; and declared an outcast from society, and hunted among the lower classes of females, praisewor- for the support of the mother, also, as long from the company of his equals, because he is thy, but they have not hesitated to attach to it as her confinement may render her unable to not a very Joseph in his life? Or can a woman the reward of merit, by making it profitable.-work. The operation of this law, I will illus-still retain the esteem and affection of her asso Lest any mistrust of her enamoured hero's vows, trate by an instance which has actually occurred ciates, be admired, loved and courted by her felest any sordid fear of loss of bread, from the in a neighbouring county, and which, I dare say, male acquaintance, while she leads the life of a loss of character, should check the full tide of may be paralleled in every county in the state. Cleopatra? But grant that the disgrace is equalthe fair one's tenderness, or throw a chill on her In this case, the lover and his beloved were both ly great in the one as in the other-Is the indissolving heart, which pants to give a loose to poor. The maiden had obtained a comfortable convenience of losing a sum of money as great a all the joys of love; a grave, wise Senator ap- situation, in a decent family, but not having the preventive of crime, as the dread of starvation? pears, his countenance beaming with all the be fear of starvation before her eyes, and being in- And has not the law substituted the first for nignity of venerable worth, and signs a deed of stigated by the too-persuasive eloquence of some the last? It is evident that neither of the tersettlement, with the wealth of the whole state, Lothario, among the ploughboysas security, for the maintenance of herself and all the tender pledges of her generous passion. rors presented by the law can affect a rich man ; Is this an unfair representation of one branch of "Fierceness and pride, the guardians of her silence as long as concealment is desirable; or his wealth enables him to buy his paramour's the Poor Laws? Do they not pay a bounty, and honor, a high one too, on the production of bastards? "Were lulled to sleep, and love alone was wa-ble to the venial trespasses of the rich. A man And while our farmers are so feelingly and so if discovery is unavoidable, the world is charita justly complaining of the taxes they pay to sup- The consequence was, of course, a dismissal from apprehension of being obliged to pay about thirty king." in moderate circumstances cannot be much deport domestic manufactures, I cannot see why her service, and afterwards an application to the dollars a year, which is the charge generally this particular branch of them should be so much Overseers of the Poor. She could be maintained made by the Overseers of the Poor. But how terred from the pursuit of his desires, by the encouraged, as it has never been doubted that no where, during her teeming time, so cheaply are the poor them selves, those who have nothing quite enough would be produced, even without as at the Poor House, and to the Poor House to lose and all to gain, affected by the law? The the extraordinary inducement of a premium.- she was sent to await her delivery. When her man's situation is not at all altered, by in That the Poor Laws do so operate, is evident; for, child was born, no one could nurse it so well, or dulgence in a criminal intercourse; and the if a woman swears that a particular man is the at so little expense, as herself, and she was ac-woman, instead of running any risk of being father of her child, the law compels him to en- 'cordingly retained for that purpose. As soon as starved with her child, is fed and clothed better into bond, with sufficient security, in a sum the child was old enough to do without her nurs-ter, and provided with more comforts in her siat the discretion of the magistrates, to prevent ing, being a hearty young woman, she was dis- tuation than the honest wife of any day labourer. the child's becoming chargeable to the county. missed to seek her own support. But our modern She is thus enabled to live well by the profits of Suppose the seducer is rich, and a man of cha- Calista, however fair, seems to have been not crime; and may truly be said to labour in childracter, will any doubt of the security of his pro- much of a penitent, for, whether from long dis- birth since by such labour she earns her livelimises, any fear of being left destitute in a world, use, work had become irksome to her, or whe-hood. to whose respect she has forfeited all claim, pre-ther she had contracted an affection for the vent a woman from consenting to his wishes, company and manners of the Poor House, or was when she knows, that rather than have his cha-naturally one of those tender hearted damsels Laws, than upon their agency in producing idleracter exposed in a court of justice, he will sub-who are pained at refusing a favour it is in their ness and drunkenness, not because the effect was I have dwelt longer upon this effect of the Poor mit to almost any imposition? But suppose that power to grant; she very quickly provided her- less apparent than in those cases, but