sia.

AMERICAN FARMER.

HEMP-its cultivation ought to be encouraged; PROPAGATION AND remarks on wretting it, so as to rival the Rus- IV. VEGETABLES AND HERBS. CULTIVATION IN GENERAL. [lected elsewhere. VERSAILLES, Ken. March 18th, 1822. PROPAGATION, PLANTING, CULTIVATION. V. FRUITS and apples, &c. &c. Sir-In this country there is a strong senti- TAL GARDENING IN GENERAL. Some fine grafted cherries FLOWERS. OF FLOWERS, AND OF ORNAMEN-plaster. The country excelled no where for ment in favour of increasing the tariff and encouVI. every kind of choice fruit. The land kindly to Garden well stocked with raging domestic manufactures, but discovering siderable space in several subsequent numbers-lutely the cheapest land that is, or will be in the Although this little volume will occupy a con-a truly delightful exchange; in short, it is absothe nation much divided as to the policy of the we venture to risk our judgment, on the assu-market.-Apply to John W. Berry, Baltimorehealth. To an Eastern Shore-man, it would be measure, we are willing to submit to the will of rance that our subscribers will consider them- Mr. Sullivan, adjoining the premises to Mr. J. the majority. Yet there is one of the staples of selves amply remunerated. the Western and Southern States, which could be increased to almost any extent, and for the greater of the year, as being well suited to the introducWe have had an eye to this particular season production of which I feel much anxiety, to wit:tion of the subject. G. Proud, or at Merrel's Tavern. Hemp. We are certainly guilty of great folly December, 1822.

in suffering our market to be supplied with Rus- PRICES CURRENT.-CORRECTED WEEKLY. sia Hemp, when it is in our power to furnish it of a better quality, and at least $100 in the ton Superfine, $6 873-Wharf, do. 6 12-Wheat, derick, in this state. It contains five hundred AUBURN FOR SALE. lower than that of Russia. We should act as in-white, $1 35 to 1 40-Red do., $1 27 to 1 30-and seventy acres, two hundred of which are Flour, best white wheat, $7 25-Howard st. FARM, situated about twelve miles north of FreThe subscriber will sell the above valuable consistently with our interests were we to encou- Rye, 70 to 72 cents-Corn, 58 to 60 cts.-mountain land, heavily wooded, the rest is well rage the importation of foreign Cotton, Tobac-Oats, 35 to 37 cents- Beef, live cattle, $5 adapted to grain and grass; the latter in particuco and Flour, as we do by favoring that of Hemp. to 6 per cwt.-Beef, 8 to 10 cents per Ib. lar. COTOCTON FURNACE adjoins the Farm, and For several years I turned my attention to the-Bacon, round, 10 raising of Hemp, and succeeded very well in it; to 4 75 per cwt.-6 to 8 cts. per lb.-Mutton, 5 scription. but being in the possession of a considerable tract to 6 cts. per lb.-Beans, $1 25 to 137-Peas, of land well adapted to grazing, and finding that black eyed, 55 to 60 cts.-Clover seed, 9 to $10-DWELLING HOUSE, rough cast, pure white, to 11 cts.-Pork $4 50 affords a good market for produce of every deto extend the raising of Hemp, so as to make it Timothy seed, 4 to $5-Flax seed, 75 to 80 two stories high, with a wing attached, and exan object, in my situation, would require an in- cts.-Whiskey, from the wagons, 30 to 33 cts. tending with said wing 100 feet in front. A Grist crease of a description of labourers that I was per gal.-Apple brandy, 30 to 32 cts.-Peach do., Mill, with two run of stones, a Saw Mill, and a The buildings are a large and elegant stone unwilling to be taxed with, I declined the culture 65 to 70 cts.-Shad, none in market-Herrings, complete Stone Distillery, in which twenty thou of it as a leading crop, and turned my attention No. 1, $3 62 per bbl.-No. 2, $3 37-Fine sand gallons of whiskey can be made annually with chiefly to grazing. But whilst I was engaged in salt 80 to 90 cts. per bush.-Coarse, do. 62-ease. raising Hemp, I discovered that by securing a crop Butter, 25 to 314 per lb -Eggs, 25 cts. per doz. large beef stable, and a comfortable Log House well, and keeping it one year, and then spread-Turkeys, 623 cts. to $1-Geese, 37 to 621 for the distiller's residence, have been lately ing it out to wret, in the usual way, I gave to it all cts.-Chickens, $1 50 per doz.-Straw, $11 to 12 erected. A Store House, Corn House, Smith's the qualities of the water wretted Hemp; the Commodious and extensive hog pens, a colour was even fairer than that of the Russia, the staple stronger, and it was entirely clear of in the market-Good Patuxent, $6 to 8, scarce will be found on this estate. With respect to per ton-Hay, $17. the outer scale or bark, which prevents its ab-Inferior, $2 to 5, plenty and dull-seconds, $1 fences, water courses, &c. it is deemed unneMaryland Tobacco-of the fine qualities, none that can be of service to the farmer or distiller, sorbing the quantity of tar necessary to its pre-25 to 5-Very little doing in the market. Shop, a large Barn, and in short, every building

