The average quantity of Butter produced by the COWS is from seven to ten pounds per Week, though some have been known to yield as much as thirteen or fourteen. London. HEAD is small, and the Muzzle of a clear yel-jelsewhere. That they may answer in America haps the peculiarity of the soil in the neighborlow. as well as they are now universally acknowledged to hood of your correspondent, may render the corn These Cattle are fine in the bone, and clean do in England, I most cordially hope, and my wishes crop there more profitable than any other; but in the neck. They are also wide across the hips will then be gratified." this cannot be the case with the lands generally and bosom. Their back is straight, and the An extract from the 549th Number of the Far-of your state. I would rather venture it as an tail is small and set on very high. They are thin mer's Journal, published by EVANS & RUFFY, opinion, that the lands of Pennsylvania, Maryskinned, and silky in the handling. The general land and Virginia are more congenial to the height of the Bull is from 12 to 13 hands, of the "Smithfield Market, Monday 23d March 1818. growth of small grain and the grasses, than any Cow from 11 to 12, and of the Oxen from 14 to 15. The handsome and well fed North Devons have thing we have ever been in the habit of culturing, The Devonshire Cattle arrive at maturity already got the name of Norfolks." and from the little observation I have had, I have sooner than most other Breeds, and the full grown Extract from the Farm Diary kept at Moor far from the corn farmers being the money been induced to draw the inference, that so Animals are so valuable, that few of the Čalves House, near Wakefield, Yorkshire. are killed. For usefulness in Agricultural LaWednesday 6th August 1817. Arrived at Moor making farmers, they have ever been the most bors, the Oxen are held in the highest estimation. House, Four Yearling Quey Calves, and One unsuccessful ones, compelled to retain on these They are well fitted for draught, both as to hardi-Yearling Bull Calf, of the North Devon Breed, a farms, a large force for the cultivation of this ness and activity. grain during the summer months-these must be present from Mr. COKE of Norfolk. ham, being 172 miles. Although travelling at They were nine days on the Road from Holk-supported the balance of the year almost as drones, and thus does the corn raised on many of the rate of 19 miles a day for nine days together, our farms cost the cultivator more than the neighbourhood prices. they arrived very fresh, and not the least foot BINGLEY at page 120 of Vol. 3, of Useful sore. They were greatly admired on the Road, Certainly the grand desideratum of good farmKnowledge says, those called the Devonshire and JOHNSTONE the Drover was questioned the ing must be to improve the fertility of our lands, Cattle are adjudged to be the best of any. whole way where they came from and whither making every thing comfortable about us, and The following Account of the North Devons is they were going. providing for the education and support of a risextracted from page 239 of Recreations in Thursday 30th July, 1818. On my return from ing family. Means only then can be justifiable, that will promote these ends, and that the corn Natural History. Published in 1815 by Sher-Norfolk I found that my North Devon Cows had wood, Neely Jones. borne the hot Summer and bare Pasture better system so far from having this desirable effect, will retard the progress of the farmers, I have This Breed bears a closer affinity to the wild than any other cattle in the field. They shewed no hesitation in saying. To the general opinion race than any other. It is said to be found in the this superiority in Norfolk. The fine herd, in of the profitableness of this crop, I firmly believe greatest purity, and of the best kind, in the Holkham park, found support and kept up their neighbourhood of Barnstaple. The Horns are flesh on an apparently bare and burnt-up pasture. may be ascribed the poverty of our lands, and of a middle length, bending upwards. The co- My second visit into Norfolk convinced me lour varies from a light to a very deep red.-that the Devons, which were first introduced by These Cattle are thin in the Face, fine in the Mr. COKE, were becoming the favorite stock. Chops and Bone; clean in the Neck, and wide The Farmers said their pastures would carry in the Hips. The Devonshire Breed is justly re-more Devons than Suffolks, which had been garded as one of the handsomest, and at the same hitherto their favorite Milch Cows; and the time most profitable which are reared in Britain. Farmer's Wives were now giving them the prefThey fatten early, and on the most valuable erence for the Dairy. a parts, and are admirably fitted for draught: and Mr. BLOOMFIFLD's Dairy of 20 Head (12 this valuable Breed attain a larger size than those week. a which are not worked, and at six years old they The Devon Oxen are decidedly the best draught mostly finish their growth. In excellence of Oxen in Britain. No other kind ought to be used Beef, Mr. BINGLEY states, the Devonshire Ox-for the plough. consequently of the cultivator, for with the en- tions, recommends the drill mode of planting- en can scarcely be exceeded; and it is a remark- Mr. COKE produced at the Sheepshearing in of the wheat lands or unevenness of surface. I able circumstance, that they will bear driving to 1817, 3 Oxen which at 3 years old averaged 70 would recommend planting the corn in squares of London, sometimes without the smallest waste, Stone, each, of 14lb. to the Stone. These Oxen four feet, from three to five grains in a hill, acfrom a distance of considerably more than one had been worked so late as the preceding spring. cording to the nature of the soil and time of hundred miles. Their skin improves much in tanning, and Those desirous of seeing this beautiful breed of their Tallow is of a peculiarly good quality. Cattle in genuine purity, and in fine order, will As a permanent proof of the real value of this find some elegant specimens of them at "Cold Race, it may be sufficient to remark, that it has Spring," Mr. Patterson's country seat, near this generally commanded the best prices at Smith-city.