because its the libertine is not rich, and has little regard self with a title to re-admission into the Poor consequences are more permanent and more per] on this score, for his character, and that the House, where she now is, ready, no doubt, to nicious. When an honest, industrious man is woman knows this, and has no faith in his pro-repeat the same course; thus made, by law, a converted into a lazy vagabond or a drunkard, mises-still she has faith in the promises of the special breeder of citizens, and bidding fair, al- the state has lost one citizen, and (if he is not a law; she knows that the law will force him to though no Cornelia, to be the mother of many married man) has but one pauper to support, and pay a sufficient sum for the support of his child; a factious Gracchus. This last is the class of is relieved of the charge at his death. But when and that the Overseers of the Poor must give cases, in which the legislature have pledged the a young female is thus debauched, she becomes the money to some one to take care of the child. whole wealth of the state, for the performance an annual rent-charge on the produce of land in Who can they find to do this better, or at a less of "Lovers' Vows." And the remedy which ac- the county in which she lives, a charge, too, price than the mother? To her, therefore, it crues upon the breach of these covenants is which is increasing with almost every year, and is given. If she has other means of support, among the shortest and best in our whole sys- which cannot be terminated by her death; she this money is a positive and considerable income, tem of jurisprudence; for as soon as the debt having taken in her life certain and effecsince a mother, living at home, can maintain her is ascertained to be due, the amount is levied tual means of multiplying and perpetuating it. child for a much smaller sum than would in- upon the whole body of the people, and is col-But however indefensible this evident and diduce any other person to undertake the charge. lected with as much speed and certainty as the rect corruption of female virtue may be in a poIn these two cases, the law's encouragement to taxes which support the government. It will litical view, it is much more reprehensible in a vice is indirect, and its provisions may, upon not do to speak disrespectfully of laws or to call moral and religious aspect. And here I do not a superficial examination, be defended with legislative bodies by hard names, but if an indi- hesitate to call upon all those, whose mistaken some show of plausibility; since it may be pro-vidual were to give a deed of trust, upon his notions of charity and humanity have ranked per to make the seducer maintain his own off- whole estate, for a similar purpose, we should them among the foremost opponents of a prospring, and pay a penalty for his indulgence in not hesitate to hint at his connexion with Sir position to abolish the Poor Laws, to relinquish criminal pleasures. I shall, however, shew, pre- Pandarus of Troy. sently, reasons (in addition to those already stated) for believing that even in these cases, their opposition. If the arguments used in this the law does more harm than good. But where fended upon the ground that they prevent se- any good man, reconcile to his conscience the The laws upon this subject have been de- clusions to which they have led, are true; can letter and in my last, are just, and the conboth the parties are poor, the law's inducement duction by deterring men from making the at- longer toleration of laws tending to such misto the violation of moral principle is direct and tempt. These laws, then, are to operate like chievous results? Can he rest contented while he immediate in its operation: and is so far from all other laws for the prevention of crime, by ex-believes that his vote has sanctioned the increase possessing even the shadow of justice, that it citing fears of punishment. But they relieve the of intoxication and idleness? Will not his own makes the most moral and religious citizens in females from the fear of every thing but dis- mind reproach him with having removed one of the country, actually pay, out of their own pockets, grace, while they add to this fear no other ter- the most formidable barriers to the progress of the wages of prostitution; and compels the virtu- ror in the minds of men of property, extept seduction? And can he answer to himself and ous to become the purse-bearers of all those whose the loss of a moderate sum of money, and ab-to his country, for having smoothed the way to vicious inclinations might be restrained, by the solutely impose no penalty upon him who has the introduction of all the misery and vice which want of means to purchase the gratification of no property. Is the fear of disgrace on account invariably attend on female depravity? their licention desires. One of the provisions of a bastard child, likely to operate as powerfulof the Poor Laws directs, that whenever any ly on a man as on a woman? Do the present I remain yours, &c. LUCIUS. Extracts from the late numbers of the London and both parcels may grow equally free from dis- ary; and if they be founded on them, they can Farmers' Journal-received at the Office of the ease. It is only by attending to these minutia go but little way. The disease, by the black American Farmer. that any useful comparative modes can be es- powder, and by the odour, appears to be of the tablished, or any positive conclusions formed. nature of a fungus; but how the germ should ON SMUT.