PATRICK NEVILLE,

cessary to give any account, as persons disposed be offered for rent, either altogether, or the to purchase, will doubtless view the property, and judge for themselves: The owner wishing to remove to Baltimore, will dispose of this pronot sold before the first of January, it will then Farm, Mills and Distillery separately.

servation. I communicated this information to my acquaintances, and found that whenever Hemp had been kept by them over the year, the result was uniformly the same. The best way is to stack it in ricks of convenient size; when year. His present employer will answer any which I have found to preserve a crop of Hemp, per, wishes to make an engagement for the next perty at a price much below its value. If it is Now in the service of the Editor of this pathese are as high as they can be handily made, enquiries as to his character and qualifications. project the last course or two 12 or 18 inches over the sides, so as to form eaves, then top them off with rye or wheat straw, very securely. Straw which has been trodden out, I have found the THE SUBSCRIBER most suitable. I intend raising a small crop in king, offers for sale his balance of stock, on the this way, and I will send it round to the Navy most moderate terms, consisting of Wire Sieves, Having declined Agricultural Implement maBoard, as a sample. Seed, Clover Seed, and Meal; also Wove Wire for Window Screens, and Wire Safes.-He for Coffee, Cockle, Corn, Wheat, Oats, Flax has also for sale a YOUNG TEESWATER Creek, near Georgetown and Washington, D. C. At the Nursery of the Subscriber, on Rock BULL, BY BERGAMI, formerly the proper-rican HEDGING THORN, almost universally ty of John S. Skinner, Esq.-A line addressed 500,000 Quicks of the Virginia, or Mains Ameto the Subscriber will be attended to.

Should you deem these remarks worthy of a place in your American Farmer, you are at liberty to publish them. dient servant, With respect, your obe

J. S. SKINNER, Eso.

NATHL. HART.

THE FARMER.

P. S. In answer to some gentleman, respecting
J. GRAFFLIN.
a machine for grinding Corn and Cob-I shall
answer them as soon as an experiment now ma-
king proves satisfactory.

For further particulars, apply to Messrs. Geo Grundy and Sons, No. 3, North Charles street or to the subscriber, living on the premises. BAKER JOHNSON. FOR SALE

adopted for live fences, in every part of the
United States; they can be packed in boxes
or mats, so as to be sent with perfect safety, at
a small expense, to any part of the
Price $5 per thousand. Persons taking a large
country.
quantity, can be supplied at $4.
ALSO,

BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 13, 1822. During the last year, and since his return to England-COBBETT published a small work entitled the AMERICAN GARDENER, which VERY CHEAP ELKRIDGE LAND FOR we find to be extremely plain, practical, and useful-insomuch that we have determin- fourth of a mile South from the Washington turn-al Trees, Flowering shrubs, and Grapes, forSALE. ed to have the necessary engravings made, and pike, eleven miles from Baltimore, and one from eign and domestic. Catalogues, with prices afFour hundred and twenty-five acres, situate one of Garden and Green-House Fruit, OrnamentApple, Pear, Peach, Nectarine, Plumb, and Cherry-trees, with a great variety to copy the whole work. The reader will find Waterloo Tavern. A laboured description is un- fixed, can be had by application to the subscriApricot, the commencement of it in this number, and necessary. We will just observe that the ten-ber. will there find that the lucid manner of treat-ant says he made with four hands, this bad seaing his subject, in which the author excels, is son, two hundred bushels corn, say five barrels referring to some one near who will become preserved in the present case. The whole treatise is divided into six Chap-Hay, Oats, &c. &c. There is a very tolerable ters, under the following heads-I. ON THE SI- Dwelling, five rooms on the first floor, a large to the acre, together with a fair proportion of All orders from a distance, inclosing cash, or TUATION SOIL-FENCING, AND LAYING OUT OF Tobacco House, new; and other out houses. GARDENS. II. ON THE MAKING AND MANAGING The fruit, peaches particularly, excellent responsible for the payment, will meet with OF HOT BEDS, AND GREEN HOUSES. III. ON mostly from Mr. Cromwells' orchard, and seprompt attention. JOSHUA PEIRCE.