-Edit. Am. Farmer. field for a Century past. ON INDIAN CORN. planting, but suffering only two in each hill to vided there is no longer danger of cut-worms, arrive at maturity, the rest being pulled out (profrosts, crows, &c. &c.) when about six inches high. The grain should be planted in our county between the middle of April and first of May, so that the replanting would be completed by the Extract from an American Newspaper. middle of May, otherwise it would be destroyed BALTIMORE (Maryland,) 11th June, 1817. by our early frost. Harrowing the field of corn Arrived here, yesterday, in the Brig Margawith a common two horse harrow before any retta, captain GARDNER, from London, six beauploughing is done, I think of infinite benefit. tiful young Cows, and one Bull, of the DevonWinchester, Frederick Cy. Va. Give it one ploughing then during the last of shire Breed, together with some improved Im- Dear Sir,-In several of the late numbers of the May, thin the corn the first of June, by which plements of Husbandry, for Mr. PATTERSON and American Farmer, I have observed communica- time the replanting will be sufficiently strong.Mr. CATON, of this place, the whole being a tions from a Maryland correspondent of yours, Give a cross ploughing of three furrows, and present from the celebrated Mr. COKE, M. P. for (who signs himself F,) on the culture of Maize. then throw aside the plough, the cultivator being Norfolk, the richest and most practical Farmer F appears to be a great advocate for the culture of these Cattle. (Deferred by accident.) TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER. in England, who gives the following description of this crop, and as an inducement to the agricul- *It is quite unnecessary to alter the teeth of turist to devote more attention to it, states in the harrow as is customary, provided the ground "I venture to give it as my opinion, that we his letter, which appeared in the Farmer of the was in proper order before planting. A boy have no Cattle to be compared to them, in the 7th of December, that he had always observed should follow the harrow with a rake made of five united Kingdom, for Purity of Blood, for aptitude that the corn planting farmers were the most iron teeth, six inches long, deviating about one to feed, for hardiness, for work, and for the richness money making farmers. Did this observation inch in their length from a straight line. This is of their Milk, as I have repeatedly found by a hold good, I must acknowledge it would be a an admirable implement for removing the clods variety of experiments upon my own Farms and powerful stimulus to a majority of them. Per- and straightening the corn. much cheaper and more beneficial to the corn during the hot weather. Respectfully yours, &c. J. S. SKINNER, ESQ. TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER. careous matter, as may sometimes be effected ENQUIRER TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER. "But whatever was the exact proportion of caus-jas being able to produce the more immediate fertic lime, the mortar was made of these materials mentation and putrefaction of the vegetable matIn a future communication I will give a descrip-in proportions expressed, and was employed for ter in his soil. This theory of the modus operantion of the cultivation, and say something about pinning the outside joints of the stone-walls of a di of plaster, Sir H. Davy's experiments has comthe mode. I would prefer putting in the wheat house situated in a tempestuous climate, and ex-pletely exploded, though Davy's own theory upon corn ground. You will be pleased to excuse posed to every blast. It is now about fourteen does not seem to receive general credence. In the prolixity of the present, and believe me years since it was finished, and I do not believe another place, your correspondent speaks of the there has fallen to the ground, in all that time, good practice of Dr. Warfield "in leaving his one pound weight of the mortar.* ashes during the winter in the rains, in order that "Had this mortar been employed in building a by the spring they may be sufficiently slack.” I thick wall, where it would have been suffered to would respectfully suggest, that whilst the Docdry slow enough, there seems to be little reason tor was communicating his valuable secret, he On the Formation of Mortar. to doubt but it would in time have become as was at the same time propagating a very great firm as the stones of the wall itself. error. For to preserve ashes in their greatest "From these considerations, we may clearly and most efficient strength to apply as manure; Sir,-Among the many valuable papers con-minate proportion of sand to lime, as that must the ground. Every rain whilst they are on the see, that it is impossible to prescribe any deter-they should not be wet until they are laid upon tained in your volumes, there are few which merit the attention of your readers more than the vary according to the nature of the lime, and dung-hill, subtracts from their value, while it is remarks of Professor Olmsted, on the subject of other incidental circumstances, which it would be not added to the field. They may be washed by lime as a cement, published in your last number. tiresome to enumerate, and which would form an the rain until all their constituent matter may be dissolved except the silicious. If the Doctor Lime is an expensive article in a building of brick infinity of exceptions to any generul rule. or stone; and the apprehension of this expense that the moderns in general, rather err in giving he might have used