-BY THE EDITOR. It will unfortunately happen, notwithstanding get there, instead of a wheat kernel, we are quite We hope our readers will excuse the imper-all the little good we can do, or the reasonings incapable of conceiving. It is a fungus for anoinency (if it have that appearance) of our en-we are enabled to state from the experiments ther reason, for it is certainly a vegetable protering personally into this question; and moreo-of several of our correspondents as well as our duction of the cryptogamia class, inasmuch as it ver, that they will not impute to us any thought own, that farmers in general will follow their has no visible inflorescence: the germ is formed or intention of a dictorial nature. We come to the usual modes, although they be sometimes suc-before the ear is out of the sheath of the leaf; subject as Mr. Jemmett has done, considering cessful and sometimes not so. The greater part but it requires to be remarked, that there are ourselves in a state of tutorage, as we must al-make a brine to bear an egg; let fall their frequently kernels of wheat in smutty ears, and ways remain as to the natural history, or philo-wheat gently into it; skim it and stir it; then the germs of these put forth the anthers of the sophical inquiry into the origin and nature of add more wheat at several times, till the brine blossom: we may add, that these kernels find Smut. We have stated before, that the practi-covers the top only a few inches. The stirring nutriment to form gluten. But whatever decal question lies in a very small compass, and the and skimming of the last being finished, they gree of ignorance we herein labour under, we results, in this view, are highly satisfactory and run off the brine, take out the wheat and lime have abundant consolation in all other branches useful to cultivators: we have stated also, that it on the floor (not always, with fresh lime); of physiology and pathology, animal and vegethere are certainly some anamolies, and we have the whole process for eight bushels of wheat table; and we sincerely hope that the prevengiven, at sundry times, some probable reasons for not occupying more than an hour. Others wash tion of smut will not be made to appear less them; such reasons as must necessarily be ad- their wheat in water, or in soap suds; some probable and satisfactory to practical farmers, mitted, unless better can be produced by those wet it on a floor, and put salt to it, some wet on by all the ingenious and uncertain reasonings who must otherwise deny all the facts which a floor with old chamberlye; and some dilute and conjectures that can be devised. have been so many times proved by express ex- the latter and put the wheat in it. The addiperiments. In addition to these facts, we have tions of arsenic, vitriol, and copperas, we need ON THE COMPARATIVE MERITS OF now another to record, which we have learned not mention, as they are more modern; they by recent communication with Mr. Ely, an Ame-are used either by immersion, or as pickle on a rican gentlemen, who has just been making the floor, and sometimes after wheat has been brined. tour of these islands. In the North, he visited We are wholly faithless as to any good they do Mr. Falla, who has this season tried a very use-to the vegetation of the grain, except it be in THE IMPROVED SHORT-HORNS AND SIR, Horsford Hall, near Leeds, Sept 26, 1822. ful experiment on the prevention of Smut. We sheediness, which may be more injurious than I HAVE for a long time had an anxious wish to can state it but imperfectly, by recollection, useful. Now all the above have been followed examine the question which has so much occufrom Mr. Ely's notes, but the main facts are with clean crops, and have partially failed; but pied the minds of agriculturists-Whether the sufficient for our purpose. Mr. Falla, along with it cannot hence be deduced with certainty, that preference is to be given to the best Hereford Cathis experiments in Spade Husbandry, this year when they have succeeded it was owing to the tle or to the Improved Short-Horns? sowed five short drills of wheat, the seed be-perfection of the pickle, nor when they have For this purpose, I last year made a tour into the ing smutty, and differently prepared, No. 1 was failed that it was a proof of a deleterious sea- north of England, and am now just returned from brined (and we suppose stirred and skimmed, son. In all seasons, some have failed, and some a similar journey of five hundred miles through then rinced in chamberlye, and dried in quick have succeeded; because some persons have Herefordshire and the adjoining counties. Nolime. No. 2 was pickled with (we believe) sul-used sound and superior seed, and others have thing short of a personal examination of the aniphate