PUBLISHED BY JOHN S. SKINNER.

good high fence, you can have peas, lettuce, they are taken from that situation and planted radishes, and many other things, full ten days very thick in rows, in a nursery, where they earlier in the spring, than you can have them in stand a year, or two, if not wanted the first the unsheltered ground. Indeed, this is a capi-year. Then they are ready to be planted to beOr a Treatise on the Situation, Soil, Fencing tal consideration; for you have, by this means, come a hedge. In England there are two ways and Laying-Out of Gardens; on the making and Managing of Hot Beds and Green-Hous-ten days more of spring than you could have of planting a hedge, as to position of ground. One on a bank, with a ditch on the side: the es; and on the Propagation and Cultivation 35. The shade, during the summer, is also other on the level ground. The latter is that, of of the several sorts of Vegetables, Herbs, valuable. Peas will thrive in the shade long which I have now to speak. Fruits and Flowers.-BY WILLIAM COB-after they will no longer produce in the sun. 41. The ground for the Garden being prepared, Currant trees and Goosberry trees will not do in the manner before described under the head well in this climate unless they be in the shade. of Soil, you take up your quick-set plants, prune Raspberries also are best in the shade; and, their roots to within four inches of the part that during the heat of summer, lettuce, radishes, was at the top of the ground; or, in other words, 30. Here, as in the case of Situation, am and many other things thrive best in the shade. leave the root but four inches long, taking care supposing the garden about to be made. Those 36. It will be seen presently, when I come to to cut away all the fibres, for they always die; who already have gardens, have fences. They may improve them, indeed, upon my plan; but, speak of the form of a garden, that I have fixed and they do harm if they be left. Make the I am supposing the case of a new garden; and, on an Oblong Square, twice as long as it is ground very fine and nice all round the edges of I am also supposing a garden to be made in wide. This gives me a long fence on the North the piece intended for the garden. Work it well side and also on the South side. The former gives with a spade and make it very fine, which will what I deem perfection. Those who cannot, me a fine, warm extensive border in the spring, demand but very little labour. Then place a from whatever circumstance, attain to this per- and the latter a border equally extensive and as line along very truly: for, mind, you are planting fection, may, nevertheless, profit from these in-cool as I can get it, in the heat of summer. Of for generations to come! Take the spade, put the various benefits of this shelter and this shade the edge of it against the line; drive it down 31. The fence of a garden is an important I shall, of course, speak fully, when I come to eight or ten inches deep; pull the eye of the matter; for, we have to view it not only as treat of the cultivation of the several plants. spade towards you, and thus you make, all along giving protection against intruders, two-legged as At present I shall confine myself to the sort of a little open cut to receive the roots of the plants, well as four-legged, but as affording shelter in fence that I would recommend. which you will then put into the cut, very upcold weather and shade in hot, in both which 37. I am aware of the difficulty of over-right, and then put the earth against them with respects a fence may be made of great utility coming long habit, and of introducing any thing your hand, taking care not to plant them deeper in an American Garden, where cold and heat that is new. Yet, amongst a sensible people, in the ground than they stood before you took are experienced in an extreme degree. such as those, for whose use this work is intended, them up from the nursery. The distance be

structions as far as circumstances will allow.