a lesser quantity, or placed "But it would seem, we might safely infer, was afraid that the ashes would "burn" the corn, has frequently prevented or delayed many useful improvements in our towns, and in the country.too little sand, than in giving too much. them round the top of the hill. I have often used If it can be established that less than half the "It deserves, however, to be remarked, that a shovel full in this way, of the Doctor's “slack" quantity usually employed will make a better and the sand, when naturally in the lime-stone, is ashes, and never had the corn to burn from that more durable mortar, it may be expected that more intimately blended with the lime, than cause. the owners of lots and lands will be induced to in-can possibly be ever effected by any mechanical crease the value of their property, by the erection operation-so that it would be in vain to hope of more permanent buildings. to make good mortar artificially from pure Dr. James Anderson, of Edinburgh, several lime, with such a small proportion of caustic calyears ago published a treatise on this subject, when the lime naturally contains a very large small piece of ground, which goes to establish the I will state to you an experiment made on a with the same view which Mr. Olmsted appears proportion of sand. But there seems to be no doubt fact, that plastering clover largely at the time of to have entertained; and there is not perhaps any that if a much larger proportion of sand were em-turning it down and preparing it for a wheat crop, material difference in their opinions. What the true proportion of sand should be, it may be often ployed, and if that were more carefully blend-is by far the most advantageous to the crop, and difficult to ascertain; for this must depend upon the mortar would be much more perfect than usual way and plastering on the surface, when ed and expeditiously worked than is common, much preferable to turning in the clover, in te the perfect or defective calcination of the stone, usual in modern times. upon the purity or impurity of the lime, and upthe wheat is sowed, in the spring of the year. As I have stated in my last communication, the on the quality of the sand. But to show, for it will certainly show, that much less sand is generally action of the plaster (thus excluded from atmosused than ought to be applied, an extract from pheric air) upon the clover, covered over, is inthe Essay of Dr. Anderson is inclosed. It is not * In a note to a second edition of this work is the stantaneous, and the putridity is so certain as te intended to recommend these proportions to your following addition :—“ After seven years longer cause considerable gas, which in its passage readers; but to confirm the confidence which trial, the mortar still proves good and firm, and through the clod, impregnates it with all its mathey may be disposed to place in the observations exhibits no appearance of ever falling." nuring qualities, and the root of the plant shoots of Mr. Ölmsted. This treatise was put into his down and feeds on a bed of manure, &c. About hands three or four years ago, when the subscrifour or five years ago I purchased a small slip of land of Mr. William Patterson in Baltimore counber was about to set up some pillars of brick for a hay-rick. He read some passages to the maty, a part of which was old field, used by him onson, and prevailed upon him to be governed by On Ashes & Plaster of Paris, ly as a sheep pasture, because it laid so far from the main body of his land that it was no object with him to better its condition. This ground Some weeks ago one of your correspondents was originally good and of a kind soil, such as is to these manures when used in combination, and stant cultivation for many years (probably before published an article attributing wonderful effects understood to be real plaster land, but from conhaving myself acquired the practice in Lancaster he got it) had become quite exhausted, and proCounty, of mixing them for the purpose of conve-duced what is commonly called poverty grass, niently damping the plaster, that no part of it so called from its being the meanest of all grassmight blow off while sowing, and being desirous to es, having very little vegetable substance in it, and ascertain whether this was the sole object among is generally found on soils which have been imthe Dutch for mixing, I instituted some experi-poverished by constant cultivation in the old faments to determine whether they, or either of shioned way. his directions, in the formation of mortar. The L. D. F. R. S. &c. "This I have tried experimentally, with the desired success." FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER. WHEN UNITED. "The best modern mortar I ever saw, was them, acquired additional vigor from being unit- Three acres of this ground I enclosed in a field made of lime that I myself had analyzed, and founded; the result of which experiments I stated in a adjoining, and put it in oats. In the fall of the it contained eleven parts of sand to one of lime.