of copper; dried in quick lime. Two used smutted seed without being aware, and but mals in their respective districts, and in their other rows were variously pickled, and one row slightly prepared as above. Of all the modes natural state, could give me the means of formwas sowed without any preparation. The first stated above, the first, though the oldest, is ing an opinion satisfactory to myself; whether it row was quite free from smut; the second row certainly the best, and it wants nothing added may be satisfactory to your readers may, perhad a few smutty heads; the other two we do but leaving the wheat in the brine twelve hours. haps be doubted; but if I give it with imparnot correctly remember; but the row sowed dry The rest may be all dispensed with, excepting tiality, it will, I hope, receive candid attention, had nearly one third of smutty ears. Mr. Ely saw as the cheapness of the steep may be an object; and not to be commented upon with too great the experiment. taking notice also in this case, that the wheat severity. The whole of this experiment, and every other shew bold and level, and does not need skimming. The animals designated by the title Improved which has been purposely and properly made, is We do not mean to deny but that some sea- Short-horns are few in number, and they are favourable to brining, pickling, washing, stir-sons are attended with smut more than others; widely diffused, as they have obtained high priring, skimming, and cleansing of every sort. One but it does not therefore follow, that Nature ces, and have been carried into various places to mode may be something better than another, but mocks our toils, and confounds our reasoning and ornament many stocks. They have soft, silky, they are generally useful. We cannot yet believe our experiments. There is no reason for such and mossy hair, and are very rich and mellow that either arsenic, sulphate or copper, urine, an assertion, unless we could shew that the seed-handlers; handsome and gay in colour; elegant or any thing else, will, by the touch, prevent the corn used was generally sound and good, or that, in shape, large frames on very short and small disease; clean crops may be followed in these if not so, it was adequately brined and steeped, bone; level and complete in all their points, and cases where the seed was sound, but let those or otherwise steeped in such a manner as has take on fat rapidly. They give a moderate who mean to try useful experiments on prevent-been shewn by experiment to be always success-quantity of milk, and do not propagate freely ; ing smut, take wheat which they know to be ful. As no man can presume to say that he they attain maturity at a very early period of smutted, or the conclusion is nothing. knows the first, or can suppose or believe the life, and on this account, as well as from the ex In the letter of Mr. Jemmett, there is a strong other, so no man of truly philosophical and libe-treme laziness of their dispositions, they are corroboration of the utility of steeping; and, by ral mind can assert that nature is so capricious, quite unfit for any labour. practical inference, the brining, because the and art and industry so ineffectual, as to leave The Herefords are more equal as a class than slowness of the operation, if well performed, and the farmer without security for the cleanliness of the improved Short-horns. Their offal is equalthe much stirring that should be given, washes his crops, and nothing but a blind and foolish ly fine, many of them handle well, and have a and cleanses (beside the skimming,) and often hope in preparation that can be made. very good quality of meat. They give very little leaves the wheat in the tub several hours, even We have expressed this the more strongly, milk, but breed well, and are hardy and healthy. when steeping is not intended. Thus among se- because we hope that that dispute about smut Their colour is not attractive, their dispositions veral experiments tried with smutty wheat, pro-is drawing to a close. We confine ourselves to are much less placid, their skins thicker and more perly brining, and skimming, will succeed bet-the practical question, and do not wish to enlarge terse; they, therefore, take on fat less freely, ter than any mode of picking the wheat on a or lead further into the speculation started by especially at an early age. They do not attain foor, or of dipping it in pickle by means of a Mr. J. The supposition that the diseased plants so great a stature in the same number of months, basket. If of smutty wheat moderately dressed, cannot find aliment to form gluten, is wholly and have never at any period, but particularly in you make two parcels, take one parcel and dress destructive of the utility of preparation, and youth, that perfect symmetry which distinguishby reeing, and separate all light kernels, smut could only be caused by poverty of soil.es the Short-horns. Their hind quarters are mut-balls, &c., then take the other and swim it The truth is, that philosophical reasonings, ap-very frequently coarse and short; their rumps In a good brine, and skim it, and steep it in the plied to this subject, are extremely difficult and low, their heads fleshy and heavy, and their brine: lastly, take the first parcel and pickle it unsatisfactory; when they contradict the facts breasts scanty and defective; but their shoulders in sulphate of copper, letting it lie an equal time, that are established, they must be wholly vision- are almost uniformly fine; their neck veins full, FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER. MANUFACTURE OF CASTOR OIL. MR. SKINNER, Having seen several inquiries in your valuable paper, concerning the manner of making Cold Pressed Castor Oil, to which no answer has been salt 80 to 90 cts. per bush.