32. In England the kitchen-gardens of gen-one need not be afraid of ultimate success; and tween each plant is twelve inches. When this tlemen are enclosed with walls from ten to six-I, above all men, ought not to entertain such line is done, plant another line all the way along teen feet high; but this, though it is useful, and fear, after what I have seen with regard to the by the side of it, and at six inches from it, in indeed necessary, in the way of protection Ruta Baga. The people of this country listen exactly the same manner; but, mind, in this seagainst two-legged intruders, is intended chiefly patiently; and, if they be not in haste to decide, cond line, the plants are not to stand opposite the to afford the means of raising the fruit of Peaches, they generally decide wisely at last. Besides, it plants in the first line, but opposite the middles Nectarines, Apricots, and Vines, which cannot, is obvious to every one, that the lands, in the of the intervals. When both lines are planted, in England, be brought to perfection without populous parts of the country, must be provided tread gently between them and also on the outwalls to train them against; for, though the with a different sort of fence from that which is sides of them, and then hoe the ground a little, trees will all grow very well, and though a small now in use; or, that they must be, in a few and leave it nice and neat. sort of Apricots will sometimes ripen their fruit years, suffered to lay waste. 42. This work should be done in the first or seaway from a wall, these fruits cannot, to any 38. Yet, with all these circumstances in my cond week of October, even though the leaves extent, be obtained, in England, nor the Peaches favour, I proceed with faultering accent to pro-should yet be on the plants. For their roots will and Nectarines, even in France, north of the pose, even for a garden, a live fence, especially strike in this fine month, and the plants will be middle of that country, without the aid of walls. when I have to notice, that i know not how to ready to start off in the spring in a vigorous manHence, in England, Peaches, Nectarines, Apri- get the plants, unless I, in the outset, bring them, ner. If you cannot do it in the fall, do it the cots, and Grapes are called Wall-Fruit. Cher- or their seeds, from England! However, Imoment the ground is fit in the spring; because, ries, Plums, and Pears, are also very frequently must suppose this difficulty surmounted; then if you delay it too long, the heat and drought placed against walls; and they are always the proceed to describe this fence that I would have, comes, and the plants cannot thrive so well. finer for it; but, a wall is indispensably neces-if I could. 43. In both cases the plants must be cut down sary to the four former. 39. In England it is called a Quick-Set Hedge. almost close to the ground. If you plant in the 33. In America a fence is not wanted for this The truth is, however, that it ought rather to be fall, cut them down as soon as the frost is out of purpose; but it is very necessary for protection; called an Everlasting Hedge; for, it is not, as the ground in the spring, and before the buds befor shelter; and for shade. As to the first, garden- will be seen by-and-by, so very quickly set; or, gin to swell; and, if you plant in the spring, cut ers may scold as long as they please, and law- at least, so very quickly raised. If I could carry down as soon as you have planted. This operamakers may enact as long as they please, mankind my readers into Surrey, in England, and show tion is of indispensable necessity; for, without it never will look upon taking fruit in an orchard or them quick-set hedges, I might stop here, and you will have no hedge. This cutting down to a garden as felony nor even as trespass. Besides, only provide the seeds or plants. But not being within half an inch of the ground will cause the there are, in all countries, such things as boys; able to do that, I must, as well as I can, describe plants to send out shoots that will, in good and every man remembers, if he be not very for-the thing on paper. The plants are those of the ground, mount up to the length of three or four getful, that he himself was once a boy. So that, White Thorn. This thorn will, if it be left to feet, during the summer. But, you must keep if you have a mind to have for your own use what grow singly, attain the bulk and height of an the ground between them and all about them very you grow in your garden, the only effectual apple-tree. It bears white flowers in great clean and frequently hoed; for the quick-sets security is an insurmountable fence. This pre-abundance, of a very fragrant smell, which are love good culture as well as other plants. vents the existence of temptation, in all cases succeeded by a little berry, which, when it is ripe 44. Some people cut down again the next dangerous, and particularly in that of forbidden in the fall, is of a red colour. Within the red spring; but, this is not the best way. Let the fruit; therefore the matter reduces itself to this pulp is a small stone; and this stone, being put plants stand two summers and three winters, and very simple alternative: share the produce of in the ground, produces a plant, or tree, in the cut them all close down to the ground as you can your garden good-humouredly with the boys of same manner that a cherry-stone does. The red in the spring, and the shoots will come out so the whole neighbourhood; or, keep it for your berries are called haws; whence this thorn is thick and so strong, that you need never cut down own use by a fence which they cannot get sometimes called the haw-thorn; as in GOLD-any more.

through, under, or over. Such a fence, however, SMITH's Deserted Village. "The haw-thorn 45. But, you must, this year, begin to clip. it is no trifling matter to make. It must be "bush, with seats beneath the shade." The At Midsummer, or rather, about the middle of pretty hi h; and must present some formidable leaf is precisely like the Goosberry leaf, only a July, you must clip off the top a little and the obstacles besides its height. little smaller; the branches are every where sides near the top, leaving the bottom not much armed with sharp thorns; and the wood is very clipped; so that the side of the hedge may slope fexible and very tough. like the side of a pyramid. The hedge will shoot 40. The haws are sown in drills, like peas, and again immediately, and will have shoots six inches

34. With regard to the second point; the shelter; this is of great consequence; for, it is very well known that, on the south side of a