-number of the Farmer, subsequent to, and in no-year I gave it a good deep ploughing, first sowTo this there was added between twice and tice of the article above alluded to. My object ing two bushels of plaster to the acre on the povthrice its whole bulk of sand by measure; which then was not the pleasure of objecting or finding erty grass, which was turned under as soon in may be allowed to have been at least three times fault, for this unprofitable office affords me no the spring as possible. I again ploughed it and its quantity by weight. pleasure; but it was purely to correct what I harrowed it down; I then sowed it in oats, and "Now supposing that every particle of that considered an error, to prevent disappointment, with two Bushels of plaster to the acre, and harlime had been so perfectly calcined as to be in and to aid in settling and fixing some definitive rowed the oats and plaster in together, and sowed a caustic state, there could not be less than rational principles in our profession. For the clover seed. I had as may be expected, but a forty-seven parts of sand to one of lime. The same reasons, I now take the liberty of suggest- tolerable crop of oats from such poor ground; the reader may allow what he pleases for the un-ing that a writer signed G. W. in your paper of clover however took finely and flourished well ducaustic part of the lime, and make his calcula-the 22d inst. (whether the same or another, I do ring summer, and by the fall the ground had a tion accordingly. But it is hardly possible to not recollect) while treating on the same subject, good covering, which rotted on the ground during suppose, that above one hundredth part of this has fallen into two errors, which it may be useful winter; (I permitted nothing to graze on it during mass, independent of the water, consisted of pure to correct at once. the summer or fall.) In the spring I again plasteraustic calcareous earth. In the first place, he speaks of plaster of paris, ed it, with the same quantity, making in all six bushels of plaster to the acre, in that short time result in the fall. I would advise every farmer to edge G, beneath the upper edge of the wing Wanting grass for my stock, I cut the next crop, sow a small quantity, and judge for himself, of while the end H rests on the front bar to which it which yielded more than a ton to the acre-the its value. Mine is a small yellow seed not much is pressed, and around which it is bent. Small holes second crop was left on the gronnd as before. The larger than cabbage seed. are made, one at I, corresponding with D, fig. 2, following spring, I again plastered it, and the I think it requires good ground, but grass, or another at J, by which it is fastened with a small clover was very good-this crop I turned down grain of any kind, is not very productive on a nail to the handle. en mass in the fall, first putting about two bushels poor soil. Fig. 4. Is a small rod passing from C, fig. 1, of plaster to the acre, at the time of ploughing through the loop B, fig. 2, to which it hooks, also under-it was then harrowed the same way it We should be glad that writers about millet through the foot of the left handle and beam, and was ploughed, and sowed with wheat and har-would always mention which species of millet is strained by a screw at top. The right handle rowed in, and if the fly had not taken it should they speak of.-Edit. Am. Farmer. The Carolina Plough. A. TO THE EDITOR OF THE AMERICAN FARMER. should be bent at K, fig. 1, to spread the mould, and curve the upper extremity of it a little forward. A little of this handle should be cut out below, to give the mould a slight concavity. When together, the beam rests on the mould, keeping it firm in its place, a wrought nail is put through the wing, mould, and lower end of the right handle, and turned just enough to keep it from falling out, which is sufficiently strong and more convenient than a screw bolt. have made a good crop of wheat. Last fall, in consequence of a large quantity of blue grass ap(pearing, I ploughed it down, intending to put in corn this spring, (first sowing on the stubble and grass about two bushels of plaster to the acre) and if it is a good season, expect to make 10 barrels of corn to the acre, with the assistance of Raleigh, March 22, 1822. plaster and ashes in the hill. I can aver that this Dear Sir, I send you a draft of a newly inspot of ground has had no other manure except vented or improved plough, which I am satisfied is clover and plaster during the time. This expe-in many respects, superior to any that I have had I will here acknowledge that in forming the riment has convinced me that real plaster land, an opportunity of seeing used; having had one mould, I am indebted in a great measure, to the although worn out, may be reclaimed in a very short made about a month since, I found that a single remarks of Mr. Gideon Davis, on the horse and time, by this simple process, and made to produce horse would break up an acre of what we call plough, in the 29th No. of the American Farmer, better than when in its original state; in fact, I" old field" in less time and more easily, in one In the principle of which I most fully acquiese. am convinced by turning in clover and plaster in of these, than two would do, in the " New-Engthis way, you may in a short time, make the land Coulter Plough," which I had before used. land too rich for wheat, and have a soil as deep as On ascertaining this fact, although in a season of you can plough it. To effect this in a short time, hurry, I immediately set about working up my MR. JOHN S. SKINner. you must be careful to suffer no stock of any kind old ploughs into new, and find that in so doing, I to range over or graze on it-it is true that this have gained at least one half in time. Besides my mode of improvement requires patience, money, old ploughs were so heavy as to require a man to labor, and time, but in the end, when your soil is manage them, while these are easily handled by made, it will with care and attention, cost but little a boy of twelve years old. I am, respectfully sir, From the London Farmer's Journal. It appears that from the Report from the Seto keep it in good plight, and your crops in that There are objections to the use of the Freeborn lect Committee appointed to consider the Acts state, will amply remunerate you. It is the wish of Plough in the south, not existing perhaps at the now in force regarding turnpike Roads and Highthe writer to impress on the minds of every north, which I think are in this improvement ways, just printed, that the total amount of mofarmer, to plough his lands deep in the fall of the generally obviated. It is very light, strong, easi-ney levied under the authority of