-Coarse, do. 62Butter, 22 to 25 per lb-Eggs, 25 cts. per doz. -Turkeys, 624 cts. to $1-Geese, 28 to 37 cts.-Chickens, $1 50 per doz.-Straw, $10 per ton-Hay, $17. Maryland Tobacco-of the fine qualities, none in the market-Good Patuxent, $6 to 8, scarce Inferior, 82 to 5, plenty and dull-seconds, g 25 to 5-Very little doing in the market. their flanks in some few instances good, and their an hour's sleep, or undergo any soreness or to 5 50 per clb. 6 to 8 cts. per lb.-Mutton, twists generally excellent. I found a vast num fatigue. These circumstances show too, how to 6 cts. per lb.-Beans, $1 25 to 137-Peas, ber with flat sides, very few with wide hips, and suitable is the vicinity of Baltimore-in the cen-black eyed, 55 to 60 cts.-Clover seed, $9 to 10the hair of almost all was very short and harsh. tre of the Union, for great Agricultural Im-Timothy seed, 4 to $5-Flax seed, 75 to 80 These, Sir, appear to me, upon a careful ex-plement and Seed Establishments, Cattle Shows, cts.-Whiskey, from the wagons, 30 to 34 cts. amination, to be the distinctions between the two &c. &c.; and for the publication of a NATION- per gal.-Apple brandy, 30 to 32 cts.-Peach do., we 65 to 70 cts.-Shad, none in market-Herrings, rival breeds. I need scarcely add that I think AL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE,-and such there is a decided superiority in the Short-horns. have endeavoured to make-the AMERICAN No. 1, $3 62 per bbl.-No. 2, $3 37-Fine I have every reason to believe that on the FARMER.-Edit. Am. Far. same food, and in the same relative circumstances, the Short-horns would be as good at two years old, as the Herefords are at three. If, however, half a dozen of each were committed to the care of the same person, and brought up precisely in the same manner, the result would be highly interesting; and if they were brought up here, I would give the Herefords their food for nothing, if they were the conquerors. I am well aware that without such a trial, there given, I am induced to make the following AGENTS FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER will continue to be a great difference of opinion communication: Complete sets of the first, second and third The direction of the Edinburgh Dispensatory, on this question; but as my object is truth and usefulness, and not fallacy and controversy, Iis, to deprive the seed of their shell, (which vols. of the "AMERICAN FARMER," new and cor rected Editions, can be had of the following Der. submit my remarks with every deference, to the must be useless,) bruise them, put them into a judgment of your readers, not being at all anxious hempen bag and express the oil by means of a sons; price of which, bound, $5 per vol. or $ to enter into any defence of the opinion I have cold press, in the same manner as linseed oil. Not having seen an oil press, I am unable to M. CAREY & SONS and E. LITTELL, Phi formed, if it can be proved to be erroneous, as ladelphia. I had no other wish to gratify, or purpose to direct how it should be constructed, but suppose', W. A. COLMAN, New-York. it very simple. serve, in making this laborious and extended survey of the two breeds, and in now informing you Why there should be so great a preference WELLS & LILLEY, Boston. the result, than a desire to promote the interest given to the cold pressed oil, I do not know. PETER COTTOM, Richmond, Va. of agriculture. Many families in my neighbourhood, prepare it, E. THAYER, Charleston, S. C. JOSEPH GALES, Raleigh, N. C. In the mean time, till the experiment is fairly for their own use, by decoction; and, on compaThe fourth volume, now publishing, can be tried, I must remind your readers that the com-rison, I have found it no more nauseous than the parison is not between the excellent breed of other. I have seen it two years old, without hav- forwarded to any part of the United States, Herefordshire and the wretched cattle with short-ing become at all rancid, and the bottom of the application being made, by letter or otherwise, to J. S. SKINNER, Baltimore. horns, which find their way, very undeservedly, bottle entirely clear from that cloudiness, which into many parts of the south, but between the is observable in cold pressed oil of the same best Herefords and that select and valuable breed age. to which the name of Improved Short-horns ought to be exclusively applied. I am, your's, very respectfully, Washington, Dec. 14. A CHALLENGE. in Sheets : VERY CHEAP ELK-RIDGE LAND FOR excellen To make it-bruise the