D. C.
4 00

00

58888

Allow three times as much

in

long, perhaps, by October. Then, before win-ping during the same time, would require about the summer. ter, you must clip it again, leaving some part of thirty dollars, if it were done in an extraordinary America, and then the annual expense of the the new shoots, that is to say, not cutting down to good manner, and with a pair of Garden Shears. garden hedge will be less than four dollars a your last cut, but keeping the side always in a So that the expences to get a complete hedge year. 51. Thus then, at the end of the first twenpyramidical slope, so that the hedge may always round the garden would be as follows: ty years, the hedge would have cost a hundred be wide at bottom and sharp at the top. And and nine dollars. And, for ever after, it would thus the hedge will go on getting higher and cost only eighty dollars in twenty years. Now, higher, and wider and wider and wider, till you have it at the height and thickness that you wish ; can a neat, boarded fence, if only eight feet high, and to last twenty years, be put up and when it arrives at that point, there you may for less than six dollars a rod? I am convinkeep it. Ten feet high, and five feet through ced that it cannot; and, then, here is an exat bottom, is what I should choose; because then pense for every twenty years, of three hundred I have fence, shelter, and shade; but, in the way 48. And thus are a fence, shelter and shade, and forty eight dollars. A Locust fence, I alof fence, five feet high will keep the boldest boy of everlasting duration, for a garden, containing low, will last for ever; but, then, what will off from trees loaded with fine ripe peaches, or an acre of land, to be obtained for this trifling a fence all of Locust, cost? Besides the differ