Turnpike year, as the most certain method to improve ly made or repaired by a common smith, and can Acts, iswaste grounds, and is the best preparation he can be afforded complete, at five dollars each. In England Wales Scotland a give it for a summer's crop; the ground being in FOR THE AMERICAN FARMER. Mr. Skinner: As millet had been highly recommended in your paper, I determined to sow a small quantity last season, and procured an half bushel of seed, the latter part of may. I sowed twelve quarts on the fifth of June, on about one acre; the latter end of August I mowed it, and let it lay a day or two without spreading. When it was sufficiently cured for hay, I had it drawn to the treading floor, and trodden with horses. I had ten bushels of seed, and four large loads of my ox cart of hay, and although it was not better than timothy, it was eaten heartily by my horses and cows. Should you think the improvement worthy of a plate, you are at liberty to give it a place in your useful paper. Fig. 1. Represents the plough entire. Fig. 3. Presents the back view of the sheet iron £970,618 .37,672 129,635 £1,137,925 In Lanarkshire there are 371 miles of turnpike roads: annual income, £27,744; income per mile, £74; amount of debt, £269,260; debt per mile, £725; annual expenditure, £25,579; expenditure per mile, £68; excess of income, £2165; interest of debt, £21,845. The annual income of all the turnpike roads in Scotland is £129,635; the total debt, £1,124,273; the annual expenditure, £152,820; the excess of expenditure, £6,671; the interest, £140,826; and the total number of miles, turnpike roads in Scotland, completed and not completed 3611. The following roads in England afford a remarkable contrast: Gloucestershire-897 miles road: annual income, £51,558; income per mile, £57; amount of debt, £212,509; debt per mile, £236 annual expenditure, £31,494; expenditure per mile, £35; excess of income, £19,734; interest of debt, £4346. Middlesex, which we believe includes London and its vicinity, north of the Thames 157 miles road: annual income, £95,545; income per mile, I was much pleased with it during its progress, it came up quickly, grew rapidly, began to head in July, and was beautiful to view; I think it mould. would be profitable as a green crop for soiling.It was sown too late I think, and had to contend The land side is made of a bar of iron two inch-£608; amount of debt; £185,475; debt per mile, with the crab grass, but it soon overpowered it, es wide, and sixteen inches long; this is brought to £118; annual expenditure, £66,050 ; expenditure where it was soon thick enough. After the mil-a point at one end; the front bar welded on at A, per mile £548; excess of income, £9495; interest let was taken off, the ground ploughed very mel-fig. 1; the loop B, fig. 2, is made of iron 14 inches of debt, £1802. tow. wide, and welded to the upper edge of the land Ithink this grass, or grain, or whatever it ought side, leaving half an inch for the stay rod to pass WINCHESTER, Va. April 3, 1822. to be called, has not been properly estimated by through and hook underneath it. MR. SKINNER,-Perceiving in your last paper writers who have mentioned it, for if my smal! The wing is a piece of three inch bar, made an advertisement of Mr. Bolton, of New York, experiment is a just criterion to fix its value, thin at both edges, hollowed to resemble the sec-announcing his invention of a new Clover Mill, regret very much that I have not had an opportu-tion of a cylinder, with a small hole at D, fig. 2, with an invitation to gentlemen to purchase disaity of proving it; before your publications, all the and welded upon the land side, leaving a small trict and state rights-it may not be unimportant to books I have read on the subject, give it an ordi-offset for the mould at E, fig. 1. the farmers of the Southern States to know that Mr. nary character. I shall sow several bushels this Fig. 3. Is the mould made of thick sheet iron; Joseph C. Baldwin, of this town, has invented a season, at different times, and will give you the the corner at F is cut out, so as to admit its lower machine for a similar purpose. Editor's Correspondence. ANIMAL COTTON. BLADENSBURGH, October 19, 1821. Sir: I send you a curious bunch of cotton, found growing on a vine, in my overseer's garden, the worm which appears to have spun it, is en closed in one of the bunches; perhaps, some of your Botanical friends, may be able to designate, what class, or genus, it belongs to, Respectfully, sir, MR. SKINNER. Your's, &c. &c. A CONSTANT READER. The above was sent with the cotton, to Reuben Haines, with a request that he would submit it to Mr. Say. tartarised antimony in the form of lotion or oint-jsented; yesterday a gentleman left, without his Of the pills mentioned in my essay, I have repute, to whom we were not long since in- ers. PRICES CURRENT-CORRECTED WEEKLY. Rice and milk is the best diet, for dyspeptics, Flour from the wagons, superfine, 86 31maugre all that chymists and physicians will tell Wharf do. $6 per bbl.-Wheat, white, 74 cts.you of its disposition to acidity, and that an acid Red, 71 to 72-white, and yellow Corn, 131 to stomach must be met by athalescent food. 134-Rye, 70 to 75-Oats, 33 to 35-Whiskey, 31 I am glad to hear that you intend to publish my cts.-Wool, 30 to 50-Beans, 130 cts. per bushel, essay in the "Farmer," I hope it may be useful wholesale-Grass Seeds, Clover, $8-Timothy, $5 to the bodies and the purses of some of your read--Orchard, 34-Herds, 3 per bushel, at retailSalt, coarse, 54 to 65 cents-Liverpool ground, With my best wishes, for your better health, I 50-do. fine, 40 to 44 per bushel-Plaster of Paris, ground, $7 per ton or 125 cents per bbl.CALVIN JONES. Mess Beef, $11-do Pork, 13-Herrings, 24 to P. S. I have just learned that my essay will in 23-Shad, 5 to 6 per bbl.-Codfish, 3 to 34 two or three days appear in a pamphlet, in which cts.