seed, inclose them in a coarse bag, put this in a pot of water, and boil as Four hundred and trwenty-five acres, situate ons long as any oil arises, which must be skimmed off fourth of a mile South from the Washington turn and put into another pot, placed conveniently, pike, eleven miles from Baltimore, and one from to which apply a moderate heat, to evaporate Waterloo Tavern. A laboured description is un the water taken off along with it, taking care not necessary. We will just observe that the ten to over heat the oil, which may easily happen ant says he made with four hands, this bad sea after all the water has been evaporated. son, two hundred barrels corn, say five barrel It is said the seed afford one fourth their weight to the acre, together with a fair proportion o A VIRGINIAN proposes a wager of five hundred dollars, that he will exhibit at the Mary-of oil; if so, their culture must be very profita Hay, Oats, &c. &c. There is a very tolerabl land Cattle Show, which may be held near Bal-ble at the present price of the article. Its va- Dwelling, five rooms on the first floor, a larg timore in the year 1824, a native Bullock of lue must depreciate very much, when its domes- Tobacco House, new; and other out house Virginia, of greater nett weight than any that tic preparation becomes more common, and this The fruit, peaches particularly, can be exhibited at the same time and place, by is only prevented by the unjust preference given mostly from Mr. Cromwells' orchard, and se the cold pressed oil, which cannot be so conve- lected elsewhere. Some fine grafted cherrie any NEW YORKER, whose Bullock shall be a and apples, &c. &c. Garden well stocked wit native of that State. The address of the Vin- niently made in every family. When the seed are freed from the shell and every kind of choice fruit. The land kindly ginian is left with J. S. Skinner, Esq. Editor of white skin, that covers them, and made into an the American Farmer, Baltimore, through whom health. To an Eastern Shore-man, it would b the preliminaries may be adjusted, should this emulsion, they operate in the same dose, as mild-plaster. The country excelled no where fo offer be accepted at any time previous to the firstly and effectually as the oil. For every pur- a truly delightful exchange; in short, it is abs pose, the fresh seed only should be used; those lutely the cheapest land that is, or will be in th day of March next. which are old are acrid, and unpleasant in their market. Apply to John W. Berry, Baltimore| Mr. Sullivan, adjoining the premises-to Mr. If you think these remarks would do any be-G. Proud, or at Merrel's Tavern. nefit to the public, you can publish them; though I should be very glad if the necessity could be done away, by the subject being taken up by some one better able to do it justice. Your's, &c. Charlotte Co., Va., Dec. 10th. It is worth remark that every facility is in this case offered to New York, over Virginia, in having water carriage the whole distance to Baltimore; whereas the Virginia Bullock must travel by land.-Editors Nat. Intel. operation. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 20, 1822. F. It is worthy of observation as illustrating the progress of Internal Improvements, and the facilities of transportation, that, should the above challenge be accepted by a Grazier residing in the Western parts of the State of New York, his bullock might be brought to Baltimore with more ease and despatch than the Virginian's, from a distance of near two hundred miles. A PRICES CURRENT.-CORRECTED WEEKLY. fat heavy bullock coming by land, will not tra- Flour, best white wheat, $7 25-Howard st. vel more than five miles per day-whereas the Superfine, $6 87-Wharf, do. 6 12-Wheat, New Yorker would put his in a canal boat, and white, $1 35 to 1 40-Red do., $1 27 to 1 30bring him to Albany-thence to New York in Rye, 70 to 72 cents-Corn, 60 to 63 cts.the Steam boat-thence to Norfolk in the steam Oats, 35 to 37 cents- Beef, live cattle, $5 brig, and thence to Baltimore in another steam boat to 5 50 per cwt.-Beef, 8 to 10 cents per lb. so that his bullock need not lose a meal, nor-Bacon, round, 10 to 11 cts.-Pork $4 50 December, 1822. PATRICK NEVILLE, Now in the service of the Editor of this pa per, on his farm, wishes to make an engagemer | as an overseer, for the next year. His preser employer will answer any enquiries, as to h character and qualifications. Printed every Friday at $4 per annum, for Jon S.SKINNER, Editor, by JosEPH ROBINSON, at th North West corner of Market and Belvidere streets, Baltimore; where every description Book and Job printing is executed with neatnes and despatch-Orders from a distance for Bind ing, with proper directions, promptly attende to, addressed to J. Robinson, Baltimore. . No. 40.-VOL. 4. AMERICAN FARMER.-BALTIMORE, 27th DECEMBER, 1822. THE NAVY.-The attention of its officers to the DEAR SIR, Gibraltar, 16th Sept. 1822. 