Plants
Planting
Cultivation
Clipping

7

12

00

30

00

Total

53 00

from a patch of ripe water-melons; and, if it will sum! Of the beauty of such a hedge it is im- ence in the look of the thing; besides the vast, do that, nothing further need be said upon the possible for any one, who has not seen it, to form difference in the nature and effect of the shelter subject The height is not great; but, unless the an idea: contrasted with a wooden, or even aand the shade; and besides, that, after all, you assailant have wings, he must be content with brick fence it is like the land of Canaan compar-have, in the wooden fence, no effectual protecfeasting his eyes; for, if he attempt to climb the ed with the deserts of Arabia. The leaf is beauti- tion against invaders. hedge, his hands and arms and legs are full of ful in hue as well as in shape. It is one of the 52. However, there is one thing, which thorns in a moment; and he retreats as the fox very earliest in the spring. It preserves its must not be omitted; and that is, that the hedge did from the grapes, only with pain of body in bright green during the summer heats. The will not be a fence, or, at least, would not addition to that of a disappointed longing. I branches grow so thick and present thorns so look upon it as such, until it had been planted really feel some remorse in thus plotting against numerous, and those so sharp, as to make the six years. During these six years, there must the poor fellows; but, the worst of it is, they will fence wholly impenetrable. The shelter it gives be a fence all round on the outside of it, to keep not be content with fair play; they will have the in the early part of spring, and the shade it gives off pigs, sheep and cattle; for as to the twoearliest in the season, and the best as long as the (on the other side of the garden) in the heat legged assailants nothing will keep them off season lasts; and, therefore, I must, however of summer, are so much more effectual than those except a quick-set hedge. If I had to make this reluctantly, shut them out altogether. given by wood or brick or stone fences, that temporary fence, it should be a dead hedge, made 46. A hedge five clear feet high may be got in there is no comparison between them. The of split hickory rods, like those that hoops are Primrose and the Violet, which are the earliest made of, and with stakes of the stoutest parts of six years from the day of planting. And, now let us see what it has cost to get this fence round of all the flowers of the fields in England, al- the same rods, or of oak saplins, or some such my proposed garden, which, as will be seen un-ways make their first appearance under the things. The workmanship of this, if I had a Goldsmith, in deder the next head, is to be 300 feet long and 150 wings of the Haw-Thorn. feet wide, and which is, of course to have 900 scribing female innocence and simplicity, says: me more than six cents a rod; perhaps, the stuff Hampshire or Sussex hedger, would not cost "Sweet as primrose peeps beneath the Thorn." would not cast more than a quarter of a dollar a feet length of hedge. The plants are to be a foot This Haw-Thorn is the favourite plant of Eng-rod; and this fence would last, with a little apart in the line, and there are to be two lines; land: it is seen as a flowering shrub in all gentle-mending, as long as I should want it. consequently, there will be required 1800 plants, But, as or suppose it to be two thousand. I think it will men's pleasure-grounds; it is the constant orna- few good hedgers come from England, and as be strange indeed, if those plants cannot be raised ment of paddocks and parks; the first appear- those who do come appear to think, that they and sold, at two years old, for two dollars a thou-ance of its blossoms is hailed by old and young have done enough of hedging in their own counsand. I mean fine, stout plants; for, if your flowers are emphatically called "May," because, look upon themselves as a sort of conjurors and as the sign of pleasant weather; its branches of try, or, if they be set to hedging here, seem to plants be poor, little slender things that have never been transplanted, but just pulled up out of the according to the Old Style, its time of blooming to expect to be paid and treated accordingly, the spot where they were sown, your hedge will be a was about the first of May, which in England best way, probably, is, to put up a temporary is called "May day;" in short, take away the post-and-rail fence, sufficient to keep out a suckyear longer before it come to a fence, and will never, without extraordinary care, be so good a beauty of the English fields and gardens, and the hedge has arrived at the age of six years, Haw-Thorn, and you take away the greatest ing pig; and to keep this fence standing until hedge; for, the plants ought all to be as nearly not a small one from English rural poetry. as possible of equal size; else some get the start of others, subdue them, and keep them down, and this most beautiful and useful plant? She has that not a small one, that a quickset hedge pos49. And why should America not possess 53. There yet remains one advantage, and this makes an uneven hedge, with weak parts in English gew-gaws, English Play-Actors, Eng- sesses over every other sort of fence; and that it. And, when the plants are first pulled up out of the seed-bed, they are too small to enable you English fooleries and English vices enough in all predations of which, in a nice garden, are so lish Cards and English Dice and Billiards; is, that it effectually keeps out poultry, the declearly to ascertain this inequality of size. When conscience; and, why not English Hedges', intolerabie, that it frequently becomes a question, the plants are taken out of the seed-bed and transplanted into a nursery, they are assorted by instead of these steril-looking and cheerless en- poultry destroyed. Fowls seldom, or never, instead of post-and-rail and board fences? If, whether the garden shall be abandoned, or the the nursery men, who are used to the business. closures the gardens and meadows and fields, in By over a fence. They, from motives of pruThe strong ones are transplanted into one place, the neighbourhood of New-York and other ci-dence, first alight upon it, and then drop down and the weak ones into another so that, when they come to be used for a hedge, they are al-/ties and towns, were divided by quick-set hedg-on the other side; or, if they perceive danger, es, what a difference would the alteration make turn short about, and drop back again, making ready equalized. If you can get plants three years in the look, and in the real value too, of those a noise expressive of their disappointment. Now, old they are still better. They will make a gardens, meadows and fields! complete hedge sooner; but, if they be two years Fowls will alight on wooden, brick, or stone 50. It may be said, perhaps, that, after you fences; but never on a quickset hedge, which old, have been transplanted, and, are at the bot-have got your hedge to the desired height, it affords no steady lodgment for their feet, and tom, as big as a large goose quill, they are every must still be kept clipped twice in the summer; which wounds their legs and thighs and bodies thing that is required. and that, therefore, if the fence is everlasting, with its thorns.

as before mentioned.

47. The cost of the plant is, then, four dollars. the trouble of it is also everlasting. But, in 54. What has been said here of forming a The pruning of the roots and the planting is the first place, you can have nothing good from hedge applies to meadows and fields as well as done, in England, for about three half hence a the earth without annual care. In the next to gardens; observing, however, that, in all carod; that is to say, about three cents. Let us place, a wooden fence will soon want nailing ses, the ground ought to be well prepared, and allow twelve cents here. I think I could earn two and patching annually, during the years of its cattle, sheep and pigs kept effectually off, until dollars a day at this work; but, let us allow comparatively short duration. And, lastly, the hedge arrive at its sixth year. enough. In 900 feet there are 54 rod and a few what is the annual expense of clipping, when

feet over; and, therefore, the planting of the you have got your hedge to its proper height are to be had in America, I answer, that I saw 55. If I am asked how the white-thorn plants hedge would cost about seven dollars. To and width, and when the work may be done a Tree of Hawthorn at McAlister's Tavern, keep it clean from weeds would require about with a long-handled hook instead of a pair of near Harrisburg, in Pennsylvania, loaded with two days work in a year for five or six years: shears, which is necessary at first? In England red berries. In short, one large tree, or bush, twelve dollars more. To do the necessary clip-such work is done for a penny a rod, twice in wonld soon stock the whole country; and they

This is not, strictly speaking, a plan; because it exhibits trees in elevation; but it will answer the purpose. Of the sorts of which these trees are, and of other circumstances belonging to them, I shall speak fully under the head of Fruits. The precise description of the Hot-Beds will be found under that head. At present my object is to explain the mode of Laying-out the Ground.