-Hams, 11-Cheese, 11-Butter, 20 to 25 form I will send it you. Do you drink coffee?-per lb.-Eggs, 10 to 12 cents per doz.-Cotton, Do you wear flannel? You need not tell me until Georgia Upland, 15 to 17 cents per lb.-Louisi you return from Saratoga, when I shall be very ana or Alabama 18 to 20-Feathers, 40 cts. per glad to hear of your health, as I suppose you lb.-Tar, 175 cts.-Turpentine, 175 to 200-Rohave hardly leisure at this time, to answer idle sin, 150 per bbl.-Spirits of Turpentine, 45 to 50 On separating it, however, to discover what enquiries, and I would not undertake to prescribe cents-Varnish, 30-Linseed Oil, 75 to 80 per Mr. Skinner's anonymous correspondent, regards for a man living in a town that has a Potter and a gallon-TOBACCO, fine yellow, none-good do. $20 as "the worm which appears to have spun it," Pattison in it. -fine spangled, $16 to 18-fired, fine red, $12 to MR. R. HAINES: The cottonlike substance am much and respectfully yours. received from Mr. Skinner, which you submitted to my examination, is of a beautiful whiteness and remarkable tenuity of fibre. I at first supposed it to be the production of an extraordinary assemblage of a species of insect of the genus Psylla of Geoffroy (Chermes Lin.), the cottonlike vesture of which, it very much re sembles. I observed the mass of small coccoons, closely I would recommend to your notice the last part 16-good, do. $8 to 12-Patuxent, fine red, $12 compacted together, arranged somewhat sym-of an article on Veterinery Surgery in the last num- to 14-good do. $6 to 10-common, do. $3 to 5metrically, and intimately adhering in every part ber of the New England Journal of Medicine Eastern Shore, $24 to 4-seconds, $150 to $6. of this exterior surface to the cotton or silky mat- and Surgery.† ter. I had now no doubt as to the fabricators of This species, so truly remarkable for the great abundance of the silky secretion with which its *See American Farmer, last volume. This is one of the few periodical works which do not get in exchange for the Farmer. THE FARMER. BALTIMORE, FRIDAY, APRIL 19, 1822. FOR SALE At Brooklandwood, the seat of Mr, Richard Caton, distant nine miles from Baltimore, on the Fall's Turnpike Road, the following valuable stock, viz: A stud HORSE, not four years old by the celebrated horse Top Gallant, out of a full blooded mare whose dam was imported. A stud HORSE not four years old, by Top GalSince the establishment of this paper, we lant out of a Virginia mare three quarters bloodhave never known so few discontinuances at the ed. The above horses, are dark bays, upwards coccoons are enveloped, may at a future day sup-end of the volume. Those who decline taking it, of fifteen hands high, and will be sixteen hands, ply a particular and costly manufacture, notwithstanding the difficulties which would attend its are exceeded by the number of new subscribers they are an exact match and have superior figure artificial propagation. to the fourth volume; and many carry back and action; the price of each horse is $300. It is For an account of a somewhat similar insect, their patronage to the commencement of the well known that the blood of Top Gallant, is reand of which the manners and habits resemble work. Although we have caused to be printed a markable for making fine saddle horses. those in question, I must refer you to "A memoir third edition of the two first volumes, we foresee Two BULLS, one of one year, and one of two on animal cotton, or the insect fly-carrier," by Mr. the time when we shall soon be unable to supply years old, out of an imported Alderny cow, by Lozieres, in the 5th Vol. Amer. Philos. Trans. P. fail to pay for this paper, take from the Editor the eighty dollars. the demand for them. Those therefore who an imported Devon bull, the price of each is Your's respectfully, amount in cash, for if we had their papers unsoiled, Three half blooded Devon Bulls, out of very they would be equivalent to so much money. fine cows, price $30 a piece, they bear all the We shall feel much indebted to any gen-marks of the full blood. tleman in New England, for a dissertation on the Bull CALVES, two months old, of half and culture, gathering, curing, &c. &c. of HOPS.-three quarters Blood, of the Devons, will be sold We ask it from New England, because we believe if previously engaged, at twenty dollars and thirty the subject to be better understood there than in dollars per head, having all the characteristic any other part of this country, and the liberality points of full bloods. 150. Dear Sir, THOMAS SAY. INDIGESTION. RALEIGH, August 5, 1821. I wrote the essays you speak of at the request of the editor of the Star. He wanted only an hitherto exhibited by agriculturists in that quar- In the year 1823 full blooded Bull CALVES of account of the rye coffee, which my family had ter, gives us reason to believe that we shall not, the Devon breed, will be delivered at one hunbeen sometime in the habit of using, and I in this instance, ask in vain. The maxim of dred dollars each if applied for, to thought best to conjoin with such an account some one of the best and most useful citizens of Masobservations on the diseases produced by coffee. sachusetts should be the motto of all Farmers, to I fear my remarks will be found too brief and too wit, to "tell you all I know, and beat you aftergeneral to offer you the satisfaction you may have wards if I can." been led to expect. So many varieties of seed and grain, are I have had much experience of the diseases of sent to the office of the American Farmer for Indigestion. No remedy for it is equal to the pro-distribution, that it would be impossible to make ducing an eruption on the back; over and between it, without appropriating the services of one perthe scapula. Flannel, aud a strong servant with son exclusively to that object; we shall hereafter hard nails raking the back night and morning, will publish, from time to time, a register of the armonly effect this. It may be promoted, ticles thus received, with a brief account of them, gh other means are seldom required,) by and the names of those by whom they are pre 1. G. WAMSLEY, Brooklandwood, 12th April 1822. Manager. Printed every Friday at $4 per annum, for Jous S. SKINNER, Editor, by JOSEPH ROBINSON, at the North West corner of Market and Belvidere streets, Baltimore, where every description of Book and Job printing is executed with neatness and despatch-Orders from a distance for Binding, with proper directions, promptly attended to. No. 5.