313 and have, no where, heard of so much as in our "Horse, long legs, light bodies and slight fleece.s 2dly. Those from Algiers, of somewhat les country, except at Genoa, where a good cow gives about fourteen quarts per day, and in Tus-“ stature and better form and size-and 3dly cany from fourteen to sixteen. (i.) I intend to" Those from Tunis, of low stature, round bocarry home several of the Spanish hogs, and some" dies, full fleeces, of good quality, hardy, thrifty, of the sweet acorns on which they are principal-" always fat, and of high flavoured flesh. It ly fed. I believe the tree will grow well in Ma-" must have been of these last that Gen. Eaton I have received your's of the 16th and 23d of ryland and Virginia. They are a small oak about" brought to this country. I received, myself, a July, and am pleased at your determination re-the size of a large peach tree, and bear very "ram and ewe, brought in one of our vessels specting the Andalusian Horse and Mare; (a.) abundantly every year. I have seen no domes-" from Tunis direct; but the ewe would never not that it would have been the least disagreea- tic fowls equal to those we have, and though I have" breed; her massive tail never admitting the ble to me, to have carried them to you, but from often been at Malta, I never saw or heard that" commerce of the ram. I have bred from the the belief, since the examination I have made their geese and ducks were better than those else-❝ram, in and in, for ten years past, with a difof this race of animals, that the best that could be where, (k.) but should I return there, which I" ferent race, and have found that when a ewe had here, would be but little valued in the U. hope to do, I will ascertain the truth. There is" gets to be about 7-8ths pure blood, the same States. I did not see, from Cadiz to Seville, a promised me some hares and red bill partridges; " obstacle becomes so enlarged as to prevent horse, which, in our country, would bring $200; the large pigeon of Barbary we have on board." procreation." It was to this letter, that we nor a mare which could be sold at $50. We shall Of grass seeds I shall get none-clover only is wished to call the attention of Com. Jones. The sail soon for Tunis, where I will inform myself sowed where I have been. of the habits, &c. of the broad-tail sheep, and if any are of finer wool, I will procure a few. I am very sorry at not being able to see the letter of Respectfully yours, JACOB JONES. Mr. Jefferson, (b.) which you refer to the pa- Explanations of, and notes on the preceding let- I ter, by the Editor of the American Farmer. facts are somewhat inexplicable. About 12 months past, the Editor received from Com. Jones and Capt. Booth, a pair of sheep which answer in form and character to the "TUNIS MOUNTAIN-BROAD-TAIL" Sheep, described by Judge Peters, as the best of that race, and to the (a.) The Agricultural Society of Albemarle, engraving of them in the Memoirs of the PhiladelI am informed that the best Jacks, any where Virginia, impressed with a belief that the Horses phia Agricultural Society, with the exception of on the coast of the Mediterranean, are at the of that state would be much improved by the in-being, undoubtedly, coarser in the fleece than our Island of Majorca, (c.) from whence I intend to troduction of the ANDALUSIAN Stallion from common sheep. The ewe has been seen to yield take a Jack and Jenny to our country. Should nothing occur to prevent our going to Malta, Spain, and aware that one could not be obtained willingly to the ram's essays to embrace her, without special permission from the King-that but it is believed his attempts, have been so far, will bring you, from thence, a Jenny, to pair difficulty was overcome through the agency of defeated, as they have been fruitless. Yet, how with your Jack. (d.) In visiting the farms at Mr. Madison, who procured the license; but it is it that the race is perpetuated in their native Minorca, with Mr. Ladio, our consul, who has several of his own, and bestows much attention. ferred it to the Editor of this paper, for whom R. was never used until 1819, when the Society trans-country? The subject is worthy of more extended obto farming, I saw two extraordinarily fine mules, Oliver, Esq. placed a credit in Spain to the a-servation, and we are only surprised, that facts and on asking him if I could see the Jack that mount of whatever sum might be necessary to so extraordinary, should not have attracted the was their sire, he pointed to a small Jenny that was in the field with them, and assured me that procure a PAIR of that breed of Horses-in or-more particular attention of professed naturalder that the breed, if as valuable as was repreists. they were the offspring of her and the horse in sented, might be perpetuated in this country.