59. The length of the Garden is 100 yards, the breadth 50 yards, and the area contains a sta tute acre; that is, 160 Rods of 16 feet to the Rod. In order to bring my length and breadth within round numbers, I have been obliged to add 6 rod and 58 square feet; but, with this trifling addition here is a spot containing an acre of land. Before, however, I proceed further, let me give my reasons for choosing an Oblong Square, instead of a Square of equal sides. It will be seen, that the length of my garden is from East to West. By leaving a greater length in this direction than from North to South, three important advantages are secured. First, we get a long and warm border under the North fence for the rearing of things early in the spring. Second, we get a long and cool border under the South fence for shading, during the great heats, things, to which a burning sun is injurious. Fourth, by This shape of the area of the Garden a larger

AMERICAN FARMER.

150

100

1 50 $25 60

$35,000

these circumstances, has been preferred. Will we may put 10 per cent. more: these together One suit of osnaburgs not the change be very rapid where sugar is even will make 29 per cent. We will call it 30 per Tools, vehicles, and horses higher than cotton ? Next as to manufacturing: the planters are 1824, from 645,000 bags to 452,000 bags, reducing giving in some cases, 40 cents per yard for cot the stock at the end of that year 193,000; but cent. which would reduce the crop, to arrive in Tax ton bagging. This they might make themselves that would be impossible, for it was only estifrom cotton, as is done in the Brazils, with great ad-mated in the other case at 149,000 bags. vantage. They might also make their own clothing, especially that of the negroes. If they chang-our present prices should continue, we should ed their system in this respect, and grew and have such a decrease in the growth, and such an 100 average negroes or 60 working hands It is quite evident then, if it were possible that 100 average negroes worth now perhaps made every thing they wanted, they might cer-increase in the consumption, as would, at a very 100 negroes are equal to 60 good working hands: tainly sell their surplus cotton at any price; but early period, leave us without a bag of cotton on it must be borne in mind, that they would have hand. $350 each much less to sell. They have the spinning jenwill cultivate each 3 acres, or 210 ny, in some parts of North Carolina, amongst the cotton to fall to their present rates, pervades farmers; weaving is carried on in almost every oti.er branches of commerce; for though it is rea- If one working hand cultivates 3 acres, The apathy which has allowed the prices of acres, worth per acre 50 dollars part of the world; and a little consideration sonably estimated, that, at the present rate 10,500 will show what great advantages they would of consumption, all the sugar in the country Planter's capital $45,500 have in manufacturing. will be exhausted before the new will arrive,

ESTIMATES.

which give 900lbs of clean cotton, 60 working hands, or 100 average hands, will cultivate 210 acres, which yield 54,000 lbs. clean cotton, which, at 11 cts. per lb. is gross

Deduct the expense of keeping 100
hands at $24, in lieu of 25 60, the
estimate

2,400
148

$5,940

712

256

5,316

2,324

Leaves net profit of 100 negroes, or 60
working hands, at 11 cents

11 cents per Ib. 2,324 dollars, or 5 1-10 per
Then it appears, that a capital of 45,500 dollars
cent.
in land and negroes, yields, if the cotton sell at

Second estimate of cost of cotton plantations.
plantation :
Cost of keeping one negro a year on a cotton