-VOL. 4. AGRICULTURE. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, 26th APRIL, 1822. The Cottager's Manual, FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF BEES THROUGHOUT SEPTEMBER. [CONCLUDED.] bors intend to suffocate their Bees, and as the 3.3 of two hives is by no means attended with that Particular attention must be paid toe ves difficulty which many persons attach to it, nor is which have not killed their drones. In this init attended with those appalling circumstances as teresting part of apiarian science, some very imto deter even the most timid from undertaking it. portant instructions are necessary. The drone It is true, that it is only the experienced and per- has been stigmatized with being a useless memsevering apiarian who will give himself the trou-ber of the community, whereas, during his short ble of searching for the Queen Bee, and thereby existence, he is the very life and soul of the prevent a positive degree of quarrelling which hive, and having performed the offices allotted to To the president, vice presidents, the treasurer, must necessarily take place in a hive, before one him by nature, he is expelled, or killed; a mest and members of the British Apiarian Society, of the rival Queens is either expelled or killed, ungracious return indeed! but from some late rewho, by their laudable endeavors, have encoura- but even allowing that the latter operation is left marks I am inclined to believe that the drone is ged the culture of the Bee, amongst the cotta- for the Bees to perform, which, however, I would not always killed by the common Bee, but that gers, this manual is dedicated, with feelings of strongly recommend every apiarian to perform he is expelled the hive, and becoming a vagathe most profound respect, by their secretary. for them, he will, nevertheless, find his account bond, dies of hunger. I am borne out in this rein the number of the Bees which will be left, and mark by the circumstance, that the attentive obthe advantages of which will manifest themselves server will at the period of the massacre of the To those persons who follow the humane sys-forward state of the brood, and consequently by the drones clustering at the entrance of the hive, in the early part of the ensuing spring, by the drones, frequently perceive the collected body of tem of depriving their hives of part of their store, this month is one of the most busy and important early swarms, which in all cases ought to be en- and on the following day not one is to be seen. of the whole year. The instructions for depriv- This is an excellent season for the establish- ceptible on the ground, but not one presents itcouraged. Were they killed, their bodies would be pering the hives have been so amply given in the pamphlet published for the use of those who adopt the ment of an apiary; the goodness or badness of a self, and therefore a particular degree of judgHuish hive, that a mere repetition must appear the best criterion by which the purchaser can drones are no longer in the hive, for the propriehive is now easily determined, and the weight is ment is necessary to determine whether the prolix and extraneous;-it should, however, be the study of the humane apiarian to ascertain,, 'direct himself; a considerable distinction must tor may say, "I have not seen the drones killthis month, the exact time when any of his neigh-hive, the weight of the former is formed by ho- still in the hive, whereas, by a simultaneous mohowever be made between a swarm and a stocked," and he may thence conclude that they are Bees themselves cannot be of any use to the suf-ey, wax and the Bees; in the latter, however, tion, they may have taken their departure, and focator, either to beg or purchase them. It may is included Bee bread, the heaviest substance in kindly saved the Bees the trouble of killing them. appear singular to recommend, or even to mena hive, and many persons who take the weight of It must, however, in order to determine the tion the purchase of that which is in itself, to the a hive as the criterion of its goodness, find them- health of a hive, be positively ascertained wheproprietor, of no use, consequently no pecuniary selves miserably deceived when they come to in-ther the drones are, or are not in it, and this value can be attached to it, but such is the per confirm the prosperity and health of a hive, a or by carefully watching during a fine day at spect it, for although, in order to establish and can only be done in an interior examination, verseness of human nature, that the commodity which, comparatively speaking, is of no value, particular portion of Bee-bread is indispensible, the entrance, to observe if any drones present becomes immediately invested with it, at the in-yet in the old hives there is generally such a su- themselves, and this watching need only be stant that it is sought for by another. I have had perfluity of it, as to render it actually prejudicial adopted from about eleven o'clock to twelve. too many instances of the truth of this remark to the Bees. There is not a more dangerous thing Should any drones present themselves this month, to doubt it for a moment, and particularly in reto the health of the Bee, than infected Bee-bread, the proprietor may assure himself that some