- (c.) It was here that the fine Jack, Don Carthe adjoining lot, a slender formed animal and These documents were all put into the hands of los, was procured, which was lately sold by Purnot exceeding 15 hands. He also said that all Commodore Jones, who offered, most politely and ser S. Hambleton to Henry S. Turner, Esq. of their best mules are from the horse and jenny, promptly, to execute the views of the Virginia Jefferson County, Va. and which took an honoand that they are more docile than those from Society-soon after, the Editor opened a corres-rary premium at the last Maryland Cattle Show. the Jack, (e.) I am assured by those whose in-pondence, which has proved to him highly va- (d.) The history of this very superior animal, formation is most to be trusted, that an Arabian luable and interesting, with a connoisseur of speaks nothing to the credit or discernment of horse is not to be found this side of Egypt (f) great taste in New York, Charles H. Hall, Esq. the landholders in Maryland. Sancho was brought and the best Barbs are to be had in Morocco, but on the subject of domestic animals generally, and from the Mediterranean by the late Capt. Gorthe price is from 600 to $1000, besides a high duty especially the Horse. Mr. Hall had himself don-was badly kept and estimated on the Easfor exportation. I have not seen any of the Maho-been concerned in the importation of several tern Shore of Maryland. The Editor hearing of gany cattle, (g.) such as you mention. The horses of this particular race, and his views and him, gave $500 for him, and placed him on his cattle that I have seen in Spain, appear to be no-opinions, founded on personal knowledge and ob-Stock Farm. He was offered to the public use, thing superior to ours; nor have I seen any where servation, were altogether so pointedly unfa- at the low rate of $8 per mare, was travelled on the coasts of the Mediterranean, any that appear vorable and discouraging, and his reasoning so from one neighbourhood to another, and not better than those in America; except a race of conclusive, that we determined to present them more than eight mares were offered for his serwhite cattle at Naples, used for the draught. Ito Commodore Jones, and to countermand the or- vices!! He was one of the best Jacks ever seen was informed by a gentleman, who, in supplying der, believing that we should not be justified in in Maryland, and was again sold for what he the government with timber, had used thirty investing so large a sum of money-and in tres-cost, to Mr. Bell, of North Carolina. Such is yoke of them for two years, that during that passing on the civility of a gallant officer, to pro- the unaccountable subserviency of Farmers, to time, they had constantly travelled from twenty cure an object so little likely to meet the expec- the grossest prejudices. to twenty-five miles a day, excepting Sundays tations of our friends in Virginia; or to afford an (e.) This is contrary to the assertion of Bufand the holidays-the place from whence he equivalent benefit to the country. It seems that fon, who says, the Bardeau, the name given to drew the timber, being from forty to fifty miles Com. Jones fully approves this determination--the animal procreated between the Horse and distant from Naples. He said they were the off confirming what had been predicted by Mr. the Ass, is much smaller than the mule, and spring of the Spanish Bull and Hungarian Cow, Hall, and this explanation is now made, not so seems to preserve the dimensions of its mother, or the Hungarian Bull and Spanish Cow. They so much to gratify an interest, which may be and the mule retains the dimensions of the mare. are generally fifteen hands high, their bodies taken in it by our readers in general, as to make Hence, he says, that in mixed species the size of long, thin and deep-legs long-a small light record of the course we have pursued, for the the body appears to depend more on the mother head, a sharp muzzle, resembling the deer-colour satisfaction of the Albemarle Agricultural So-than on the father. In the American Farmer, entirely white, except a black nose, ears, and ciety, and especially the Committee of it; to whom vol. 3, page 108, we published the most satisfacthe tuft of the tail. They are most frequently the object was particularly entrusted, and by tory paper we have ever seen on the "FORM OF worked in the thills of a cart, and are spirited whom the trust was transferred to the Editor of DOMESTIC ANIMALS," and the principles of improand walk as quick as a horse, and appeared not the Farmer. ving them, by Henry Cline, Esq. an eminent Surto suffer from heat, more than a horse. (h.) (b.) This is in reference to Mr. Jefferson's geon of London. He maintains that experience has i would have bought a bull and a cow, had we have letter, page 320, vol. 3d. American Farmer-proved that crossing, has only succeeded, in an been returning down the Mediterranean, but wherein he says of these sheep-" It is to be eminent degree, in those instances, in which the to have taken them to Smyrna and the Archi- observed that there are different races of them, females were larger than in the usual proporpelago, would have caused too much trouble and very distinct and very different in merit.-tions of females to males, and that it has usually expense. I have inquired, whenever opportu "Three of these have fallen under my obser- failed, when the males were disproportionally nities of obtaining correct information have oc-vation:-1st. Those from the Cape of Good large. For instance, if a well formed large ram curred, the quantity of milk given by their cows," Hope, with tails turned up like that of a nicked be put to ewes proportionally smaller, the lambs |