The bale of cotton which the planter can only yet the holders are selling at the lowest price sell for 41. 10s. cannot be delivered to the British ever known, and look on these facts, with manufacturer for less than 94. and when to this which they are perfectly acquainted, as though the expense of manufacturing is added, the whole it could never rise again. Last year's crop of cannot be conveyed back to the planter without corn is generally estimated not to have supplied an addition of fully fifty per cent. in duty and the country more than 11 months; and though Factorage, 24 per cent. on $5,940 profit. Then we may fairly say, that, in export- the present crop was less than the preceding, Carriage, rent, drayage, and labor ing cotton and importing manufactured goods, the and the consumption going on at a greater rate planter pays 100 per cent. on the wages paid in than ever known, still the price is lower than England, and he would gain an advantage to this ever remembered. extent if he manufactured them at home. Per-feeling of holding no stocks is to continue to on 185 bags or 54,000lb weight, haps it will be said that wages are higher; let prevail, we may be quite run out of all these imIf the present un-mercantile Bagging, at 90 cents per bale at $2.50 us examine this. The average produce of a portant articles before any one is aware. slave's labour is 1 bags of cotton, or 6/. 158. being about 5d per working day. Now we think we do not over rate the earnings of a whole faCROPPER, BENSON & CO. mily in our cotton manufacturing districts, if we take them at 5s. per week, reckoning the whole population, whether able to work or not. South Carolina contains 502,741 inhabitants, shillings per week is 10d. per day; yet the plan-340,989 inhabitants, of which 148,482 are slaves. Five of which 258,475 are slaves. Georgia contains ter now gives 100 per cent. which makes 20d. That low prices will make the planters turn to Alabama contains 127,901 inhabitants, of which something else, is not mere conjecture; we can 41,000 are slaves. Mississippi contains 75,448 inrefer to the years of the embargo and the war.habitants, of which 32,814 are slaves. Louisiana Before the commencement of that period, viz. in slaves. Tennessee contains 422,613 inhabitants, contains 153,407 inhabitants, of which 68,500 are 1807, the export of cotton, from America to this of which 80,000 are slaves. Total, 1,623,099 country, was 171,000 bags; there was no year from habitants, of which 629,271 are slaves. that to 1816, when the imports were the whole Total population as above of one crop, and then our imports were 166,000, and in 1817, 197,000. The crop of 1807 was a great one, and, therefore, it would not be fair to Leaving a population of free persons of 993,828 take that singly; putting the crop of 1806 to it, which was 124,000, it will make an average of Deduct for free coloured persons 148,000 bags; whilst 1816 and 1817, put together will make 182,000 bags, an increase of only 20 It is commonly estimated that one slave Leaving a population of white persons of per cent. whilst the population had increased about 30 per cent. This, too, comprises three years, when the inducement to plant extensively would be great; so that there is a strong proba- Estimated number of slaves on sugar to every ten white persons, is employed for domestic purposes, which bility that, for a part of the time of the embargo will give and war, the cultivation of cotton must rather have receded than gone forward; and yet and tobacco plantations at that time they knew little of the growth of sugar. They could, during these periods, sell on rice mechanics cotton, if they chose, and they would naturally look forward to a better market for their produce at the termination of their disputes with this country.

Deduct slaves

Do.

Do.

Total

Total slave population

do.

Effective and non-effective hands em-
ployed otherwise than on cotton plan-
tations as above

Leaving effective & non-effective slaves
on the cotton plantations

A part of the extension of the cultivation of cotton, arises from the purchase of slaves, which they would have the power, as well as the inducement, to do, while cotton sold above 15 cents; but when it has fallen to half that price, they will have neither. This will at once take off of the 10 per cent. increase, for their natural increase is only about uppose a transfer to sugar of, perhaps, oneper cent. We may also ighth, or 12 per cent. ; for the Americans move 1 hat, $1 50; 2 pair shoes, $2 50; 1 bout rapidly to what pays them best; and, sure

in-Touching this item, this planter says that
Food, 13 bushels of corn, or 1 peck per
week, at 70 per bushel
he appoints a certain portion of his ne-
groes to cultivate bread stuff for those
employed in his plantations, and that
whether he cultivate it or buy it, it
will cost as above.

1,623,099
629,271

$9 10

20,828

1

pair of shoes $1 28; 1 blanket in 3 years
at 3 dollars, is 1 dollar

2.25

973,000

6 yards of plains, at 75 cents, 450; doctor
and physic, 1 dollar

5.50

1 suit osnaburgs for summer

1.50

1.50

1.00

20 85

97,300

40,000 20,000

Tools, vehicles, and horses
Tax

40,000 This planter says, that, on an average, 20 dollars will defray the expense per head, and these items come near it. The negro, out of his own earnings, buys a hat and any more shoes he may 197,300 require.

629,271

But, out of 100 average hands, 50 only are workers, the other fifty being rendered non-effective by infancy, infirmity, or from being used for domestic purposes.

100 average negroes, worth 400 dollars
each

40,000

100 average negroes, or 50 working hands,
will cultivate each 3 acres or 175 a-
cres, worth per acre $80

14,000 $54,000

Amount of capital in negroes and land
The land is only worth $20 an acre; but a plan-
$9 10 ter must have at least four times the quantity that
is actually employed for cotton, seeing that it soon

7 00 gets exhausted. It is too expensive to restore it
by manure and it lies in fallow until the remainde

5 50 of the estate has undergone exhaustion; so tha