ragard to the Bees of a hive intended for suffoca-it is the parent of the most severe disorder with dical defect exists in the hive, and his managetion. An increase of numbers is in most cases which they are afflicted, namely, the dysentery, ment must be regulated according to the cirhighly advantageous to a hive, and I may say inand which annually destroys a considerable num- cumstances which present themselves, for it is deed in every case, where the proprietor is conber of hives. A swarm is always to be preferred impossible to lay down a certain rule of managevinced that there is a sufficiency of food in the to an old stock, provided it be a first swarm, and ment for the infinite variety of cases which may hive for the support of the united population, or I cannot suffer this opportunity to escape, of ex-present themselves, and herein lies the skill of who may be willing, in case of a deficiency, to posing a gross imposition, which is too often prac- the experienced apiarian, to adjust his remedy to support them by feeding. With this view, I tised in the purchase of swarms.-A gentleman the case which presents itself, and to make sends his hives to a cottager to have the first himself thoroughly acquainted with the sympsuffocating system, to allow me to take his Bees swarms put into them, and for which he agrees toms by which that case is distinguished. from the hive, thereby enjoying the double satis-to pay the usual price of first swarms. Not being! I am induced, from repeated experiments, to faction of saving the lives of the Bees, and add-relies solely upon the honor of the cottager to send ought to be assisted in the murder of the drones. himself present at the swarming of the Bees, he give it as my decided opinion, that the Bees ing to the strength of my own hives; but al-him the first swarm--but honor and interest seldom Were the slightest doubt existing that a single though the very hole be dug, in which the poor coalesce, the cottager waits until the second swarm drone were left in the hive during the winter, the insects are to be buried, and the match lighted which is to consign them to instant death, the in-comes off, which is seldom longer than five days, indiscriminate murder would be extremely inju tested and avaricious individual immediately) and sometimes not two-he puts the second dicious, but notwithstanding HUBER declares that discovers an intrinsic value in the Bees, and de- the appointed place, and with the knowledge Queen during the solitary months of winter, (and swarm in the gentleman's hive, hastens with it to a few favorite drones are preserved to amuse the mands an exorbitant price for that, which in a that there are few gentleman who are able, or certainly I do not see why the Queen Bee should few moments cannot possibly possess any value. I am well aware that upon the true principles of even disposed, to detect the imposition, he re-not have her POTEMKIN's and her LANSKOI's as political economy, the proposition which I have and secretly rejoicing over the success of his press or Queen whatever) yet after the most miceives the stipulated price of the first swarm, well as the Empress of Russia, or any other Emjust advanced is not tenable, and that an equiva-trick, he congratulates himself on the possession nute and frequent examination of a hive during lent is always due for that which possesses any of a first swarm, and the sale of his second.-the winter, I have never been able to discover a value whatever, but in this case, the value of the Bees is as nothing in the eye of him who is going Huish hive, the imposition may be discovered are dispatched, when the Bees have pointed out Should, however, the swarm have been put into single drone. Therefore, the sooner the drones to suffocate them, but the very request for them sets the most powerful principle of human nature nature of a second swarm, to begin its combs Bees to attend to the other offices of the hive. A en the following day, for it is the most singular the proper time, the more time is allowed for the in action, and the cottager, looking anxiously inj your face, immediately asks, what will you give gins them in the middle.* at the side of the hive, whereas a first swarm be-little spatula, or flat piece of wood, will serve the me for them? It is in vain to argue with him, that purpose of killing the drones, which may be easily as the Bees are of no value to him, he ought to done as they present themselves at the entrance of * As all the motions of this sagacious insect ap- the hive or on the resting place before it. give them,—he archly answers, they must be of pear to be directed according to some positive rule, value to you, or you would not beg them. Now or preconcerted design, I have frequently attempt-their superfluous store, should now fasten down The proprietor having deprived his hives of this certainly cannot be controverted by any logi-ed to ascertain the cause of this singular propen-his hives for the winter, in order to prevent the ca! deduction, and I am not able to quote many in-sity of the second swarm, but I can attribute no other ingress of those insects and vermin which have stances in which I could obtain the Bees as a gift; reason for it, than being aware of their own weak-no objection to the warmth of a hive during the but I would advise the considerate apiarian ra-ness, they are conscious that they cannot fill up the winter. have always solicited the cottager, bent on the a ther to give a trifle than to lose the golden oppor-whole vacuum of the hive, and therefore, for the tunity of enriching his own hives, by such a va-hurpose of congregation they adopt the smallest pos-hive, I would recommend a complete examinaTo those who keep their Bees in the common luable addition to their numbers. The junction sible space in which their labors can be carried on. tion of the interior, and having ascertained the |